home » Computers » Southern society 1821. The formation of the northern and southern society. The investigation and trial of the Decembrists

Southern society 1821. The formation of the northern and southern society. The investigation and trial of the Decembrists

K. Coleman "The Decembrist Rise"

The Decembrists were "children of 1812", that is how they called themselves.

The war with Napoleon awakened in the Russian people, and in particular in the nobility, a sense of national identity. What they saw in Western Europe, as well as the ideas of the Enlightenment, clearly indicated for them the path that, in their opinion, could save Russia from the heavy oppression of serfdom. During the war, they saw their people in a completely different capacity: patriots, defenders of the Fatherland. They could compare the life of peasants in Russia and in Western Europe and conclude that the Russian people deserve a better fate.

Victory in the war posed to thinking people the question of how the victorious people should live on: should they still languish under the yoke of serf slavery or should they help them to drop this yoke?

Thus, an understanding gradually emerged of the need to combat serfdom and autocracy, which did not seek to change the fate of the peasants. The Decembrist movement was not some outstanding phenomenon, it took place in the general vein of the world revolutionary movement. P. Pestel wrote about this in his testimony: “The present century is marked by revolutionary thoughts. From one end of Europe to the other, one can see the same thing, from Portugal to Russia, not excluding a single state, even England and Turkey, these two opposites. All America presents the same sight. The spirit of transformation makes, so to speak, everywhere the minds bubble ... These are the reasons, I believe, that have generated revolutionary thoughts and rules and rooted them in the minds. ”

Early secret societies

The early secret societies were the forerunners of the Southern and Northern societies. The Salvation Union was organized in February 1816 in St. Petersburg. The very name of society indicates that its participants set salvation as their goal. Salvation of whom or what? According to members of society, it was necessary to save Russia from falling into the abyss, on the edge of which it stood. The main ideologist and creator of the society was Colonel of the General Staff Alexander Nikolayevich Muravyov, at that time he was 23 years old.

F. Tulov "Alexander Nikolaevich Muravyov"

Salvation Union

It was a small, closed group of like-minded people, numbering only 10-12 people. At the end of its existence, it grew to 30 people. The main members of the Salvation Union were the prince, art. General Staff Officer S.P. Trubetskoy; Matvey and Sergey Muravyov Apostles; lieutenant of the General Staff Nikita Muravyov; I.D. Yakushkin second lieutenant of the Semenovsky regiment; M.N. Novikov, the nephew of the famous 18th century enlightener, and Pavel Ivanovich Pestel.

The main goals of their struggle:

the elimination of serfdom;
the elimination of autocracy;
introduction of a constitution;
establishing a representative board.

The goals were clear. But the means and methods to achieve this are vague.

But since the ideas of the Decembrists were borrowed from the Enlightenment, the means and methods were formed precisely from these sources and they did not consist in the seizure of power, but in the education of progressive public views. And when these views take over the masses of the people, these masses themselves will sweep away the government.

Union of Welfare

But time passed, new ideas and attitudes appeared, in accordance with this in 1818 another society was formed - the Union of Welfare (on the basis of the Union of Salvation). Its organizational structure was more complex, and the scope of the action was much wider: education, army, bureaucracy, court, press, etc. In many ways, the goals of the Union of Welfare coincided with the state policy of Russia, so the organization was not fully conspired.

The main goals of the organization:

abolition of serfdom;
the elimination of autocracy;
the introduction of free and legal rule.

But the charter of the Union of Welfare consisted of two parts: the main and the "secret", which was drawn up later.

His program:

abolition of slavery;
equality of citizens before the law;
publicity in government affairs;
publicity of proceedings;
the destruction of the wine monopoly;
the destruction of military settlements;
improving the fate of the defenders of the Fatherland, establishing the limit of their service, reduced from 25 years;
improving the fate of clergy members;
in peacetime, a decrease in the size of the army.

In January 1820, at a meeting in St. Petersburg, the question was asked: "Which government is better - constitutional monarchist or republican?" All unanimously elected republican rule.
For the first time in the history of the Russian revolutionary movement, the Union of Welfare decided to fight for the republican form of government in Russia. Changing the program entailed tactical changes.

Convened in 1820, the Moscow Congress decided to clear the movement of the oscillating part, as well as of the radical. The Pestel Society was declared dissolved.

New Secret Societies

Southern Decembrists Society

On the basis of the "Union of Welfare" in 1821, two revolutionary organizations were formed: the Southern Society in Kiev and the Northern Society in St. Petersburg. The more revolutionary of them, the South, was headed by P. Pestel. Tulchin government The Union of Prosperity resumed a secret society called "Southern Society". Its structure was similar to the structure of the Salvation Union: it consisted exclusively of officers, strict discipline. It was supposed to establish a republican system through regicide and a military coup. The society consisted of three councils: Tulchinskaya (leaders P. Pestel and A. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (leader S. Muravyov-Apostol) and Kamenskaya (under the leadership of V. Davydov and S. Volkonsky).

Southern Society Political Program

"Russian truth" P.I. Pestel

P. Pestel, a supporter of revolutionary actions, suggested that during the revolution a dictatorship of temporary supreme rule would be required. Therefore, he drew up a project with a very long heading, “Russian Truth, or the Preserved State Diploma of the Great Russian People, serving as a covenant to improve the State system of Russia and containing the correct order for both the people and the Provisional Supreme Government,” or abbreviated as “Russian Truth” ( by analogy with the legislative document of Kievan Rus). In fact, it was a constitutional draft. It had 10 chapters:

- about land space;

- about the tribes inhabiting Russia;

- about the estates being acquired in Russia;

- about the people in relation to the political state prepared for them;

- About the device and education of the supreme power;

- About the device and education of local authorities;

- about the security arrangement in the state;

- about the government;

- a mandate for drawing up a state code of laws.

With the destruction of serfdom, Pestel provided for the liberation of the peasants from the land. Moreover, he proposed to divide all the land in the volost into two parts: that which is public property cannot be sold. The second part is private property, it can be sold.

But, despite the fact that Pestel advocated the complete abolition of serfdom, he did not offer to give all the land to the peasants, and the landownership was partially preserved.

A convinced opponent of the autocracy, he considered it necessary to physically destroy the entire reigning house.

Upon the proclamation of the republic, all estates must be destroyed, no estate should be distinguished from the other by any social privileges, the nobility was destroyed, all people should be equal citizens. Everyone should have been equal before the law, everyone could participate in state affairs.

Under Pestel’s constitution, adulthood was reached by the age of 20. Pestel was a supporter of a federal structure with strong centralized power. The republic was to be divided into provinces or regions, regions into districts, districts into volosts. Chapters are only elective. Higher legislative body - The popular council, which should be elected for 5 years. No one had the right to dissolve the veche. Veche was supposed to be unicameral. Executive agency - The sovereign thought.

Pestel assumed power to control the exact implementation of the constitution. vigilant.

The Constitution proclaimed the inviolable right of ownership, freedom of employment, printing and religion.

The national question: other nationalities did not have the right to secession from the Russian state, they had to merge and exist as a single Russian people.

