Mikhail Ulyanov. Vitaly Andreevich Ulyanov: biography
world War II participant, lieutenant general, Hero of the Soviet Union,
Biography
Born in a working class family. Russian. Graduated from 6 classes. He worked as a turner, then in the technical control department at the Arsenal plant, with whom, after the start of the Great World War II was evacuated to Votkinsk. In 1942, the Komsomol Udmurtia Volunteer 174th Separate Artillery Fighter and Anti-Tank Division was formed at the plant, armed with anti-tank guns fired over the plan. Vitaly Ulyanov enrolled in his ranks.
After training at the Kubinka training ground in early 1943, he joined the front as a junior sergeant and as a gunner. In the first battle, on January 19, 1943, in the village of Novozhkov, Voroshilovgrad Region, an average tank was shot down, put down four firing points that fired from the windows of houses, and separately fragmentation shells destroyed up to 20 German machine gunners. He was wounded in the foot, fired from a personal weapon, after the battle was evacuated. For this battle, Ulyanov was awarded the medal "For Courage"
After the hospital, he was sent to the reserve regiment, but on the way he moved to the train, next to the front. He was enlisted as a gunner in a platoon of anti-tank guns of the 280th Guards Rifle Regiment (92nd Guards Rifle Division)
Since April 1943, together with a unit, he was in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Korochi, where defensive structures were being built, and were trained in methods of fighting new German tanks. The division was in the second echelon of defense during the battle on the Kursk Bulge, but on July 7, 1943 it was raised by alarm and occupied previously prepared defensive lines.
In the course of subsequent battles, Ulyanov destroyed 3 enemy medium tanks (he considers only two as “his”). His gun was broken, the gun commander died. Together with the carrier Maxim Strogov, Ulyanov pulled a wounded loading gun to the rear.
The unarmed gunner served in the mortar platoon for a day, and then became the commander of the squad in the reconnaissance platoon under the command of the future Hero Soviet Union Lavrenty Belyaev. During one of the reconnaissance searches, the group managed to seize documents and several machine guns of the enemy.
By the end of one of the days of fighting, only 22 fighters and not a single officer remained at the front line. Eighteen-year-old junior sergeant Ulyanov took command of the regiment. Of the weapons, the unit had an anti-tank rifle, two machine guns, grenades, and one rifle and machine gun per person. Due to the lack of ammunition, he used a trick: when the Germans launched an attack, they were fired from rifles, and when they came closer - already from machine guns. This created the appearance of the presence on the positions of a larger number of soldiers. Thus, it was possible to maintain a position several days before the arrival of reinforcements.
The unit was set aside for reorganization, where with the arrival of officers, the position of Sergeant Ulyanov from the regiment commander was gradually reduced to the platoon commander. Ulyanov refused the offers to study as an officer. According to him, the reason for this was simple:
For battles on the Kursk Bulge Ulyanov was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree. The submission said:
On September 29, 1943, the commander of the cannon guard, sergeant Vitaliy Ulyanov, was the first battery gunner to cross the Dnieper in the vicinity of the village of Derievka (Onufrievsky District, Kirovograd Region of Ukraine). With the fire of his guns he crushed several enemy firing points, providing forcing the river with a battalion. All this time he continued to command both a platoon and his gun at the same time. In the course of further battles, Ulyanov knocked down the German self propelled StuG III, but the Germans managed to drag her into their positions. But the task was completed and the enemy could not pass.
In the course of the further offensive in the battle for the village of Kukovka, when counterattacking the enemy’s counterattacks, Ulyanov remained one commander of two guns at once, firing from them alternately. In this battle, he managed to knock out two enemy tanks and 7 armored personnel carriers.
In the battle for the village of Kukovka, reflecting the enemy’s counterattacks and left alone with two guns, Vitaly Ulyanov knocked out a self-propelled gun and 7 enemy armored personnel carriers. Damaged the enemy gun with fire and destroyed a significant number of enemy soldiers. In total, in that battle, the fire of two guns managed to thwart an enemy attack, up to the battalion.
For these battles, he was introduced to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
On October 22, 1943, during another battle, Viktor Ulyanov was seriously wounded. With a sanitary train he was taken to a hospital in Zlatoust, where he was cured for a long time. He worked in the Zlatoust military commissariat.
After the war, Ulyanov continued to serve in the army. In 1945 he graduated from the Kiev School of Self-Propelled Artillery, in 1959 - the Military Academy of Armored Forces, and in 1968 - the Military Academy General Staff. He was the head of the Ordzhonikidze Higher Combined Arms Command School. Since 1985, Lieutenant General Ulyanov V.A. - retired.
He lived in Moscow. He was the chairman of the board of the Megapir fund. He is the author of one of the chapters of the book “I Fought with the Panzervaffe”
By the decision of the Votkinsk City Council of June 27, 2007, No. 250, given the great contribution to the development of military-patriotic education of the residents of the city of Votkinsk, Viktor Ulyanov was awarded the title of Honorary Citizen of Votkinsk.
Awards
- Hero of the Soviet Union (02.22.1944, medal No. 3625)
- Order of Lenin (02.22.1944)
- Two orders of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree (1943, 1985)
- Order of the Red Banner
- Order "For Service to the Homeland in Armed Forcesah USSR "3 degrees
- Medal "For Courage" (1943)
- medals.
The main source of information about the life of Ivan Samoilovich for us was the personal fund of the Ulyanov family, stored in the State Archive of the Rostov Region. The fund contains family correspondence for 1803-1882, official papers, letters from representatives of different walks of life to I.S. Ulyanov, as well as drafts of most of his letters of reply. The number of Ulyanov’s correspondents amounts to several dozen people — this family of homeless Don noblemen was a kind of connecting link between the Cossack lower classes and the elite of the Army.
Ivan Samoilovich was not a hereditary nobleman and came from cossack family. The first of the Ulyanovs was the personal nobility of Ivan Samoilovich’s grandfather - Nikita Ulyanovich, promoted to lieutenant in 1777. His son Samuil Nikitich (1783-1828), usually described in letters by Samoiloy, was a typical Cossack mid-level officer and did not stand out from anything common environment like him. He rose to the rank of captain and, apparently, there was no special merit for him - at least in the surviving correspondence it was not mentioned that he was a gentleman.
Naturally, the young Ivan Samoilovich received his first ideas about the service from his father, and due to the fact that one of them was in the service, all these teachings were preserved on sheets of bad gray-blue paper. Ivan entered the service in March 1820. The regiment into which he was enrolled was sent to Poland. In August of that year, Ulyanov was promoted to the ranks, and in October 1823 - into the coronet. The father, rejoicing at the success of his son, wrote to him: “... I congratulate you, dear son, on receiving the MONEY favor, I sincerely wish to wear the new rank with honor and glory and justify the trust of the authorities to the extent that they can extend. Hope caresses me to have honesty, love, truth, serviceability and caution in you, but, God, hide! How will the contrary come out, then I’ll say ... I’ll be deceived in the hope, and then you will become unworthy of such names - truly - [before] the loss of such. ” This transition from praise to threats on the occasion of possible deceived parental expectations clearly demonstrates what the nobles — officers and officials — saw in their children. For them, children were a continuation of their own career aspirations - both real and unfulfilled.
Suddenly, in the letters Samoilov Nikiticha son of 1822 we find the encrypted lines: "Nyapidey kachtsa, I tochtsa ear relada KMI pitansi pischelu shokti sh mok and l shipor and nupver ne shlechtsa rohek lsugyada ilnolsetspiri mafshe sh tornapii PPI uremeppω, eh letsoshakespo KATHOEY perohek shchyk pafyshaer nietidea. " The cipher turned out to be quite simple: the vowels are left unchanged, and the consonants are replaced as follows: instead of the consonant located first in the Russian alphabet “b”, the last is written “u”; instead of “c” - the penultimate one in the row “w”, etc. It turned out that the encrypted phrase hides the old warrior’s excuses for his son about addiction: “A drunkard is a tagda, when I’ve taken three drops a month in my mouth, and with wine and punch there’s not always a chance, and with the latter, perhaps in company and it’s moderate, therefore it cannot be called a drunkard. ” Apparently, the general conspiratorial atmosphere in the army of the early 1820s. expressed itself not only in the creation of secret societies, but also prompted a conscientious servant to play mystery in correspondence with his own son.
In 1824, Ulyanov was in the escort regiment under Crown Prince Konstantin Pavlovich with the rank of cornet. In July 1925, Ivan Samoilovich was spotted by his superiors and transferred to the position of manager of the clerk of the ataman by the cornet in the Life Guards Cossack Regiment. In 1828 he was promoted to lieutenant. When the “Polish rebellion” began in 1830, on November 17, Ivan Samoilovich, who was in Warsaw, was taken prisoner together with other comrades in the office, where he stayed until September 14, 1831. In the same year he was granted the status of captain of the regiment. In 1832, Mr .. continued to serve in Warsaw under the command of Lieutenant General Dyakonov, dismantled the affairs of the Ataman chancellery, who suffered during the Polish rebellion. In October 1832, he returned home, "for the benefit." But already in March 1833, Ulyanov was again in the royal service - a detachment of 27 people should be on guard duty at the Tsar’s Palace in Taganrog. Probably it comes about the memorial museum of Alexander I in the house on Greek Street, in which the emperor died. In 1834, Mr .. promoted to captain. From December 1835 to May 1837 he was in the elected position of "duty headquarters officer for the Army with the introduction of new institutions." After a year and a half, he filed a report on exemption from her for health reasons. After a short vacation since September 1837, for six months he was on duty as a head officer at the Military Ataman. After another privilege, being a lieutenant colonel, he received a regiment in Bessarabia, in which he served from May 1839 to August 1842. While already on the Don, in December 1842 he received production in colonels. In 1843, he was supposed to take a regiment in the Caucasus, but filed a report on the postponement due to health reasons; at the second appointment, he again refuses and in November 1844 he asks to be dismissed from military service.
Thus, the hero of our essay served as a combatant officer for five years in his youth and three in his mature years. The rest of the time he was, in fact, an official. In the years 1845-1848. Ulyanov - senior member of the Military Civil Court, representative of the Civil Chamber; in 1848-1854 - A senior member of the Military Administration, that is, the deputy military chief ataman for civil affairs. In 1825, Ivan explains to his mother the choice of career as a staff officer: “... Our condition is this - if you live, you need to serve like that; and it’s better to serve where it’s closer to the purpose of the service - for, judging by our wealth at home, I must agree that my future and those who are inseparable with me depend more on service than on my being in the house ... [where] I could not bring neither to you nor to yourself a substantial gain. ”
By the way, precisely because of his bureaucratic habit of storing every piece of paper, we have a rare archive in volume (50 cases) and the variety of documents submitted, which was clearly parsed into last years life by Major General Ulyanov himself.
In his correspondence with the chiefs and colleagues, the Don military-official environment of the 1830-1850s is well represented. The official of Nicholas’s time, known from Russian literature: servile, self-serving, spiritually and mentally limited, appears a little different: a faithful and assiduous servant who sees his well-being only in connection with the honest performance of his work and the observance of state profit. Chief of Staff of the Don Army, Lieutenant General M.N. In 1837, Berdyaev wrote to his immediate subordinate, an officer on military duty, Ulyanov, that he met in Pyatigorsk with the brother of Adjutant Popov and believes that this young man has the ability to work in the Ataman office, where he recommends him, stating: “On the Don few such officials. ” In many of his reviews of people, Berdyaev emphasizes: “efficient”, can be “usefully used”.
The question of the reasons for the closeness of the second man after the military punishment chieftain on Don and the duty staff officer is ready to be revealed by the following phrase from Berdyaev’s letter: “I am writing to Plyushkov to help you in our financial part. You do not stand on ceremony with him, explain with frankness about our affairs ... ". One may suspect the existence of some common material interests, but the continuation of the letter brings complete clarity: "Together we all must strive for the benefit of the Don Army."
While in the service, Ulyanov did not have any land and in his free time he lived on the farm of his wife on the river. Tsutskane in the Ust-Medveditsky district of the land of the Don Army. At that time, a salary in military units was insignificant, and therefore bribery flourished with might and main.
The patronage of their own and their promotion, patronage and aiding in resolving cases, the broad sections of the Don society were convinced that this was an obligatory rule of life for the state apparatus, and more than those themselves were convinced of this. One of Ulyanov’s relatives, Maria Kashevarova, was so offended for not paying attention to her lawsuit that she broke off relations with him for many years. She was convinced that for her “friends” she had to work hard: “You, being a nephew and mother’s perceptive son ... could put in a word, they (the author’s mother - OM) wrote to you about the case with Kislyakov, and you were silent about it , you didn’t notify what kind of turnover it has ... you said you don’t know how it [oh] is going, it’s not under your jurisdiction, although you don’t manage it, let’s say that you shouldn’t get in your own way, but that’s all -so the brother does not interfere, you could know about him. As you wish, be angry with me, but really, it doesn’t look like anything ... you can’t do a little ... You say you don’t want to dishonor yourself with your addiction to yours ... another time, be sure, I won’t bother you with anything. ” This misunderstanding by the official and the layman once again proves that the work of the state apparatus in the eyes of the general public seemed arbitrary, a mixture of self-serving actions, although the officials themselves still lived in Peter's spirit of “zeal for the needs of the state.” Another relative of Eupraxia Karasev does not recognize the division of lands inherited by her and his wife Ulyanov, which was made by the assessor and witnesses, because "they did [it] for you to enjoy," she writes to her brother-in-law. She believes that all military officials at the same time. Therefore, she declares a boycott of their decision: “You also consider the meadow in Karagachki yours and even prohibit cutting down a stick there and tearing up blackgrass, it seems to me that it will be too painful for you to have your meadow, brushwood, and blackgrass, and everything is everywhere yours; but if I need brushwood, I’ll chop it down in Karagachki too, I will by no means agree to hand over both Karagachki and Chirsky meadow into one hand. ”
Co-workers appealed to Ulyanov with much more modest requests. They better understood the limited capacity of the official, the impossibility of violating the well-known rules of subordination, as well as the existence of each official’s own principles, which they preferred not to go beyond. Especially often asked for the patronage of the most close friend Ulyanova Nikifor Kuzmich Yezhov. His requests are accompanied by turns of the type: “if the request is compatible with the rules, then do not refuse to help a good person”, or: “I’m not saying that this consideration be done without hindrance, knowing that there is no attachment in you, but I ask that the people around you acted with the Borschev case (a relative of N.K. Yezhov - OM) in good faith. ”
It would seem that during the years of military service, Ulyanov became one of the key and influential figures in the Ataman apparatus, but after serving about three years, he asks for resignation. A quote from Ulyanov’s report explains the reason for this decision: “No matter how much I value my honorary title ... but my health is so unreliable that I can’t remember the resumption of previous difficult classes without presenting all the disadvantages of my position ... Moreover, the title mine requires decent maintenance, but ten months more than a modest life in Cherkassk convinced me that this salary is not enough ... But I never agree to change my rules and resort to inappropriate means. And all this makes me wish for a change of service. ” And in 1839 Ulyanov took command of the regiment of the cordon guard in Bessarabia. While there, Ulyanov did not particularly improve his financial situation, but acquired rheumatism. Because of this, he was forced to twice refuse to leave for service in the Caucasus and ask for dismissal from military service in November 1844. But unexpectedly for Ivan Samoilovich himself, in May 1845 he was elected a senior member of the Military Civil Court. His attempt to stop the letter of resignation ended in failure. He was refused because he twice avoided going to the regiment.
The principle of retribution is the key in the worldview of the serving person first half of XIX century, he explains the then vision of the relationship between God and man, servant and sovereign. The efforts must certainly be rewarded, the other nobleman could not imagine. At the beginning of the service, Ivan Samoilovich unshakably believed in this, and although life increasingly questioned the cornerstone of the service consciousness, even in adulthood, faith in the principle of retribution sometimes flickered in his judgments. But the main dream to find lasting prosperity still did not come true. More and more often, other thoughts are encountered in Ulyanov’s papers: “There is no more noble, nobler goal than how to be useful to ourselves,” he writes as an edification to those who “kill life in an effort to be useful to their homeland” (1848).
The period of work in the Military Civil Court, Ulyanov later called the work "without a position for the right to use the acquired fame." Indeed, he was retired, and the position of senior member of the court was elected and low-paid, so his income was extremely meager. Reviewing the stages of his career biography in 1867, Ivan Samoilovich wrote about 1848-1854, when he was a senior member of the Military Administration: “The last service was a victim ... The struggle ... for the right to be an honest person among impunity theft, the struggle against lawlessness and lawlessness all kinds of satraps sent from the north had the consequence that at the end of 1855 I left the service forever ... with a hole in my pocket ... ”
The life of the chief officer, who served more than thirty years in the military and civilian military service, is very difficult. When one of his sons was going to serve in the regiment, he asked his retired father to send him an unnecessary military dress. Ivan Samoilovich replied: "... My entire wardrobe consists of a worn uniform and two chekmeli, of which one would be ashamed to put on, but there is nothing to do." Gathering strength, he sent his son 100 rubles. in silver.