It was the most radical constitutional draft of all that existed at that time.

But Russia was not yet ready to live according to Pestel’s project, especially on the question of liquidating the estates.

Northern Society

P. Sokolov "Nikita Muravyov"

It was formed in the spring of 1821. At first it consisted of 2 groups: the more radical under the leadership of Nikita Muravyov and the group under the leadership of Nikolai Turgenev, then they united, although the radical wing, which included K.F. Ryleyev, A.A. Bestuzhev, E.P. Obolensky, I. AND. Pushchin shared the provisions of the "Russian Truth" by P. I. Pestel. The society consisted of boards: several boards in St. Petersburg (in the guard regiments) and one in Moscow.

At the head of society was the Supreme Duma. The deputies of N. Muravyov were the princes Trubetskoy and Obolensky, then, in connection with the departure of Trubetskoy to Tver, Kondraty Ryleev. A significant role in society was played by I. Pushchin.

Nordic Political Program

N. Muravyov created his constitution. He abandoned his republican views and moved to the position of a constitutional monarchy.

He proposed to solve the peasant question as follows: to free them from serfdom, but to leave the land of the landowners to the landowners. The peasants were to receive manor plots and two tithes per yard.

Only the owner of the land had the right to participate in political life (to elect and be elected). Those without real estate or movability, like women, were deprived of suffrage. Nomads also lost him.

According to the constitution of Nikita Muravyov, everyone who arrived on Russian soil ceased to be a slave (serf).

Military settlements must be destroyed, specific lands (those from which the proceeds went to maintain the reigning house) were confiscated, they were transferred to the peasants.

All class names were abolished and replaced with the title of citizen. The concept of “Russian” was relevant only in relation to Russian citizenship, and not national.

The constitution of N. Muravyov proclaimed freedom: movement, occupation, speech, press, religion.

The estates court was canceled and a common jury was introduced for all citizens.

The emperor was supposed to represent the executive branch, he should be commander in chief, but he had no right to start and cancel the war.

Russia was seen by Muravyov as a federal state, which was to be divided into federal units (powers), there should be 15 of them, each with its own capital. And the capital of the federation Muravyov saw Nizhny Novgorod, the center of the country.

The supreme legislative body is the People’s Chamber. It consisted of 2 chambers: the Supreme and the House of People’s Representatives.

The Supreme Duma was supposed to be a legislative body, including the trial of ministers and all dignitaries if they were charged. She also participated with the emperor in the conclusion of peace, in the appointment of commanders-in-chief, and the supreme guardian (prosecutor general).

Each power also had a bicameral system: the elected chamber and the sovereign duma. The legislative power in the state belonged to the legislative assembly.

The constitution of N. Muravyov, if it were introduced, would break all the foundations of the old system, it would certainly meet with resistance, therefore it provided for the use of weapons.

The question of the unification of the Southern and Northern Societies

The need for this was understood by members of both societies. But it was not easy for them to come to a common opinion. Each society had its doubts about individual issues of the constitutions. In addition, even the personality of P. Pestel raised doubts among the members of the Northern Society. K. Ryleyev even found that Pestel was "a dangerous man for Russia." In the spring of 1824, Pestel himself came to the members of the Northern Society with a proposal to accept the "Russian Truth." Passionate debate sounded at the meeting, but at the same time, this arrival pushed the Nordic society to more decisive action. They discussed the question of preparing a speech in the Bila Tserkva, where the tsarist review was supposed to be in 1825. But the speech could only be joint: Northern and Southern societies. Everyone agreed that a common program should be worked out: the idea of \u200b\u200ba republic (instead of a constitutional monarchy) and a Constituent Assembly (instead of the dictatorship of the Provisional Revolutionary Government) were more acceptable to the majority. Finally, these questions should be decided by the congress of 1826.

But events began to develop according to an unforeseen plan: in November 1825, Emperor Alexander I suddenly died. The heir to the throne was the brother of Alexander Konstantin, who had earlier abandoned the board, but this decision was not made public, and on November 27 the population swore allegiance to Konstantin. However, he did not accept the throne, but he did not formally abdicate the imperial throne. Nicholas did not wait for a formal abdication from his brother and declared himself emperor. The oath was to take place on December 14, 1825.

A situation of interregnum created, and the Decembrists decided to start an uprising - even earlier, when creating the first organization, they decided to speak at the time of the change of emperors. This moment has now arrived, although it was unexpected and premature.

The Secret Society of Decembrists, created in March 1821 in Ukraine at the initiative of P.I. Pestel on the basis of the Union of Welfare. Members of the society are mostly officers. The structure of society repeated the structure of the Union of Salvation. The political program was “Russian Truth” P.I. Pestel. On its basis, sought to unite with the "Northern Society". Since 1823, they maintained contact with the Polish Patriotic Society, in 1825 they joined the Society of United Slavs. Members of the society took part in the uprising on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. It was defeated after the defeat of the uprising of the Chernigov Regiment. (See the scheme “Secret Societies of the Decembrists”)

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The spread of liberal ideas in the nobility circles after the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814 led to the emergence in 1814–1815 of several “club” societies, where actual problems of the Russian reality were discussed (officer artel in the Semenovsky Regiment, “Sacred Artel” of General Staff officers headed by A.N. Muravyov, Kamenets-Podilsky circle of V.F. Raevsky, “Society of Russian Knights” by M.F. Orlov and M. Dmitriev-Mamonov). In February 1816, six young guards officers (A.N. and N.M. Muraviev, I.D. Yakushkin, M.I. and S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, S.P. Trubetskoy) organized the first secret Decembrist society - The Union of Salvation (since 1817, the Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland). In 1817, a charter of the society (“Statute”) was developed, which proclaimed its main goal to assist the government in carrying out reforms and eradicating social vices - serfdom, inertia and ignorance of the people, unfair trial, widespread extremism and embezzlement, cruel treatment of soldiers, and disrespect for human dignity and non-observance of individual rights, the dominance of foreigners. The secret goal was the introduction of representative government in Russia. At the head of the “Union of Salvation” was the Supreme Council of the “boyars” (founders); the rest of the participants were divided into “husbands” and “brothers”, who were planned to be grouped by “districts” and “authorities”, however, this was prevented by the small size of the society, which consisted of no more than thirty members.

In the fall of 1817, serious disagreements arose in Soyuz over the proposal of ID Yakushkin to carry out regicide during the imperial court’s stay in Moscow (Moscow Conspiracy). The majority rejected this idea and decided to dissolve society, creating on its basis a more massive organization capable of gaining the support of public opinion.

Such an organization was the Union of Welfare, formed in January 1818. Formally secret, it was essentially semi-legal. In its ranks, there were about two hundred people (only men over 18 years old). It was headed by the Root Council (30 founders) and the Duma (6 people), to whom the “business councils” and the “side councils” that spun off from them were subordinate. Such councils existed in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tulchin, Poltava, Tambov, Nizhny Novgorod, Chisinau (up to 15 in total). The proclaimed goal of the Union of Welfare was the moral (Christian) education and enlightenment of the people, helping the government in its good undertakings, and mitigating the fate of serfs. Soyuz launched an active effort to disseminate liberal and humanistic ideas, in particular through a network of literary and educational societies (Green Lamp, Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Free Society of Establishing Schools by the Method of Mutual Learning, etc.). The secret goal, known only to members of the Indigenous Council, was to establish constitutional rule and eliminate serfdom.

If initially in the Soyuz there were strong hopes for the introduction of representative government from above, then with the strengthening of reactionary trends in the domestic and foreign policies of Alexander I, dissatisfaction with the regime increased and political sentiment among the members of the Soyuz was radicalized. At the St. Petersburg meeting in January 1820, which discussed the question of the future form of government, all its participants spoke in favor of establishing a republic; at the same time, the idea of \u200b\u200bregicide proposed by N.M. Muravyov and the idea of \u200b\u200bP.I.Pestel about an interim government with dictatorial powers were rejected. The news of the revolutions of 1820 in Spain, Naples and Portugal and the suppression of the uprising of the Semenovsky regiment (October 1820) exacerbated disagreements in the "Union", for the resolution of which the Moscow Congress was convened in January 1821. It was decided to temporarily dissolve society in order to weed out both unreliable and too radical members, and then recreate it in a narrower composition.

Southern Society (1821–1825).

In March 1821, at the initiative of P.I. Pestel, the Tulchinsky government rejected the decisions of the Moscow Congress and restored the Union under the name Southern Society; The idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing a republican system through regicide and a military coup (“military revolution”) was approved. Its members were recruited exclusively from officers; the structure of society repeated the structure of the “Union of Salvation”; strict discipline reigned in him. Conferences of the Southern Society were convened annually. It was headed by the Root Duma (P.I. Pestel (chairman), A.P. Yushnevsky (guardian) and N.M. Muravyev). By 1823, the society consisted of three councils - Tulchinskaya (headed by P.I. Pestel and A.P. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin) and Kamenskaya (hands V.L.Davydov and S.G. Volkonsky). In the summer of 1825, the Society of United Slavs sided with it as a Slavic council (arose in 1823 among army officers; there were 52 members; stood up for a democratic federation of all Slavic peoples).

The program document “Southerners” was P.I. Pestel’s “Russian Truth”, approved at the Kiev Congress in 1823. Democracy was combined with unitarianism, which completely excluded the principle of self-government. Russia was to become a single and indivisible state with a political system and laws common to all its parts; all ethnic groups inhabiting it merged into one nation. After the seizure of power, it was supposed to establish a republican system and representative government on the basis of universal equal suffrage for men from the age of twenty: residents of each volost (source territorial unit) were given the right to elect deputies annually to volost, district and provincial (provincial) assemblies; the latter elected deputies of the People’s Chamber, the supreme unicameral legislative body; executive power was to be exercised by elected county and main regional posadniks, and at the national level by the sovereign Duma. It was envisaged to establish the institution of constitutional control - the Supreme Council of one hundred and twenty life-long elected members. The complete liberation of the peasants with the land was proclaimed; all land in the state was supposed to be divided into private and public; each citizen had the right to receive allotment from the public fund free of charge; a land maximum of five thousand acres was established; surpluses were subject to confiscation or redemption. The privileges of the nobility and other estates were destroyed; equality of citizens was established before the law. Guaranteed freedom of the individual, religion, press, trade and business; a jury trial was introduced. But it was planned to realize this project only after a long (ten- or fifteen-year) period of the dictatorship of the provisional revolutionary government.

There were discrepancies within the Southern Society regarding the action plan. While the majority of its members, together with P.I. Pestel, believed that an uprising in the south makes sense only if the conspirators in St. Petersburg succeed, then the leadership of the Vasilkovskaya council considered it possible for the Second (southern) army to independently act. There was no unity on the issue of regicide: if MP Bestuzhev-Ryumin regarded it as a prerequisite for such a speech, then S.I. Muraviev-Apostol condemned such tactics and relied on an open military uprising.

"Southerners" managed to establish contacts with a secret organization of Polish officers - the Patriotic Society, despite disagreements on the future borders of the Polish state. They also negotiated with the Northern Society of Decembrists ( cm. below), having agreed with him at the end of 1824 a plan of joint action: the "northerners" will be launched by the "northerners" in St. Petersburg, and the "southerners" will support it with an uprising in the Second Army. However, all the attempts of P.I. Pestel to achieve the unification of the two societies, even at the cost of programmatic concessions (rejection of republican demands), came up against the resistance of the "northerners" who resolutely objected to the draft interim government with unlimited powers and feared the dictatorial ambitions of the leader of the southerners.

Northern Society (1822–1825).

Northern society was formed in St. Petersburg in 1822 from two Decembrist groups, headed by one N.M. Muravyev, the other - N.I. Turgenev. All its members were divided into “convinced” (full-fledged) and “consonants” (incomplete). The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (initially N.M. Muravyov, N.I. Turgenev and E.P. Obolensky; later S.P. Trubetskoy, K.F. Ryleyev and A.A. Bestuzhev were included there). The society included several administrations in St. Petersburg (in a number of guards regiments) and one in Moscow. In terms of its political goals, it was more moderate than the South, although it included an influential radical wing that shared the provisions of the Russian Truth by P.I. Pestel (K.F. Ryleyev, A.A. Bestuzhev, E.P. Obolensky I.I. Pushchin).

The program document of the “northerners” was considered the “Constitution” of N. M. Muraviev. Its main thesis was the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Russia, based on the principle of separation of powers: the emperor’s rights were significantly limited (he could not legislate, declare war, conclude peace and even leave the country), he remained the supreme commander in chief and the head of the executive branch, which he shared with government; legislative power belonged to the bicameral People’s Chamber; the upper house (Supreme Duma) also had the highest judicial and oversight functions and authorized the appointment of ministers, supreme judges and ambassadors. To participate in the elections to the People’s Veche, property (property in the amount of 500 rubles), age (21 years), gender (only men), educational qualifications and residency qualifications were established; communal peasants were not granted direct suffrage (one elector from 500 people), with the exception of the election of volost foremen. It was planned to abolish serfdom, but without transferring landowner land to the peasants (according to the second version of the “Constitution”, they allocated two tithes of arable land to the yard). The abolition of estates, tables of ranks, workshops and guilds, the liquidation of military settlements, the introduction of civil liberties (press, words, movement, religion) and a public jury were envisaged. It was supposed to establish a federal state system modeled on the United States: Russia was divided into fifteen autonomous powers-regions, each of which also had to have a bicameral legislature; Powers, in turn, were divided into counties, headed by thousands; and thousands, and all other local officials and judges were elected.

As for the methods of seizing power, the "northerners", like the "southerners," counted solely on a "military revolution." Immediately after it, it was planned to create an interim government, but only for a short time to prepare the convocation of the constituent assembly - the Zemsky Duma from representatives of all classes.

Uprising December 14 (26), 1825.