A lot of positive touches to the image of Ulyanov are added by his opposition to the construction of the Olga dam on the left bank of the Don in 1855-1856. Its construction began despite the negative opinion of engineer-captain Movchanovich, the work was unsatisfactory, the construction commission turned a blind eye to the shortcomings, and funding for this local “Panama project” continued. Meanwhile, according to Movchanovich, the construction of the dam was inexpedient, since due to natural conditions it was inevitably threatened with rapid destruction. But perhaps this is precisely what prompted local officials to lobby for the construction of the dam: the funds will be spent, and the demand will come from the elements. It is also interesting that the same people who were involved in the construction of the Novocherkassk Cathedral, as is known, were built only on the third attempt.
Very popular in the letters of Ulyanov himself and his correspondents - officials and officers, discussions about the "disadvantages of service." These include a small salary compared to the “Russian” officers, and service in the Caucasus and Georgia, which is harmful to health. But as N.K. wrote Yezhov: “For us, the Don Cossack service is a necessity, and until then we cannot have ourselves until we finish the required years.” He expressed a desire to leave the service in a letter to Ulyanov and V.V. Persiyanov: “You are beckoning me to you, into fields, forests are dense ... but ... I can’t live the shortest time without service, that is, without salary. And there is no urine to serve, I almost do not see ... I will give up at the first opportunity ... ”(1869). As you can see, not only the hero of our essay, but also other Don officers and officials were disappointed in the diligent and selfless service. What this led to several decades later, shows the correspondence of generals A.P. Korochentseva and A.M. Grekova for 1892. It illustrates the circumstances of the career movement of senior officers in the tsarist army. In that year, Korochentsev wished to leave the division command and take a quieter place, and in the event that he could not find one, he was ready to resign. In society, there was an opinion about him as a person endowed with a "special arrangement of the royal family." Relying on this, he is simultaneously busy about several posts, but is afraid that he will nevertheless remain “under sad interests”. Korochentsev is cautious and cautious, asks Grekov to find out, “if there is a good chance,” if the Minister of War expressed displeasure with his decision to leave the service; he wants to thank the ataman, who recommended him to the post of chief of the Don artillery, with a telegram, "it seems to me that such a telegram will not be superfluous." What is the service to the Fatherland? It’s more important to successfully go through the career path without tripping over, breaking the rules and harming yourself! The efforts in this field were not crowned with a completely worthy result: at an advanced age General Korochentsev had every chance of being appointed to the post of military punish ataman, but during the audit he came into conflict with the military elite and fell out of favor with the emperor. The general died while in the honorable, but insignificant position of the regional leader of the nobility.
Here is the time to consider the graduation system of the Don nobility, which according to the "Regulation on the Management of the Don Army" in 1835 had three categories. The first category is the local nobility, which was assigned the right of hereditary ownership of allotments of military land. Local nobles in the Don became those who had more than two dozen revision souls, according to the number of which they cut the ground. For the peasants, they, like all the other landowners of the Russian Empire, paid a poll tax. In this regard, the Regulation of 1835 only consolidated the practice that developed in the second half of the XVIII century. The second and third categories - small-scale and homeless Don nobility had the right only to life-long or even urgent possession of the allotment. Being selfless, Ulyanov devoted most of his life to equalizing property rights of all categories of Don noblemen. Ulyanov calls the question of securing land for unprincipled officials the right to die on their land. He sees in him an instrument for restoring the unity of the Cossacks, but he is talking exclusively about the Don nobility, which does not want to mix with the Cossack bottoms: after all, this would be oblivion of the merits of their ancestors! Even an ordinary Cossack, but from a family of officers, signed like this: "From the nobles, the Cossack Dukmasov." An anonymous apologist for the irrelevant Don officers, grieving over him, grieves that, being “on privilege”, they, “wearing the headquarters and chief officers and being covered with wounds, put on a seryag and blow up the ground along with ordinary Cossacks ... humiliated to parity by the mob "; and adds, “Nowhere is wealth more respectful than in the Don.”
Being a deputy of the Regional military noble assembly from small-scale and homeless nobles, Ulyanov fights with the local faction for equalization of rights. This is not in vain for him: in the next elections to the representatives of the nobility he was "ride on the black sheep." The background of land ownership disputes in the Don noble assembly at this time is as follows. One side - the landowners are larger and richer, stood for permission to sell non-resident private-owned lands from the army fund. The ban on it was introduced in 1848 with the active participation of Ulyanov. This led to a decrease in land prices on the territory of the Army, which was a blow to the owners of hereditary allotments, but a boon for small and homeless nobles who could buy land in property. Large landowners even called people like Ulyanov “Communists”, explained their position with envy of the rich, and blamed that this was intended to separate the Army from Russia. On this site, Ulyanov’s long-standing friendship with Ivan Ivanovich Krasnov, once as poor as a nobleman Ivan Samoilovich himself, perished. Over time, Krasnov, thanks to a successful marriage and mastery of grasp, moved into the category of local noblemen and became a supporter of open trade in military lands. Ulyanov did not like that in the position of Krasnov there was too much personal interest.
Finally, in 1869, the emperor signed a decree on the transfer of urgent plots, submitted to irrelevant service officials, to their hereditary property. The solution of this land issue, lasting 35 years, brought “a whole generation of poor people” to the grave, but Ivan Samoilovich was infinitely glad that “the settled rights were finally brought into the nomadic order”, that “justice and an urgent need were satisfied”.
By the way, the accusation of Cossack separatism, voiced from the lips of rich Don landlords against Ulyanov, had some basis. In 1847, Don visited N.V. The puppeteer, then still a metropolitan and influential figure. Ulyanova pleased “his noble sympathy for the donors”: “We repeat to him: get to know us better ... We do not need changes, but only the development of the good side in what has already been done, giving time to smooth the corners. We are afraid to go forward, not backward: the Cossack in ancient forms is alive. And how much do we need? One prudence in local government in the spirit of this law. ”
Although Ivan Samoilovich received no education other than primary, his range of interests was very wide. As the first biographer A. Ulyanov wrote Karasev, reading the notes and articles of Ivan Samoilovich published in "Agricultural newspaper", "Proceedings of the Imperial Free Economic Society", "Don Troops Gazette", "Don Gazette" and "Don Messenger", "you would think that these works came out of under the pen of a person who has graduated. Such praise from the lips of a famous Don journalist, historian and publisher is worth a lot. Ulyanov was particularly interested in history - among his papers were clippings of newspaper articles by the famous Don local historian priest Grigory Levitsky, as well as notes by Ivan Samoilovich himself on this subject. Back in 1837, after inspecting the Novocherkassk gymnasium, in a letter to G.M. He expressed the opinion to Berdyaev: “It was most unfortunate to see that the most domestic history was passed on to descendants with all great-great-grandfather's shortcomings, sanctified by the glorious name of Karamzin and repeated by his short-sighted imitators to the rumor of [type] Bronevsky. It’s a pity if the useful work of Mr. Sukhorukov, who threw a new light on this important part of his knowledge, would be limited to two well-known notebooks ... without being awarded a printed honor ... ” It is noteworthy that senior Don officials Ulyanov and Berdyaev found a common language with supervised V.D. Sukhorukov! Ulyanov spoke of Vasily Dmitrievich as a “sensible and pleasant” person. Berdyaev, he was also attractive, because "could be used with benefit."
Something the editors of central magazines did not like about Ulyanov’s views. In 1871, the editorial board of the metropolitan newspaper Golos returned an article to him about the inadmissibility of turning the Cossack regiments of the temporary type into regular regiments with a permanent presence in the service. And he only called on the authorities: do not break what is, we will still serve you. It seemed to Ulyanov that the reaction of the Moscow Gazette was inadequate. The editor of this newspaper is M.N. Katkov saw in the defense by the donors of their rights “either separatism, then the state in the state, etc. nonsense. " Ivan Samoilovich also failed to post his article in one of the journals of I.S. Aksakova. He tried to explain: “You can’t imagine what a wild interpretation the most peace-loving, the most legitimate defense of the rights and lives of the donors is subject to!” The reason for the negative reaction of the well-known publisher is the Ulyanov Cossacks. Notice, the Slavophil does not understand the protective ideas of the Don publicist! Contrary to the saying, the conservative conservative could not be seen either from afar or near.
Be that as it may, but Ivan Samoilovich was not alone in his moods: even harsher judgments can be found in the letters of Lieutenant General I.I. Krasnova. He noted that all the benefactors “flying” into the Don Cossacks consider simplicity “the first feature of the Don nationality” and want to “exclude all foreign knowledge as unnecessary and prohibitive for Don, even the most French language, which has become more than Russian in Russian”. Krasnov feared that all sorts of St. Petersburg experts in the Don region “would not have recognized all foreign knowledge as corrupting the purity of our patriarchal morality and killing the spirit of the Cossacks,” and “would not have left us with the Tatar language, but maybe arithmetic ...”. It is noteworthy that Krasnov distinguished the Cossacks from the Russian army, from Russian officials, and from the Russian nobility; and the phrase by Ulyanov himself about "satrap sent from the north" is worth a lot.