By 1825, the authorities became aware of the activities of the Decembrists thanks to the denunciations of non-commissioned officer I.V.Sherwood and captain A.I. Mayboroda, a member of the Southern Society. However, they did not have time to take any measures against the conspirators because of the complicated domestic political situation. On November 19 (December 1), 1825, Alexander I died in Taganrog. His brother Konstantin Pavlovich was the legal heir to the throne, but in 1823 he formally renounced his rights. Only a narrow circle of people knew about this, and therefore on November 27 (December 9) the guard and the civilian population of St. Petersburg swore allegiance to Konstantin. However, Konstantin did not accept the crown, which now had to go to his brother Nikolai Pavlovich, unpopular in the army. On December 14 (26), the oath was appointed to the new emperor.

Northern society decided to take advantage of the interregnum situation to provoke a rebellion in the guard and achieve the grant of a constitution. On December 13 (25), at a meeting with KF Ryleyev, an action plan was developed: the conspirators intended to drag the troops behind them, withdraw them to Senate Square, surround the Senate building, force the senators to abandon the oath to Nicholas I and turn to the people on their behalf The manifesto on the "destruction of the former government" and the creation of an interim government; at the same time, the capture of the Winter Palace and the arrest of the imperial family (A. I. Yakubovich), as well as the occupation of the Peter and Paul Fortress (A. M. Bulatov) were envisaged. The leader of the uprising was elected S.P. Trubetskoy; P.G. Kakhovsky was instructed to kill the emperor. But at the last moment P.G. Kakhovsky and A.I. Yakubovich refused to fulfill their part of the plan.

Nikolai Pavlovich and the Moscow Governor-General M.A. Miloradovich knew about the upcoming speech, but did not make any efforts to prevent it.

On the morning of December 14 (26), the Decembrists headed for the guard barracks. Brothers A.A. and M.A. Bestuzhev and D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky managed to raise the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment and bring him to Senate Square at 11 o’clock. Then it turned out that the senators had sworn allegiance to Nicholas I and left. At about 13 o’clock, the Guards Marine Crew headed by N.A. Bestuzhev and A.P. Arbuzov joined the rebels, then several companies of the Life Guards of the Grenadier Regiment under the command of N.A. Panov and A.N. Sutgof. In total, about 3 thousand people gathered in front of the Senate, but they were left without a leader — SP Trubetskoy did not appear on the square; Instead, he was elected E.P. Obolensky. However, the Decembrists were no longer able to take the initiative into their own hands.

Attempts by M. A. Miloradovich, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, St. Petersburg Metropolitan Seraphim and Kiev Metropolitan Eugene to persuade the rebels to disperse were unsuccessful; M.A. Miloradovich was mortally wounded by a shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. Then Nicholas I pulled the units loyal to him onto the square (about 9 thousand infantry, about 3 thousand cavalry, 36 guns). The Horse Guards attacked the rebels twice, but were repelled. With the approach of dusk, artillery entered into business: volleys of buckshot scattered the rebels, some of which rushed along the Neva ice to Vasilievsky Island. MA Bestuzhev unsuccessfully tried to stop them and lead them to the attack. The rebellion was suppressed. The losses of the rebels amounted to approx. 300 people On the same night, approx. 500 people

The uprising of the Chernihiv regiment on December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) - January 3 (15), 1826.

On the eve of the events at the Senate Square in Tulchin, P.I. Pestel was arrested. The leadership of the Southern Society passed to S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, who had recently joined the Root Duma. Upon learning of the failure of the uprising in St. Petersburg, he proposed organizing an independent speech, but this idea was rejected by most "southerners."

On December 27, 1825 (January 8, 1826) the brothers S.I. and M.I. Muravyev-Apostol were detained by gendarmes in the village of Trilesy (Kiev province). However, the next day, officers of the Chernigov Regiment A.D. Kuzmin, M.A.Schepillo, I.I.Sukhinov and V.N.Soloviev, members of the Society of the United Slavs, released them. Under these conditions, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol decided to start the uprising. On December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) he managed to rebel the 5th company of the Chernigov Regiment, stationed in Triles. The rebels marched on Vasilkov, where the main forces of the regiment were located; in the village of Kovalevka they were joined by the 5th musketeer and 9th grenadier companies. On the morning of December 30 (January 11) they entered Vasilkov, where the rest of Chernigov joined them. The rebels totaled 970 soldiers and 8 officers.

In Vasilkov, S.I. Muravyov-Apostle unveiled a revolutionary manifesto - “Catechism”, in which he called for the liquidation of the monarchical system. He refused to accept the decisive action plan proposed by the “Slavs” officers (an immediate expedition to Kiev) and decided to go to Borisov to connect there with the pro-Decembrist-minded Alexopol and Hussar Akhtyrsky regiments, and then capture Zhytomyr. On January 1 (13), 1826, Chernihiv residents reached Motovilovka village, where they learned about the refusal of the Decembrists-Aleksopolis to participate in the uprising. Then on January 2 (14) they moved to the White Church, hoping for support from the 17th Jäger Regiment, but the command of the 2nd Army managed to withdraw him from this area. In such a situation, the Chernihivites turned back to the Triles, but on January 3 (15), 1826 near Kovalevka they were attacked and defeated by a detachment of General F.K. Geismar. Killed approx. 50 people; 869 soldiers and five officers were arrested, including S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, who was wounded in the head.

Other local performances of the Decembrists.

On December 24, 1825 (January 5, 1826), the Decembrist officers K.G. Igelstrom and A.I. Vigelin tried to raise the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion, stationed in Bialystok, to revolt. They persuaded the soldiers not to swear allegiance to Nicholas I, but the command was able to isolate the ringleaders and lead the battalion to obedience. On February 6 (18), 1826, during a review of the Poltava Infantry Regiment, a member of the Society of United Slavs Captain S. I. Trusov called on the soldiers to overthrow the new emperor, but could not carry them along and was immediately arrested.

The investigation and trial of the Decembrists.

To investigate the activities of secret societies, Nicholas I created a Special Investigation Commission, headed by Minister of War A.I. Tatishchev; A special investigative committee was also established in Warsaw. In total, 579 people were under investigation. 289 people were found guilty, of which 121 were brought to the specially formed Supreme Criminal Court, which included members of the State Council, the Senate, the Holy Synod and a number of senior civil and military officials. On June 29 (July 10), 1926, the court sentenced five Decembrists to death by quartering, 31 - to death by hanging, the rest - to different terms of hard labor and exile. On July 10 (22), 1826, Nicholas I commuted the sentence, retaining the death penalty by hanging only for the main “instigators” —P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. Kakhovsky and K.F. Ryleyev; the execution took place on the night of July 13 (25), 1826 at the crown of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The punishments of the other convicts were also reviewed. All of them, with the exception of A.N. Muravyov, were deprived of their ranks and nobility. Depending on the degree of guilt, they were divided into 11 categories: 107 of them were sent to Siberia (88 to hard labor, 19 to settlement), 9 were demoted to soldiers ( cm. ATTACHMENT). Another 40 Decembrists were convicted by other courts. OK. 120 were subjected to extrajudicial repressions (imprisonment in a fortress, demotion, transfer to the army in the Caucasus, transfer under police supervision). The affairs of the soldiers participating in the uprising were sorted out by the Special Commissions: 178 were driven through the ranks, 23 were sentenced to other types of corporal punishment; of the rest (about 4 thousand) they formed a combined guard regiment and were sent to the Caucasian theater of operations.

The Decembrists were sent to Siberia already in July 1826. Until the fall of 1827, most of them were kept in the Blagodatsky mine near Nerchinsk, then they were transferred to Chita, and in the autumn of 1830 they concentrated on the Petrovsky convict factory near Irkutsk. Upon serving their sentences, convicts of hard labor were resettled in different places in Siberia. By the early 1840s, they concentrated mainly in large cities (Irkutsk, Tobolsk). Some of the Decembrists were transferred to the Caucasus, where some of their courage earned the production of officers as M.I. Pushchin, and some, like A.A. Bestuzhev and V.S. Tolstoy, died in battle.

The general amnesty of the Decembrists followed only after the death of Nicholas I - on the occasion of the coronation of Alexander II in 1856. Only a minority waited for it, including I. D. Yakushkin (d. 1857), D. A. Shchepin-Rostovsky (d. 1858), I.I. Pushchin (d. 1859), S.P. Trubetskoy (d. 1860), A.N. Muravyev (d. 1863), S.G. Volkonsky (d. 1865), E.P. Obolensky ( d. 1865), M.A. Bestuzhev (d. 1871), A.N. Sutgof (d. 1872), M.I. Muravyov-Apostol (d. 1886). Some of them (M.I. Pushchin, P.M. Svistunov, A.N. Muraviev, I.A. Annenkov) took an active part in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861.

The meaning of the Decembrist uprising.

The Decembrists' speech formally was the final link in the chain of guard military coups, which abounded in the history of Russia in the 18th century. At the same time, it was significantly different from the previous ones, because its goal was not to change the monarchs on the throne, but to conduct cardinal socio-economic and political transformations. Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, which determined the general conservative ("protective") character of the Nikolaev reign, the uprising of 1825 shocked the foundations of the regime and in the long run contributed to the radicalization of the opposition movement in Russia.

ANNEX 1. CONSTITUTION N. MURAVYEV

Chapter 1. About the Russian people and the Board

1. The Russian people, free and independent, are not and cannot be the property of any person or family.

2. The source of the supreme power is the people who have the exclusive right to make basic decisions for themselves.

Chapter II About citizens

3. Citizenship is the right, in the manner specified in this charter, to participate in public administration: mediocre, that is, the choice of officials or voters; directly, i.e. be the most elected to any public rank in the legislative, executive or judicial branches.

4. Citizens are those residents of the Russian Empire who enjoy the rights defined above.

5. To be a citizen, the following conditions are necessary:

1) At least 21 years of age.

2) Known and permanent residence.

3) Health of mind.

4) Personal independence.

5) Serviceability of payment of public duties.

6) Integrity in the face of the law.

6. A foreigner who has not been born in Russia but has been living in it for 7 years has the right to ask for Russian citizenship from the judiciary, having refused in advance to swear oaths to the government under whose authority he was previously.

7. A foreigner who has not received citizenship cannot perform any public or military post in Russia — he has no right to serve as an ordinary in the Russian army and cannot acquire land.

8. After 20 years after the enforcement of this charter of the Russian Empire, no one who has studied Russian literacy can not be recognized as a citizen.

9. Citizenship rights are lost for a while:

1) Judicial announcement of the relaxation of the mind.

2) Being in court.

3) Judicial ruling on temporary deprivation of rights.

4) Declared bankruptcy.

5) The social arrears.

6) Being in the service with someone.

7) The unknown location, occupation and livelihood.

Forever:

1) entry into citizenship of a foreign state.

2) Acceptance of a service or position in a foreign land without the consent of his government.

3) The verdict of the court dishonorable punishment, entailing the deprivation of civil: rights.

4) If a citizen without the consent of an eternity accepts a gift, pension, insignia, title or honorary title, or earning profit from a foreign government, sovereign or people.

Chapter III. On the state, personal rights and obligations of Russians

10. All Russians are equal before the law.

11. Russians are respected by all the indigenous people of Russia and the children of foreigners born in Russia who have reached the age of majority until they announce that they do not want to take advantage of this advantage.

12. Everyone is obliged to carry out public duties, obey the laws and authorities of the fatherland and come to the defense of the Motherland when the law so requires.

13. Serfdom and slavery are abolished. The slave who touched the Russian land becomes free. The separation between the noble and commoners is not accepted, because it’s contrary to Faith, according to which all people are brothers, all are born good by the will of God, all are born for good and all are simply people: for all are weak and imperfect.

14. Everyone has the right to express his thoughts and feelings non-selectively and communicate them through the press to his compatriots. Books, like all other actions, are subject to prosecution of citizens before the court and are subject to jury trials.

15. The existing guilds and workshops in merchants and crafts are destroyed.

16. Everyone has the right to engage in fishing, which he finds most profitable: agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, needlework, factories, trade, and so on.

17. Any litigation involving a value in excess of a pound of pure silver (25 rubles silver) shall be submitted to the jury.

18. Any criminal case is carried out by jury.

19. A suspect in malicious activities may be taken into custody by the authorities established by the Charter and the established procedure, but at 24 hours (under the responsibility of those who detained him) he must be informed in writing of the reason for his detention, otherwise he will be immediately released.

20. A prisoner, if he is not charged with a criminal case, shall be immediately released if there is a bail for him.

21. No one may be punished, as by virtue of a law promulgated before the crime and correctly, lawfully enforced.

22. This charter will determine which officials and in what circumstances have the right to give written orders to detain one of the citizens, do a house search, pick up his papers and print his letters. Likewise, determine the responsibility for such actions.

23. The right of ownership, which contains certain things, is sacred and inviolable.

24. The land of the landowners remains behind them. The houses of the villagers with their gardens are recognized as their property with all agricultural implements and cattle belonging to them.

25. Economic and specific peasants will be called common owners, as well as nowadays called free farmers. Because the land on which they live is granted to them in the public domain and recognized as their property. Specific government is being destroyed.

26. Subsequent laws will determine how these lands will go from public to private ownership of each of the villagers, and on what rules this section of public land between them will be based.

27. Villagers living in rental estates are equally made free, but the land remains for those to whom they were given, and for the time they were given.

28. Military settlements are immediately destroyed. Settled battalions and squadrons with relatives of rank and file join the rank of common owners.

29. The division of people into 14 classes is canceled. Civil ranks borrowed from the Germans and no different from each other, are destroyed similarly to the ancient decrees of the Russian people. The names and estates of classmates, burghers, nobles, eminent citizens are replaced by the name of a citizen or Russian ...

32. Citizens have the right to compose all kinds of societies and partnerships without asking anyone for permission or affirmation: if only their actions were not illegal ...

Chapter IV. About Russia

43: In legislative and executive relations, all of Russia is divided into 13 Powers, 2 regions and 568 counties or districts.