For the Don people, a certain originality is inherent in the understanding of the homeland. When the eldest son I.S. Ulyanova Pavel in 1855 asked to go to war in Sevastopol, then Krasnov, then a friend of the family, made this recommendation: “I would not advise him to chase the glory of Sevastopol feats. No matter how loud they are, no matter how great they are, but we have things even holier and closer to our hearts, this is the defense of our homeland. ” As a result, Paul took part in the defense of Taganrog from the attack of the Anglo-French fleet.
Family relations of the Don Cossacks appear from the pages of letters truthfully and without embellishment. Long-term - up to five years - service in the far corners of the empire did not contribute to the establishment of strong family ties. Correspondence with the wives who remained at home concerns exclusively questions of the state of economic affairs - crop failure, fall or cattle offspring, whether the parcel arrived without losses with trophies obtained during guard duty on the cordons of the empire - in Poland, Bessarabia, etc. Most often as guests on Don goes smuggling "confiscated" - chaise, chintz.
Until the middle of the XIX century. practiced a type of matrimony concluded in the interests of the future mother-in-law; she chose a bride for her son when it became difficult for her to manage the household alone. Then the son was called from the service on short leave for marriage, and the bride was scheduled for his arrival. So in the autumn of 1824, Ivan Samoilovich was married to the colonel's daughter Tatyana Ivanovna Karaseva. The choice of the bride was dictated, first of all, by considerations of material and career benefits. The young wife, remaining in her husband’s house, was at the disposal of her mother-in-law. Relations in the family were typically home-built: the married son, his wife and children were completely subordinate to the oldest in the family, and in his absence, to his wife.
In the Ulyanov family for two years this situation developed. In connection with the transition in 1925 from the drill to the clerical service, Ivan Samoilovich asked his mother to let his wife go to him in Warsaw. The "old" Matrena Semenovna, who, obviously, was a little over forty, flatly refuses to give her consent to the departure of her daughter-in-law. The case dragged on for almost two years before the wife left for her husband.
Novels with local residents during the service in foreign lands were frequent among the Cossacks. In the early 1820s. Samoila Ulyanov got himself a lady in Krakow, and in this regard, even refused to leave home for a “benefit”. The energetic actions of the son and the threat of bossy anger returned Samoil Nikitich to the bosom of the family. And the matured Ivan himself mentions in letters from Poland and Moldova “lovely little loves” and Bessarabian dolls, which, of course, does not report any specific facts, but conveys the general atmosphere of regimental life.
In Don Cossack families, the fate of sons has always been a key issue. They were instructed, assigned to the service, followed the progress, contributed to their careers as much as possible. A successful son was the pride of his parents. From Nikolaev times, children began to be given an education corresponding to the noble rank; sought to identify sons in the cadet corps, then in a military school; daughters to institutes of noble maidens. I.S. Ulyanov had seven children: three sons and four daughters, one of whom died in girlhood, and the rest got married.
The correspondence of the Ulyanovs for almost 100 years allows us to trace changes in the family relations of the Don Cossacks: feelings become warmer, father's hearts - softer. If the generation of Samoila Nikitich controlled the fate of children, taking into account, first of all, their interests and the interests of the family as a whole, then Ivan Samoilovich, although he does not approve of some decisions of his sons, tries to take into account their desires. Confirmation of this observation, based on the materials of the Ulyanovs personal fund, can be found in N.E. Wrangel. He writes that with the death of Nicholas I, concepts and ideas began to change in society, even relations in the family became softer; and flogging, the king’s favorite punishment, was replaced by “moral influence”.
Having lived a long bureaucratic life, Ivan Samoilovich Ulyanov, it turns out, all the time he wanted to surrender to the life of the owner of the estate. In Warsaw, he dreamed of getting rich and going back to the Don to the farm: “We will take it, which quite often happens, to row with Nikifor Kozmich (Yezhov - OM), draw plans ... then, my God, which we don’t already have, and factories, and various needlework, and windmills ... and you can’t retell everything! It is true that all this is in the wind ... However, I firmly stand my ground that if God leads me to take up home economics, I’ll either get rich so that chervonets and chickens will not bite, or ... I’ll go broke. ” But he did not happen to learn either great wealth or bitter ruin. In 1847, borrowing money, Ulyanov was able to buy 1200 acres of land on the river. Elanchik in the Miussky District, previously received by him for urgent use. He named the estate built there symbolically - “Mirage”. The eldest son Pavel after the end of the Crimean War resigned and received from his father "complete freedom to manage." The economy of Ulyanov organized by the type of capitalist economy can be considered indicative. The 29 serfs who worked there were transferred to quitrent. By 1858, things had gone well on the estate — this year the Ulyanovs sold more than 7 thousand rubles of wheat. bank notes. Savings "Mirage" was a multidisciplinary landlord economy, which had both grain and livestock production. The commercial character of the farm is clearly evident in the letters of the young landowner: “What a glorious horse comes out, the Giant you know. I hope to make good money on it. ” Later, in 1867, old Ulyanov praised the efforts of his son: “The economy began to recover little by little, and as it was behaved from the very beginning on the basis of not on gratuitous, but on hired work, the peasant coup that followed shortly after (the abolition of serfdom - OM) did not take us by surprise and did not force us to take root under the new orders. ”
The texts available in the fund definitely indicate that the Cossacks, both officer and private, lost their health in the service. After the “benefits”, the Cossack left Don, fearing that he would not live to see the end of his service life. Ulyanov was also sick from youth. More than two years of intensive service as a duty headquarters officer on the army led to the fact that he "began to spit blood" and resigned. Having improved his health a little, he was given command of a Cossack regiment in Bessarabia, where he fell ill with rheumatism, which forced him to leave military service in 1844. For one of his doctors in January 1874 he compiled a detailed “Chronicle of My Disease”, where he noted that he had resigned “in the form of relics” and listed all his medical diagnoses: “volatile consumption, which was the result of an obstruction of the stomach” and “ walking rheumatism. " In the same document, Ivan Samoilovich described various then-practicing medical practices: “The treatment was accompanied, by the way, with an allowance for six leeches to a secret place ...”. After trying to be treated in the Waters, he made a very sober judgment about this: “I went to the Caucasian waters, testing all the sources at their most stupid use due to medical and administrative abuses. The following winter showed the futility of the waters. ”
Ivan Samoilovich tried to be a public person, interesting in communication. The top of his bureaucratic wit is a comic charter allegedly established in the Ataman’s office of the society “This” (1838), written in the genre of parody. Despite all the humor and lightness of style, it mentions a public good, in the interests of which employees of the Ataman chancellery act. The appearance of the members of society - officers of the clerical office and on duty, recognizable character traits is played out; for example, the appearance of the elder’s red beard at the door is a signal of a dangerous crowd of visitors. It is clear from the text that the creation of this, possibly one of the first examples of bureaucratic self-irony, was caused by the heavy workload of the workers of this unit and their desire to laugh at the hardships of their service. Unnecessary visits only to maintain useful friendly relations, distraction from nothing, verbosity of petitioners, all this was called "robbing someone else’s time."
Ulyanov sought to have extensive acquaintances. In 1867, he accidentally met in a newspaper the mention of his long-time colleague Alexander Yuryevich Serno-Solovievich. Probably suffering from bouts of rheumatism, Ulyanov gladly decided to resume relations. He described his life in detail in the first letter and began to wait for an equally interesting letter from another retired official, but he answered with one rather dry scribe, and the correspondence — a joy of the senile soul — did not start. The reason for this is quite clear. A.Yu. Serno-Solovievich was the father of two Narodnik revolutionaries involved in the “32-s case”. Apparently, Ulyanov did not know about this. One of the brothers Serno-Solovyovych, Alexander, was convicted in absentia because he managed to hide abroad. The second, Nikolai, sent to eternal settlement in Siberia, by this time had already died in exile at the age of 32. It is clear that in as much detail as Ivan Samoilovich, Alexander Yurievich could not describe his family. The paths of the children of two old colleagues have gone too far.
So, Ivan Samoilovich Ulyanov, thanks to his habit of storing even seemingly completely empty and unimportant papers, allowed us to see the Don Cossacks of the 19th century. from the inside, not through the prism of official papers and orders for the Army, but reading between the lines of private correspondence, which showed us the inner world of our predecessors on this earth, which they protected from prying eyes behind the shutters of their houses and under official uniforms. After reading the archives of the Ulyanovs, the Don Cossacks of that era seemed to the author of this article different than they seemed before. Moreover, as it turned out, much of their life and worldview has survived to this day in the steppe outskirts of the hamlets and villages of the Don.
In the time of I.S. Two contradictory tendencies coexisted in the midst of the Don Cossacks among Ulyanov: both the desire to get closer to the situation with the all-Russian elite, and the desire to maintain their identity and privileges. As shown by the study of the case, storing personal documents of the son of I.S. Pavel Ivanovich Ulyanov, more than once mentioned in this article, the next generation of the Ulyanov family was much more like a Great Russian type of landowner than their fathers. The system of values \u200b\u200bprofessed by Pavel, the way of thought and action show him to the spirit of the landowner A.N. Engelhardt, author of the famous letters “From the Village”. And his amazing letters to his wife prove that the emotionality of marital relations was replaced by the prevailing type of Cossack family, based on economic cooperation between the spouses.
The bureaucracy of the time of Nikolaev appears heterogeneous, there are low types - embezzlers and bribe takers, but thanks to others who considered serving the sovereign as an honor and duty, the country was able to begin the Great Reforms carried out by children of people like I.S. Ulyanov. The fact that Pavel was not among them can be connected with the fact that the struggle with want deprived the family of too much strength in the previous generation.
Ivan Samoilovich himself appears to us as a contradictory person - he is constantly torn between the duty of service and the interests of loved ones; between the friendly feelings he always cherished and the principles of an official; between worship of power and disappointment in its sinlessness, appeals to high officials and is surprised at their limitations. Typical internal conflict between a legitimist and a thinking person. He is fond of Belinsky and punishes, although not cruelly, his few courtyards. He, a native of the lower strata of the Cossack officers, is shocked by the unceremonious behavior of his relatives — their lack of respect for the law, for decency, for property of others, for selfishness and petty cronyism. In spirit, he is already an intellectual; he is attracted to subtle intellectual communication with pure intentions. He is happy when he finds people like his nephew A.A. Karasev, and very disappointed in friends like I.I. Krasnov. The pretty, slightly romantic Ulyanov resembles that which developed then and developed in the 20th century. a type of Russian intellectual who begins to gradually change state values \u200b\u200binto personal values, namely, the right to live in harmony with himself. The tonality of the letters of Ivan Samoilovich written in the last years of his life allows us to conclude that, despite his own illnesses and dramas in the lives of children, he managed to survive his days in a state of dignified pacification and pride in his life's journey.
Literature:
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 40. L. 34 about.
In the same place. L. 24-25.
In the same place. L. 53 vol.
Berdyaev Mikhail Nikolaevich (1791-1861), lieutenant general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, in 1835-1839. Chief of Staff of the Don Army.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 26 about., 27, 30, 46, 46 about.
In the same place. L. 27, 27 about.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 40. L. 146-147.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 35. L. 478.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 76, 108.
This refers to the city of Novocherkassk - the administrative center of the land of the Don Army.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 51, 51 about.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 16. L. 10-11, 16, 20.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1.D. 34.L. 383.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 35. L. 372.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1.D. 40. L. 380.
See: GA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 20.
In the same place. L. 57.
In relation to the manager of the Don State Chamber of January 15, 1902, the Olginsky dam was called "a very expensive building of the past," which requires annual costs of up to 25 thousand rubles. For comparison: about 31 thousand rubles were allotted to all other roads, bridges, pipelines and other communications throughout the Region (GA RO. F. 162. Op. 1. D. 60. L. 44).
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 77.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 35. L. 197.
HA RO. F. 55. Op. 1. D. 453. L. 7, 5.
Small ones - those who have less than 21 revision souls, and after December 1, 1861 - less than 75 allotment plots.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. D. 7. L. 6 about.
Krasnov Ivan Ivanovich (1800-1871), lieutenant general, public figure, publicist, poet. The term “Kazakoman” was coined, endowing it with negative content. Grandfather of the ataman of the Great Don Army P.N. Krasnova.
Kukolnik Nestor Vasilievich (1809 - 1868), prose writer, poet, playwright.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 377.
Bronevsky Vladimir Bogdanovich (1784-1835), major general, member of the Russian Academy, military writer, author of the book “History of the Don Army, description of the land of the Don and Caucasus Mineral water"(St. Petersburg, 1834), which V.D. Sukhorukov described as “a mixture of lengthy absurdities” and “a sad compilation from all works in which something was said about Don”. See: Sukhorukov V. Analysis of the book: History of the Don Army V. Bronevsky. 1834 year. St. Petersburg // Donskoy Herald. 1867, No. 29.
Sukhorukov Vasily Dmitrievich (1794-1841), Yesaul, historian, local historian, journalist, member Northern Society, author of a number of pioneering works of his time on the history of the Don Cossacks.
Written in 1826 by V.D. Sukhorukov's capital work "Historical Description of the Land of the Don Army" was first published in 1867-1872. with significant corrections and bills.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 23.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 31. L. 71 about.
In the same place. L. 63.
GA RO.F. 243. Op. 1. D. 34. L. 371-372.
In the same place. L. 452 about.
Kukona is a representative of the privileged class in Bessarabia.
Wrangel N.E. Memories: From serfdom to the Bolsheviks. M., 2003.S. 60-61.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 40. L. 108.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 37. L. 48.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 35. L. 372 about.
In the same place. L. 368; D. 40.L. 490-491.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 25. L. 4.
HA RO. F. 243. Op. 1. D. 35. L. 371-372.
See: Engelhardt A.N. From village. 12 letters. 1872-1887. M., 1956.
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Morozova Olga Mikhailovna
major general honored economist Russian Federation, graduate of the faculty of 1969. He was awarded the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 111 degrees (1984), Red Star (1991), Honor (2001).
The starting point of my career as a military financier, I consider the end in 1962. In our youth, we were all active and ambitious, dreaming of a brilliant career. For the professional growth of an officer-financier, it was necessary to obtain a higher education, and therefore, to enter the Military Department at the Moscow Financial Institute.
However, the road there was open only to the very best: honors combat and political training, who served three years in the army. I withstood entry exams and was enrolled in the Military Faculty, which I can now rightfully call my Alma Mater. Studying at the faculty was never an easy walk, the teachers demanded that we give ourselves completely and diligently. Undoubtedly, the foundation of fundamental knowledge in the field of finance, which we needed so much in practical work, was laid while studying at the Military Faculty. At lectures, seminars and in self-training, we sought to understand the wisdom of a particular subject, the methods of work of the financial and economic service.
Full support and assistance in this important matter was provided to us by the faculty of the faculty. Special big influence we were shown an example of fidelity to military affairs and the demandingness of front-line teachers who had gone through the crucible of a brutal war, but who remained kind-hearted and responsive, and there were many of them.
From the post of inspector of the auditor of the financial service of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, I was appointed to the Central Financial Administration of the USSR Ministry of Defense.
From the height of the past years, based on my experience, I understand how much the dear and beloved Military Department has given me: knowledge, the basics of human relations, the right life guidelines. And it seems to me that the graduates of the 1969 faculty - my classmates (N.A. Martynov, S.G. Kuryshko, BC Altukhov, BC Sushkov, A.A. Timofeev, Yu.A. Korobov and others) met their expectations and the efforts of our teachers and mentors, becoming for many years the core and pride of the financial services of the Armed Forces of the USSR.
It has been my honor and duty to serve in many important posts for over 36 years. At every stage of my life's journey, I met people worthy of deep respect and reverence. It was on their example that I tried to comprehend science - to live according to conscience.
One of such large-scale personalities was Major General Vladimir Nikolayevich Babiev, head of the financial service of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Alexandrovich Agafonov, head of the financial service of the 20th Army, earned high respect.
During my service at the Central Federal Administration of the USSR Ministry of Defense (1974-1985), my responsibilities included summarizing secret secret data on the budget of the USSR Armed Forces, the results of which I reported directly to Colonel General Vladimir Nikolayevich Dutov, head of the Central Federal Administration of the USSR Ministry of Defense. This is where analysis skills, the ability to correctly evaluate the available data, which I was taught at the Military Faculty, were especially useful to me.
During the same period, as a result of my service, I began to communicate with General Viktor Vasilyevich Tsarsky, a member of the Board of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR, head of the first department of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR, in charge of financing the Armed Forces.
And here, too, serious economic preparation was needed.
In 1985, I was appointed Head of the Currency and Currency Directorate of the Commander-in-Chief of the Joint Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty, Marshal of the Soviet Union V.G. Kulikova. All events, including joint exercises held under the auspices of this international military organizationwere funded on time and in full.
My experience in the monetary and financial field was taken into account when appointing me to the post of head of the monetary and economic department of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. The time was hard, vague and unpredictable. Financing of the army was intermittent, currency funds were practically absent.
Largely thanks to our jointly verified position, we were able to fulfill the task of uninterrupted financing of the General Staff missions abroad and events in the field of international military-technical cooperation in that difficult period in the history of our state.
In 1995, after leaving the Armed Forces, I took part in the formation of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation supreme body state financial control formed by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Such an organ was created in our country for the first time. Marshal of the Soviet Union V.G. Kulikov and Colonel General B.V. Gromov recommended that the Federation Council appoint me the auditor of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. Twenty-eight candidates claimed six vacancies in auditors. Based on the results of a secret ballot by members of the Federation Council, I was elected the auditor of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation (in the rank of federal minister).