The entire population relies on 22,630,000 male residents, and by this assumption the representation of this has been calculated:

I. Power of Bothnia; residents husband. sex 450,000; the capital of Helsingfors.

II. Power Volkhovskaya; residents husband. gender 1,685,000; capital G. St. Petra.

III. Baltic Power; residents husband. gender 750,000; capital of Riga

IV. Western Power; residents husband. gender 2 125 000; capital of Vilna

V. Power of the Dnieper; residents husband. sex 2,600,000; Smolensk

VI. Power of the Black Sea; residents husband. floors 3,465,000; capital of Kiev

VII. Power of the Caucasus; residents husband. gender 750,000; capital of Tiflis

Viii. Ukrainian State; residents husband. gender 3,500,000; capital Kharkov

IX. Power Zavolzhskaya; residents husband. gender 2,450,000; capital Yaroslavl

X. Power of Kama; residents husband. gender 2,000,000; capital of Kazan

Xi. Power Nizovskaya; residents husband. gender 1,425,000; capital of Saratov

XII. Power of Obia; residents husband. gender 490,000; capital of Tobolsk

Xiii. Power Lenskaya; residents husband. gender 250,000; capital Irkutsk

Power Moscow Region; Moscow the capital

Don State; capital Cherkassk

Powers are divided into counties, counties on parishes from 500 to 1,500 males.

Judicially, powers are divided into districts equal to the current provinces ...

Chapter VI. About the People’s Chamber

59. The People’s Veche, consisting of the Supreme Duma and the House of the People’s Representative, is vested with all legislative power.

Chapter VII. On the House of Representatives, on the number and choice of representatives

60. The House of Representatives is composed of members elected for two years by citizens of the Powers.

61. At the time of his election, the representative shall reside in the Stainless that elected him.

62. Persons who have undertaken contracts and deliveries for public requirements cannot be representatives until they are completed.

63. In addition to the indicated conditions, in order to be a representative, only the Trust of a large number of county or district voters is required with the following limitations, however:

1) A foreigner who has acquired the rights of Russian citizenship can be elected to representatives only 7 years after his citizenship.

64. The number of representatives is determined in proportion to the population as follows: Every 50,000 male residents send one representative to the House of Representatives. Among these, 50,000 should only consider residents who have settled, permanent housing, not taking into account the nomadic tribes.

65. A detailed calculation of all residents should be done three years after the implementation of this Charter, and then every 10 years a new census should take place, in such a way as the special law determines.

66. Until then, the number of representatives 450 has been appointed. Every two years, the last Tuesday of September, there are gatherings for the election of people's representatives under. Chairmanship of county or district councils and their assistants. The first elections should be followed immediately after the publication of this Charter ...

Chapter VIII. About the Supreme Duma

73. The Supreme Duma consists of three citizens of each Power, two citizens of the Moscow Region and one citizen of the Don Region. Only 42 members. The members of the Supreme Duma are elected by the government classes of Powers and regions, i.e., by the two chambers of elected and the Sovereign Thoughts united in one place ...

75. The conditions necessary to be a member of the Supreme Duma are: 30 years of age, 9 years of citizenship in Russia for a foreigner and residency at the time of election to the Stainless which elects him, a real estate worth 1,500 pounds of pure silver, or movable for 3,000 pounds of silver.

76. The Duma itself elects its chairman, the Vice-Chairman and its other officials. The Chairperson observes the order of reasoning, but does not have the right to vote. The viceroy takes his place when he is absent.

77. The Supreme Duma owns the trial of ministers, supreme judges and all other dignitaries of the empire, accused of people's representatives. No one can be convicted as soon as 2/3 of the votes of all members present. The Duma has no right to impose another punishment, as soon as the defendant is convicted and deprived of his place and title. Further judging of the guilty party continues in the usual places by the jury, on the written accusation of the supreme guard (Attorney General) (who personally responds to the court when the charge is proved unfair). The state dignitary exposed by the court is subject to the execution determined by laws.

The Duma participates with the emperor in the conclusion of peace, in the appointment of judges of the highest judicial seats, commanders of the land and naval forces, corps commanders, squadron commanders and supreme guardian. For this, a majority of 2/3 of the members of the Duma are needed.

Chapter IX. On power, the benefits of the People’s Eve and the drafting of laws

78. A popular assembly is convened at least once a year. The opening of its meetings is scheduled on the first Tuesday of December, until a different time period is specified by law.

79. Each house itself judges the rights and choices of its members. In both, the majority is enough to judge cases, but the fourth part of them has the right to postpone the meetings from day to day until the congress of the remaining members and are authorized to force the corresponding members to come to the meetings in such penalties, which will be established by both houses on this subject.

80. Each house has the right to make its decision to punish its members for indecent behavior and in the event of a crime, but by no means an opinion, to exclude a member by the definition of 2/3 of the vote.

81. The meetings of both houses are public. However, both chambers, at the suggestion of the emperor, reason with closed doors, sending all outsiders in advance. This happens equally in the House of Representatives, when 50 members of it demand a secret meeting, and in the Supreme Duma, on demand, 5 members. Women and minors under the age of 17 are not allowed to sit in both houses ...

88. Any draft law. read three times in each chamber. Between any reading, three days should pass at least; after each reading, reasoning takes place. After the first reading, the draft law is printed and distributed to all members present.

89. Any proposal that has received the consent of the Duma and the House of Representatives must still be submitted to the emperor in order to obtain the force of law. If the emperor approves the proposal, then signs it, if he does not approve, then sends with his comments to the chamber to which it was first received. The chamber writes in its journal all the emperor’s remarks against this proposal and reopens the discussion about it. If after this secondary judgment on the proposal, 2/3 of the members remain in favor of the proposal, then it goes with all the emperor’s remarks to another chamber, which will also begin to disassemble it again, and there, if the majority approves of it, it will already become law. In such cases, members of the chamber must cast their votes through one yes or no expression, and the names of all members who cast their votes in favor or against this proposal are recorded in the journal of each chamber.

90. If the emperor after 10 days (excluding Sundays) does not return the draft submitted to him, then he receives the force of law. If, however, the National Assembly deferred its meetings, the proposal does not become law. Any order, decision, or proclamation and manifesto requiring the assistance of both chambers (excluding discussions on adjournment of meetings) must be submitted to the emperor and approved by him in order to be executed; if he rejects it, then it must again be accepted 2/3 of both houses, similar to the rules outlined above.

91. A project rejected by one of the chambers can only be submitted again at the next congress of the People’s Veche.

92. The People’s Council has the power to enact and repeal judicial and non-positive laws, that is:

1) To publish for Russia the Civil, Criminal, Commercial and Military Code; establish institutions for deanery and the rules of the Judiciary and internal management of public places.

2) To declare by law in case of invasion or indignation that such an area is in a state of martial law and under military laws.

3) To promulgate the Law of Forgiveness.

4) Dissolve the government meetings of the Powers if they violated the limits of their power and instruct voters to start new elections.

5) Declare war.

6) The device, maintenance, management, location and movement of land and sea forces, a system for strengthening limits, coasts, marinas, recruitment, replenishment of troops and internal guard depend on the legitimacy of the People’s Veche.