The Board of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation instructed me to head the direction of its activities in controlling the federal budget expenditures on national defense, the State Customs Committee, border troops and Rosrezerv. For six years of work in the Accounts Chamber (1995-2001), my leaders were such persons of a national scale as the chairmen of the Accounts Chamber Khachim Mukhamedovich Kar-mokov and Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin. During this time, serious and painstaking work was carried out to create a methodological basis for the activities of the Accounts Chamber, practical application methods and techniques of state financial control, the selection of professional inspectors. The activities of the Accounts Chamber undoubtedly contributed to the strengthening of financial discipline in our country.
After the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, I happened to serve and work at Rosoboronexport and Sukhoi Company OJSC. Their great trust and respect for me was a high assessment of my professional training received at our university.
I think that I was able to meet the expectations of the teachers of the Military Faculty at the Financial University, commanders and chiefs, honestly and conscientiously fulfilling their military and civil duty in all areas of work and service entrusted to me.
This episode will surely be remembered by everyone who attended that concert on the New Year’s Eve evening dedicated to the end of the 7th conference of the Megapir Association of Reserve Officers of the Armed Forces. Barely under the arches of the Central Academic Theater Russian army sounded the song "Victory Day" performed by the A.V. Song and Dance Ensemble Alexandrova, a white-haired general with a Golden Star on his chest rose from a place in the front row of a short stature and, taking a step forward, stood still at attention. For a moment, the audience looked at his lonely figure, then stood up, as if on command. And when the song ended and the chairman of the board of directors of Megapira, candidate of philosophical sciences reserve colonel Alexander Kanshin announced to the audience that before them was retired lieutenant general Vitaly Andreevich Ulyanov, who at 18 was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper, the audience burst into applause. In his face, spectators and artists greeted everyone who, "having walked half of Europe halfway through the earth," brought us Victory. And he stood embarrassed by such attention and smiled bewilderedly, with difficulty restraining his tears.
I began to be sentimental at an old age, - Vitaly Andreevich would later comment on this episode in his peculiar humorous manner, and, as if justifying himself, would note: - But on the other hand, not every day this happens, in our time, unfortunately , more often for a different reason, a tear can break through ...
But monetization of benefits didn’t seem to affect people like you, ”I tried to object, believing that the conversation would be about that.
Yes, it’s not about monetization, be it wrong! - Ulyanov waved his hand annoyingly. - In addition, compared with other military pensioners such as myself, consider it really lucky. It would be health ... Remember the meeting of veterans dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the battle for the Dnieper? Across Moscow, we weren’t in a good company either. I was still invigorated before reporters: they say, there are not many Heroes. So, of those who were at that meeting, the others are no longer alive. But a year and a half has not passed.
Yes, that was at the end of October 2003. Front-line soldiers awarded the Golden Star for crossing the Dnieper gathered for the first time in 60 years. Such a meeting was proposed by Marshal of the Soviet Union Dmitry Timofeevich Yazov, president of the Armed Forces Veterans Support Fund and Officer Brotherhood reserve officers operating within the framework of the Megapir Association. The organizing committee was headed by Ulyanov. And although not everyone invited was able to travel from home to the meeting place - after all, almost all of them were already over eighty, he still managed to hold a meeting. I remember watching the front-line soldiers with the help of wives and other relatives struggling to climb the stairs leading to the second floor of the Cultural Center of the Armed Forces, where the celebration took place in the Fireplace Hall, Vitaly Andreyevich smiling with a sad smile, said: “Here we are now gentlemen, when "went on the attack under the mountain," perhaps it was easier ... "He, the youngest among the heroes, was then not eighty.
Or here's another incident, from a reminder of which it nibbles in the eyes, - Ulyanov continued meanwhile. - Once at a ceremony, a boss comes up to me, apparently of some very cool company and, glancing at the Golden Star, offers the position of ... deputy director. "What will I have to do?" - I ask. “Sitting in a solid office, sometimes attending important meetings,” he replies. "What to do?" - I do not give up. "What have you really done," What to do, what to do? .. You don’t have to do anything, just sit and get good money, your name will work ... "And the company was left without a" wedding "general, - Vitaly Andreevich finished his sad story with a sigh, and suddenly turning a bright face, he added, “But I am working with Sasha Kanshin with pleasure, because I know who I am dealing with.”
At one time, being the head of the Ordzhonikidze Higher Combined Arms Command School, he recommended Lieutenant Alexander Kanshin, as one of the best graduates, to Komsomol work. Then they worked together. So to this day Kanshin remains Sasha for him, although now he seems to be the boss (Ulyanov heads the board of the Megapir Foundation, operating within the framework of the association).
It was not by chance that fate brought them back together: the teacher and student consider it their duty to do everything in their power to make life easier for those who need help, so that our army is worthy great Russia, and military service prestigious. Loud words? No, a position for which a huge work is required, which, by the way, requires considerable efforts. Wherever Vitaly Andreyevich has visited with his association colleagues for 11 years of its existence! The North Caucasus and the Moscow Region, the Leningrad Military District and Transbaikalia, Volgograd, Kursk, Oryol and even a suburb of London, where last summer a scientific and practical conference was held on the 60th anniversary of the opening of the second front, with the participation of representatives of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition ... Probably not to one hundred soldiers, officers, war and labor veterans, family members of military personnel who died in the line of duty, he shook his hand, said kind words, and presented simple presents from Megapir. He calls all this social work his "second front."
And before that I didn’t consider myself a pensioner, although for 20 years I’ve been counting them, and now even more so, I’ve done so much that even once I’ve put my own archive in order, the general shares his concerns not without pleasure, taking another folder with yellowed books from the shelf from time to time with documents, newspaper clippings, photographs.
We are sitting in a cozy Moscow apartment of the Ulyanovs on Isakovsky Street. We drink tea, skillfully prepared by Lyudmila Sergeyevna (by the way, the “general”, like her husband, from volunteers, went to the front in 1941, “when the German approached Moscow,” she fought as a signalman in the 1st Guards Army), and looked through the home archive. The owner, as agreed, says "only about what he experienced himself, which is especially embedded in the memory." And this, in his words, is first of all battle and life, "and, of course, the guys from the first crew, where the gunner was the gunner’s commander, sergeant Dydychkin, loading Shumilov, the castle Golitsin ..." This calculation started for him, the worker a guy from the Kiev factory "Arsenal", the war.
In fact, we can say that he took his first “fight” back in the Votkinsk city committee of the Komsomol, when together with his elder cousin Viley, having fastened all the sporting badges that existed at that time, he tried to “leak” into volunteers. And it would have happened, perhaps, if it were not for the secretary of the city committee, Comrade Khrisanfova, who knew their family in Kiev, and now lived in the same hut with them. Having met grandmother Vitaly in the morning (father - hereditary arsenal Andrei Dmitrievich Ulyanov will return from war as a disabled captain and will soon die from his wounds - by that time he was already at the front), she exclaimed: “Oh, Maria Afanasyevna, what are your guys well done, filed an application, both go to the front as volunteers! " “How are you both ?!” grandmother threw up her hands. “Vitka is only seventeen in all ...” The newly-appeared volunteer was immediately deleted from the lists. Only later, when, according to Stalin's call, the factory began to form a division of tank destroyers, he still managed to carry out his plan.
Actually, about what operations he participated in, in which strategic directions and with which enemy he fought, Ulyanov only finds out years later when he will learn military art - first in the Second Kiev School of Self-Propelled Artillery, then in the academies - of the armored forces and the General Staff. However, this process, according to his admission, continues to this day: during meetings with fellow soldiers, scientific and practical conferences dedicated to the 60th anniversary biggest battles World War II, other events of a military historical and patriotic nature, in the organization and conduct of which he participates. And then ...
How did he, the 18-year-old sergeant, know, say, in September 1943, when he, among the first hundred brave souls, crossed the Dnieper somewhere south-east of Kremenchug, that on the banks of this great river 3.873 thousand soldiers came together in a mortal battle, 63.860 guns and mortars, 4.500 tanks and assault guns, 4.950 combat aircraft ... That the fascist "East Wall" passing along the Dnieper, which Hitler considered impregnable for the Russians and for which, according to the Führer, the German army was ready to "fight if necessary , seven years, "the troops stormed as many as five Soviet FR nts: Central, Voronezh, Steppe, South-West and South ... That the fighting of the 37th army, which included then the young artilleryman Ulyanov, to force the Dnieper, capture and expand the bridgehead on its right bank lasted only 15 days, from September 27 to October 11, 1943 (for him personally, this battle, and with it the war, will end only 11 days later, on October 22, when he, wounded for the second time, will be taken out of the battlefield ...).
REFERENCE. The 37th Army, under the command of Lieutenant General Mikhail Sharokhin, was in the second echelon of the Steppe Front and was brought into battle in the front of the Dnieper in unusual conditions - during the swift pursuit of the enemy, with the task of forcing the river on the move and seizing the bridgehead on its right bank. Moreover, the entry of the 37th into the battle was carried out in the strip of the 69th army, which turned out to be a complete surprise to the Germans. This largely contributed to the fact that in the early days of the fighting on the Dnieper, the 37th Army achieved significant success. Its troops seized the bridgehead of operational importance and, in cooperation with the 7th Guards Army, defeated 2 infantry divisions and the SS cavalry division of the 8th Wehrmacht Army, inflicted a serious defeat on one infantry and four tank divisions.
And now, being already at a respectable age (on February 23 he will be 80 years old!), Vitaly Andreevich does not claim to be "the ultimate truth" when it comes to a particular operation in which he once participated.
In Votkinsk, where our factory was evacuated, we produced product 2243-A, which in the language of experts meant a 45-mm gun. I worked in the technical control department, took finished products, so the materiel knew, one might say, in detail. Then it came in handy, ”the general recalls. - After a little preparation, we went with twelve horse-drawn guns to Izhevsk, where there was a reserve regiment. They shot a little there, took the oath, and then on. The first place where we joined the unit was Kubinka, Moscow Region. And from there they already drove to the Don, near Stalingrad. Each of them had an insignificant carbine made in Izhevsk with an inscription engraved all over the barrel: "Death to the German invaders!" And on the butt - a monogram: "The 174th separate anti-tank fighter division named after the Komsomol of Udmurtia." The officers of the reserve regiment, who voluntarily agreed to join the division, had registered pistols with the same inscription.
I must say, in spite of the very shortened training course that was completed before being sent to the front, the Arsenals fought with dignity. By March 1943, they had already destroyed 7 enemy tanks, 4 guns, 12 machine guns and about 200 soldiers and officers. In just three months of fighting, six people from the division were presented for awards. The junior sergeant Ulyanov was awarded the medal “For Courage”.
From the gunner’s view of the guns of the 174th Separate Anti-Tank Division of the Junior Sergeant V. Ulyanov to the medal "For Courage":
“In a battle on January 19, 1943, in the village of Novozhkov, Voroshilovgrad Region, a medium tank was shot down, put down four firing points firing from the windows of houses, and separately destroyed up to 20 German machine gunners with fragmentation shells. After that, he was wounded and evacuated from the battlefield.
The commander of the 174th Special Operations Captain BUSLUEV.
But in general, his frontline biography, like the 174th military police department, formed from Komsomol volunteers directly at the factory (on the billboards made here in inopportune times, the Komsomol badges cast from bronze glittered), began already in the winter of 1942 near Stalingrad. As part of the 172nd infantry division He participated in the liberation of the village of Kantemirovka, the cities of Balakliya, Barvenkovo, Slavyansk, Krasnograd.
Returning to those now distant events, the general suddenly shared:
Although the famous song claims that the most difficult battle is the last, I still consider it to be the first battle. He is the most difficult, because you still do not know anything, all for the first time. We realized this later: survived in the first battle - well, survived in the second - well done, survived after the third - you are a seasoned fighter, you already know when to crouch, where to crawl, where to run, where to sit, how to keep up with the kitchen that it was possible to save, to gnaw, what to save, what to throw away, so as not to interfere and not to carry extra burden ... And the last ... Of course, you won’t erase words from the song, but still the last battle - It’s more dangerous than difficult, because I really want to stay alive ...
And here is one of the testimonies of how the brave gunner fought in the summer of 1943 already near Belgorod, on the Kursk Bulge, when their division in the second echelon was raised by alarm, forced the march to a prepared defense line and at dawn on July 7 with German tanks.
From the gunner’s view of the 45-mm gun of the 1st Guards Rifle Battalion of the 280th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 92nd Guards Rifle Division of the Guard Sergeant V. Ulyanov to the Order of the Patriotic War I degree:
“From July 7, 1943 to July 18, 1943, Comrade Ulyanov proved to be a fearless gunner. During a tank attack, Comrade Ulyanov destroyed 3 enemy medium tanks, 12 Nazis, 3 motorcycles and 1 infantry car from a 45-mm cannon. Comrade Ulyanov with three fighters destroyed the firing point — the enemy’s easel machine gun. On July 17, 1943, Comrade Ulyanov went with his squad to a counterattack, where he killed 7 Nazis and captured 2 light machine guns and valuable documents of the murdered Nazis and delivered to headquarters.
The commander of the battalion of the guard is Captain Belobaba. "
He will receive the order in September, already on the way to the Dnieper, by then having had time to first command the calculation, then replace the platoon commander mortally wounded in battle.
There was another episode along the way, which General Ulyanov considered the most serious test that fell to his lot in the war. This happened, as he later “calculates”, studying history, in the Belgorod-Kharkov direction.
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..Native forty-five was gone - she died in a fire duel with one of german tanks. Gun commander Senior Sergeant Korobeinikov killed. Ulyanov pulled the wounded Yuru Vorobyov from the battlefield. Together with loading Maxim Strogov for a while, they nailed to the mortars standing nearby. A day later, Vitaly already commanded the squad in the intelligence platoon. The platoon commander was junior lieutenant Belyaev Lavrenty Semenovich, born in 1911, a communist, an experienced intelligence officer. He had a lot to learn from him, but it's a pity the war decreed otherwise.
It turned out, the general recalls, that by the end of the day there was practically no one to repel another German attack in the regiment: 22 people remained on the front line. All officers died. From armament - an anti-tank rifle, two machine guns, and grenades with a rifle and an automatic machine for my brother. And the German - here he is, drunken exclamations are already heard, and for some reason they are bursting in their own and ... in Russian. With the onset of dusk, I went around all the surviving fighters, talked to everyone, and warned: "When the Germans climb again, first shoot with rifles, then, only at my command, open fire to all with machine guns."
And the trick worked! When at dawn the enemies met with rare rifle shots (it turned out that the Vlasov were ahead of the Germans) were completely emboldened, sensing easy prey, and rushed ahead, a friendly machine-gun fire literally knocked them over. One attack choked, the second, and then they completely began to be cautious, as if in their thoughts there was no break through on this site. So Sergeant Ulyanov commanded the regiment for several days, until one night a shift came. And he was eighteen years old at that time.
Well, as soon as we were brought out for reformation, my “career” rapidly rolled down, ”my interlocutor continues. - The first arriving officer became the regiment commander, the second - the chief of staff ... And so, as the officers arrived, I went down the service ladder from step to step, until finally I was again in the platoon. Further, although he was still in the sergeant's rank, they did not lower them.
In this title, Vitaly Ulyanov will finish his short but glorious front line.
From the presentation of the platoon commander of the 45-mm guns of the 1st Guards Rifle Battalion of the 280th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 92nd Guards Rifle Division of the Guard Sergeant Ulyanov V.A. to the title Hero of the Soviet Union:
"Comrade Ulyanov in the battles to clear the left bank of the Dnieper river from German invaders, force to the right bank and move forward showed heroism and courage. Having crossed the first gun to the right bank, he directly suppressed several enemy firing points and ensured the successful crossing of the river of his battalion In battles for the Green Farm and the village of Kukovka, reflecting the counterattacks of the enemy’s tanks and infantry, left alone at two guns, fired direct fire and knocked out two tanks, seven armored vehicles, captured one gun and destroyed it before platoon infantry, thereby ensuring the success of the fighting regiment to expand the bridgehead on the right bank of the Dnieper River.
For the skillful control of the platoon and the personal heroism shown, it deserves the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
The commander of the 280th Guards. JV Guard Lt. Col. PLUTAHIN. "
According to the entries in the column "Conclusion of superior officers" on the back of the award sheet, this presentation, dated October 20, 1943, will be approved by Colonel Petrushin, commander of the guard division, the very next day. On October 25, the commander of the 37th Army, Lieutenant General Sharokhin and a member of the military council, Colonel Bagniuk, will give their “good”. And before that, on October 22, as we already know, the sergeant Ulyanov will receive the same, in his words, “rather dangerous than difficult” battle, which will end for him with a severe wound and will, in fact, be the last in his short-lived front biographies.
Then there will be months of wandering around hospitals, where all the fragments taken in that battle will not be removed from it. Already in the rank of Hero of the Soviet Union, which will be assigned to him on February 22, 1944, he will graduate from the Kiev school of self-propelled artillery and will be left there to command a platoon. Then there will be long, only with interruptions to study at refresher courses and in academies, years of service in the troops. Having replaced many garrisons, without jumping over a single commanding step, having "drummed" six years in the company and six and a half in the division, he will become a general. Eleven years, until his retirement, will be heading a highly quoted Soviet army Ordzhonikidze Higher Combined Arms Command School.