7) Taxes, loans, verification of expenses, pensions, salaries, all fees and expenses, in a word, all financial measures. But it cannot approve any budget for more than two years.

8) All measures of the government on industry, on the wealth of the people, the establishment of pits, post offices, the content of land and water communications, the establishment of new ones, the establishment of banks.

9) Patronizes the sciences and useful arts: gives writers and inventors the exclusive right to use a certain number of years of their writings and inventions.

10) Regulation of the rules for rewarding civil servants, the structure of the order of service in all sectors of government and statistics reports of all parts of the government.

11) Receive a ministerial report in the event of a bodily or moral emperor’s illness, death or renunciation, declare a regency or proclaim the heir as emperor.

12) Elects the rulers of the Powers.

93. The People’s Veche has no power to institute new constitutional laws, nor cancel existing ones, in a word, has no right to issue resolutions on any subject not placed in this calculus of his rights.

94. The People’s Veche, composed of husbands of the elected Russian people and representing it as themselves, accepts the name .. His Majesty.

95. The Popular Council determines the general taxes and expenses by providing private orders to the government meetings of the Powers. Existing debts are recognized by the People’s Eve, which guarantees the payment of these ...

98. The People’s Council has neither the power to rule nor prohibit any religion or schism. Faith, conscience and the opinion of citizens, until they are discovered by illegal actions, are not subject to the power of the People’s Veche. But a schism based on debauchery or unnatural acts is persecuted by the authorities on the basis of general orders. The People’s Chamber has no power to violate the freedom of speech and printing ...

Chapter X. The Supreme Executive

101. The Emperor is: the supreme official of the Russian government. Its rights and advantages are:

1) His hereditary power in a straight line from father to son, but from the father-in-law she passes to the son-in-law.

2) He unites in his person all executive power.

3) He has the right to stop the legislative power and forces it to a second consideration of the law.

4) He is the supreme chief of land and sea. strength.

5) He is the supreme chief of any branch of the Zemstvo troops entering the real service of the empire.

6) He may require the written opinion of the chief officer of each executive department in any subject with his duty coupled.

7) It is negotiating with foreign powers and concludes peaceful treatises with the advice and consent of the Supreme Duma, only two-thirds of the present Duma have agreed. The treatise thus concluded is included in the number of Supreme Laws.

8) He appoints envoys, ministers and consuls and represents Russia in all its relations with foreign powers. He appoints all officials that are not mentioned in this Charter.

9) It cannot, however, place articles in treatises that violate the rights and condition of citizens within the fatherland. Likewise, it cannot include in it without the consent of the Eve of the people's conditions an attack on any land, cannot cede any plot of land belonging to Russia ...

12) It means and decides in each branch of affairs or in each order the Chapter, such as:

Head of the Treasury Order (Min. Fin.).

The head of the order of the ground forces (Min. Military).

The head of the order of naval forces (Mor. Min.).

The head of the order of external relations.

13) He is obliged at each congress of both houses to deliver to the People’s Veche information about the state of Russia and submit to his judgment the adoption of measures that he considers necessary or decent ...

15) Cannot use troops of the inside of Russia in case of indignation, without having done so. proposals to the People’s Veche, which is immediately obligated to ascertain through the investigation the need for martial law ...

APPENDIX 2. DECEMBERS CONDEMNED BY THE SUPREME CRIMINAL COURT

Out of categories (the death penalty through quartering, replaced by hanging): P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. Kakhovsky, K.F. Ryleyev.

1st category (the death penalty by hanging, replaced by eternal hard labor or 20 years of hard labor): S.P. Trubetskoy, N.M. Muraviev, E.P. Obolensky, N.I. Turgenev (in absentia), D.A. Shchepin-Rostovsky, A.A. Bestuzhev (penal servitude was replaced by a settlement in Yakutia), A.P. Arbuzov, N.A. Panov, A.N. Sutgof, V.K. Kyukhelbeker, I.I. Pushchin, A.I. Yakubovich, I .D. Yakushkin, D.I. Zavalishin, V.A.Divov, A.P. Yushnevsky, M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, S.G. Volkonsky, V.L. Davydov, A.P. Baryatinsky, A .V. Poggio, A.Z. Muravyov, I.S. Povalo-Shveikovsky, F.F.Vadkovsky, A.I. and P.I. Borisov, M.M. Spiridov, I.I. Gorbachevsky, V.A. Bechasnov, A.S. Pestov, Ya.M. Andreevich.

2nd category (political death and eternal hard labor, replaced by the majority of 15–20 years of hard labor): N.A. and M.A. Bestuzhev, M.S. Lunin, M.F.Mitkov, P.N. Svistunov, I.A. Annenkov, K.P. Torson, A.A. and N.A. Kryukovs, F. B. Wolf, V. S. Norov, V. P. Ivashov, N. V. Basargin, A. I. Tyutchev, P. F. Gromnitsky, I. V. Kireev, A .F. Frolov.

3rd category (eternal hard labor, replaced by 20 years of hard labor): G. S. Baten'kov, V. I. Shteyngel.

4th category (15 years of hard labor, replaced by 12 years of hard labor): M.A. Fonvizin, P.A. Mukhanov, A.I. Odoevsky, A.P. and P.P. Belyaev, A.N. Muraviev, M.M. Naryshkin, I.V. Poggio, P.I. Falenberg, N.I. Lorer, P.V. Avramov, A.O. Kornilovich, P .S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, I.F. Shimkov, P.D. Mozgan. I.I. Ivanov.

5th category (10 years of hard labor, replaced by the first two 8 years of hard labor): N.P. Repin, M.K. Kyukhelbeker, M.A. Bodisko, A.E. Rozen, M.N. Glebov.

6th category (6 years of hard labor, replaced by 5 years of hard labor): A.N. Muravyev (hard labor was replaced by a settlement in Siberia), Yu.K. Lyublinsky.

7th category (4 years of hard labor, replaced by 2 years of hard labor): S.I. Krivtsov, A.F. Briggen, V.S. Tolstoy, Z.G. Chernyshev, V.K. Tizengauzen, V.N. Likharev, A.V. .Entaltsev, I.B. Avramov, N.A. Zagoretsky, I.Yu. Polivanov, A.I. Cherkasov, N.Ya. Bulgari, N.F. Lisovsky, P.F. Vygodovsky, A.K. Berstel .

8th category (Settlement in Siberia): F.P. Shakhovskoy, V. M. Golitsin, B. A. Bodisko, M. A. Nazimov, A. N. Andreev, N. A. Chizhov, V. I. Vronitsky, S. G.Krasnokutsky, N.S. Bobrishchev-Pushkin, N.F. Zaikin, I.F. Fokht, A.F. Furman, Ap.V. Vedenyapin, N.O. Mozgalevsky, A.I. Shakhirev.

9th rank (settlement in Siberia, replaced by the deprivation of ranks, nobility and enlistment in the soldiers without length of service): P.P. Konovitsin, N.N. Orzhitsky, N.P. Kozhevnikov.

10th category (deprivation of ranks and entry into soldiers with length of service): M.I. Pushchin.