More than forty years Vitaly Andreevich Ulyanov walked through life in the military formation. Anything has happened along the way. But wherever the military fate throws and to whatever heights he raised, that front-line, sergeant school was always with him. Having learned the army as a young man, from within, he later considered himself not without reason to have the right to act on the basis of personal experience, including front-line ones, even if this sometimes did not fit into any canons or the authorities did not like.
How arbitrariness was perceived, for example, by some people as their desire to be the head of VOKU, having postponed the general education required for freshmen at the end of the year, to give them military disciplines more quickly, so that from the first days of their stay in school they would begin to understand what service is, as necessary for this knowledge that they have to master. Or take the supposedly excessive enthusiasm for the mountain training of cadets, which he was also charged with at the time by some short-sighted officials from education.
You can imagine that there is a war going on in Afghanistan, and we, being in the foothills of the Caucasus, should not be engaged in mountain preparation, because this, you see, is not our profile! - He is indignant, recalling those times, and conspiratorially, as if they could eavesdrop on us, almost in a whisper informs. - But we did, after 4 - 5 months of training, cadets climbed Table Mountain, even went to Kazbek, conducted exercises in the mountains ... Yes, it was not easy. But then, returning from Afghanistan, many graduates specially came to the school to say thanks for the science.
Former students and colleagues do not forget about him now. Visit, write. In the letters, as a rule, again the words of gratitude. Like, for example, these: “Thank you, dear you are my comrade lieutenant general, my dear teacher! I assure you that no matter what path I choose, you will not have to blush for me ...” The letter came from Odessa now from abroad Sergey Moiseev. Soon after the end of the Ordzhonikidze VOKU, the officer had an accident, became disabled, and it’s hard to say how his fate would have happened if General Ulyanov didn’t take part in it. Or here’s another admission: “I am proud that I was lucky to work with you ...” This is from a letter from Lieutenant General Dmitry Mokshanov, who was at one time the First Deputy Commander of the North Caucasian Military District.
I read these heartfelt lines and find myself thinking that today, probably, many would consider it an honor to work with this amazing person who, despite everything experienced, was able to remain in his soul that young sergeant from the 174th police station, which on the shoulder.
FROM THE EDITOR. The "Red Star" team joins in the congratulations and good wishes received in the address of V.A. Ulyanov in connection with his 80th birthday.
Ulyanov Alexander Ilyich (1866-1887) - the elder brother of Ulyanov Vladimir Ilyich (Lenin), one of the leaders of the terrorist faction Narodnaya Volya. He was hanged on May 8 (all dates are given in the old style) in 1887 in the Shlisselburg fortress, together with 4 more revolutionary terrorists. The reason for the execution was an attempt to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. Law enforcement authorities detained, arrested and brought to justice. A total of 15 people were tried, of which 5 were sentenced to death by hanging.
The information is not very pleasant, but how did a young 20-year-old man get into such a mess and was sentenced to the most severe punishment? Alexander Ulyanov was born in a very decent and respected family. His father, Ilya Nikolaevich (1831-1886), had the civil rank of full state adviser. He corresponded to the military rank of Major General and gave the right to hereditary nobility. A person who had such a rank was contacted by "Your Excellency."
Since 1869, Ilya Nikolaevich served as inspector of public schools in the Simbirsk province. In 1874 he became the director of public schools in the Simbirsk province. This man was highly educated and advocated equal education for all, regardless of class and nationality. He was born into a family of petty bourgeois (urban inhabitants), but, thanks to work and diligence, he achieved a lot in life.
At the age of 32, he married 28-year-old Maria Alexandrovna Blank (1835-1916). She was born in the family of a physiotherapist and received a brilliant home education. I confirmed it by passing the exams for the right to teach by a home teacher. In marriage, Maria Alexandrovna gave birth to 8 children - 4 sons and 4 daughters. One boy and one girl died in childhood.
Alexander was the second child. He was born after the older sister Olga (1864-1935). In 1883 he graduated from the Simbirsk classical gymnasium. At that time, its director was Fyodor Mikhailovich Kerensky, the father of the future chairman of the Provisional Government, Alexander Kerensky. Characterized him as smart person and an extremely capable teacher.
While studying at the gymnasium, Alexander became interested in chemistry. He even made a small home laboratory, where he performed chemical experiments. He graduated from an educational institution with a gold medal and in the same 1883 entered the St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
He studied extremely well in higher education. In 1886 he did scientific work on invertebrate zoology. I collected all the material myself and received a gold medal for this work. He was engaged in a biological circle, which was created by the students themselves. He became a member of the economic circle and took an active part in the scientific and literary society, led by Orest Fedorovich Miller, a world-famous professor of the history of Russian literature.
That is, we see a very smart and inquisitive young man, reaching for fundamental knowledge. He had a bright future with interesting work and bright prospects, but, as they say, the devil got it wrong.
The end of the 19th century is a time of fermentation of minds. At that time, the revolutionary movement was fully formed in the Russian Empire, which adopted the work of Marx, Engels, Plekhanov. In 1879, the revolutionary Narodnik organization the People’s Will arose. One of the main methods of combating the existing regime, she put terror. Members of the organization believed that if the king was killed, it would stir up society and lead to dramatic political changes.
In 1884, after a series of terrorist acts and the assassination of Emperor Alexander II, the party became completely exhausted, as it lost most of its members as a result of the arrests. And in December 1886, a new Narodnaya Volya group emerged on the wreckage of a terrorist organization. It was created by Alexander Ulyanov and Peter Shevyryov. Her main goal was the assassination of Emperor Alexander III.
Emperor Alexander III meets with the people. It was on him that Alexander Ulyanov and his associates were preparing an assassination attempt
The members of the terrorist group were mainly university students. But the old participants of the People’s Will were not a single one. That is, the faction arose on the initiative of Ulyanov and Shevyrev without any outside interference. The program was written by Ulyanov, the members of the organization accepted it and began to prepare for the attempt on the emperor.
To fill bombs with explosives, money was needed. Alexander Ulyanov sold his gold medal, and with the proceeds the terrorists acquired explosives. Having made bombs, they outlined an attempt on the end of February. But members of the terrorist faction did not have a clear plan. In addition, they behaved extremely nonchalantly and even told their friends, who were not in the faction, about the impending assassination attempt.
A few days before the action, Peter Shevyryov was scared. He told his comrades that he had exacerbated tuberculosis, and hastily left for the Crimea. After that, Ulyanov took over the entire leadership. He planned to attempt the assassination right on Nevsky Prospect, on which the emperor regularly traveled.
And on February 26, 1887, a group of young people hung with bombs appeared near the Admiralty. They began to walk back and forth, waiting for the emperor to appear. But that one did not appear on this ill-fated day. He did not appear on February 27 and 28. However, all these incomprehensible festivities aroused keen interest among the police. It must be said here that some members of the faction were registered as unreliable. The authorities knew them well in person, and the regular appearance near the Admiralty led to certain conclusions.
And when on March 1 the same young people again appeared on Nevsky Prospect, they were immediately detained. They brought to the department, searched and found bombs. After that, the entire group of 15 people was arrested. Alexander Ulyanov and other members of the faction were put in Peter and Paul Fortress and an endless series of interrogations began. One of those arrested named Shevyrev, and he was arrested in Yalta on March 7.
The trial passed quickly. It began on April 15, and on April 19, the verdict was read. According to him, 5 conspirators were sentenced to death by hanging. Another 8 people were sentenced to hard labor. Among the suicide bombers were Alexander Ulyanov (21 years old), Peter Shevyryov (23 years old), Pakhomiy Andreyushkin (21 years old), Vasily Generalov (20 years old) and Vasily Osipanov (26 years old).
After the sentencing, the suicide bombers were placed in the Shlisselburg fortress, where the execution was to take place. Mother came to Alexander. She was allowed to meet with her son after she wrote a petition in the name of the emperor. And his father did not live to the disgrace that fell on his family. He died on January 12, 1886 from a brain hemorrhage.
Maria Alexandrovna, at meetings with her son, begged him to submit a petition for clemency. However, the young man categorically refused to do this at first. Then, however, he succumbed to the persuasion of his mother, agreed and asked the emperor to replace the death penalty with another punishment. But the petition was rejected.
The terrorists were executed on May 8, 1887 on the territory of the Shlisselburg fortress. There were only 3 gallows, so at first they hung Andreiushkin, Generalov and Osipanov, and after them it was Ulyanov and Shevyrev’s turn. The conspirators were buried in one grave near the fortress wall. Thus ended his life Alexander Ulyanov. He died stupidly, exchanging his talent and interesting life for some mythical and absolutely non-viable idea. But for the sake of objectivity, I must say that at that time there were a lot of people like him.