11th category (deprivation of ranks and entry into soldiers with length of service): P.A. Bestuzhev, V.A. Musin-Pushkin, N. Akulov, F.G. Vishnevsky, A.A. Fok, M.D. Lappo, Al. V. Vedenyapin, N.R. Cebrikov (with deprivation of the nobility and without length of service).

Ivan Krivushin

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Kiyanskaya O.I. Decembrists' “Military Revolution”: the uprising of the Chernigov Infantry Regiment: Abstract. diss. ... cand. East. sciences. M., 1997
December 14, 1825. Sources, research, historiography, bibliography. Vol. 1-3. St. Petersburg, 1997–2000
The Decembrist Movement: History, Historiography, Heritage: Abstracts of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. December 5–6, 2000. Ryazan, 2000
Eidelman N.Ya. Amazing generation. Decembrists: Faces and Fates. SPb., 2001
Alekseev S.P. Decembrists. M., 2002
Nevelev G.A. Decembrists and Decembrists. SPb, 2003
Ilyin P.V. The composition of the secret societies of the Decembrists: problems of study // National history. 2004. No 6

Continuing with more or less hesitations before, a decisive turning point in his world outlook followed. The youthful ideals of Alexander began to give way to other beliefs, the existence of which in his mind can be traced even during the liberal endeavors of the first years of his reign. After the events, the emperor resolutely embarked on the path of mystical and contemplative religiosity, expressed in the establishment, the consequences of which adversely affected the domestic policy of Russia. Since that time, a reaction has been established in all branches of government. Glimpses of Alexander’s previous intentions are becoming less and less obvious, for example, in a speech at the opening of the Sejm in and in the development of the state charter.

After the Tropeus Congress, Alexander finally parted with his former ideals. Management completely passes into hands, whose limited mind could not understand the true needs and requirements of Russia. Occasionally, only the emperor was aware of the unsatisfactory internal governance of Russia, but was no longer able to return to his former aspirations. In he said to F. P. Lubyanovsky: “Glory for Russia is enough: it is no longer necessary; whoever wishes more will be mistaken. But when I think about how little has been done within the state, this thought falls on me like a ten-pound weight. I'm getting tired of it. ”

The origins of the Decembrist movement

The Union of Salvation

Union of Welfare

The charter of society, the so-called "Green Book", was known to the emperor Alexander himself, who gave it to the Tsarevich to read. At first, the sovereign did not recognize political importance in this society. But his view changed after the news of the revolutions in, and ().

Southern Society (1821-1825)

Northern Society (1822-1825)

Northern society was formed in St. Petersburg from two Decembrist groups led by N. M. Muravyov and N. I. Turgenev. Members of the society were divided into “convinced” (full-fledged) and “consonants” (incomplete). It was composed of several boards in St. Petersburg (in the guard regiments) and one in Moscow. The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (initially N. M. Muravyov, N. I. Turgenev and E. P. Obolensky, later - S. P. Trubetskoy, K. F. Ryleyev and A. A. Bestuzhev).

The Nordic society was milder than the Southern one in goals, but the influential radical wing (K. F. Ryleyev, A. A. Bestuzhev, E. P. Obolensky, I. I. Pushchin) shared the provisions of the Russian Truth by P. I. Pestel.

The program document of the “northerners” was the “Constitution” of N. M. Muravyov. She assumed a constitutional monarchy based on the principle of separation of powers. The emperor was deprived of the right to legislate, declare war, conclude peace, and leave the country. Legislative power belonged to the bicameral People’s Chamber. Nikita Muravyov also composed a special political one, which in the original became known to Emperor Alexander,

Insurrection

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Amid these disturbing circumstances, the threads of the conspiracy, which covered, like a net, almost the entire empire and began to be revealed more and more clearly. Adjutant General Baron Dibich, as chief of the General Staff, took upon himself the execution of the necessary orders; he sent Gen.-Adjutant Chernyshev to arrest the most important figures of the Southern Society. Meanwhile, in St. Petersburg, members of the Northern Society decided to use the interregnum to achieve their goal of establishing the republic with the help of military rebellion.

participants in the Russian opposition noble movement of the second half of the 1810s - the first half of the 1820s, organized an anti-government uprising in December 1825 (hence their name).The origins and early stage of the Decembrist movement. The Union of Salvation (1816–1817) and the Union of Welfare (1818–1821). The spread of liberal ideas in the nobility circles after the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Foreign Campaign of 1813–1814 led to the emergence in 1814–1815 of several “club” societies, where actual problems of the Russian reality were discussed (officer artel in the Semenovsky Regiment, “Sacred Artel” of General Staff officers headed by A.N. Muravyov, Kamenets-Podilsky circle of V.F. Raevsky, “Society of Russian Knights” by M.F.Orlov and M.Dmitriev-Mamonov). In February 1816, six young guards officers (A.N. and N.M. Muraviev, I.D. Yakushkin, M.I. and S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, S.P. Trubetskoy) organized the first secret Decembrist society - The Union of Salvation (since 1817, the Society of True and Faithful Sons of the Fatherland). In 1817, a charter of the company (the "Statute") was developed, which proclaimed its main goal to assist the government in carrying out reforms and the eradication of social vices serfdom, inertia and ignorance of the people, unfair trial, widespread extortion and embezzlement, cruel treatment of soldiers, disrespect for human dignity and non-observance of individual rights, dominance of foreigners. The secret goal was the introduction of representative government in Russia. At the head of the “Union of Salvation” was the Supreme Council of the “boyars” (founders); the rest of the participants were divided into “husbands” and “brothers”, who were planned to be grouped by “districts” and “authorities”, however, this was prevented by the small size of the society, with no more than thirty members.

If initially in the "Union" there were strong hopes for the introduction of representative government from above, then with the strengthening of reactionary trends in the domestic and foreign policies of Alexander

I dissatisfaction with the regime increased, and political sentiment among members of the "Union" was radicalized. At the St. Petersburg meeting in January 1820, which discussed the question of the future form of government, all its participants spoke in favor of establishing a republic; at the same time, the idea of \u200b\u200bregicide proposed by N.M. Muravyov and the idea of \u200b\u200bP.I.Pestel about an interim government with dictatorial powers were rejected. The news of the revolutions of 1820 in Spain, Naples and Portugal and the suppression of the uprising of the Semenovsky regiment (October 1820) exacerbated disagreements in the "Union", for the resolution of which the Moscow Congress was convened in January 1821. It was decided to temporarily dissolve society in order to weed out both unreliable and too radical members, and then recreate it in a narrower composition.Southern Society (1821–1825). In March 1821, at the initiative of P.I. Pestel, the Tulchinsky government rejected the decisions of the Moscow Congress and restored the Union under the name Southern Society; The idea of \u200b\u200bestablishing a republican system through regicide and a military coup (“military revolution”) was approved. Its members were recruited exclusively from officers; the structure of society repeated the structure of the “Union of Salvation”; strict discipline reigned in him. Conferences of the Southern Society were convened annually. It was headed by the Root Duma (P.I. Pestel (chairman), A.P. Yushnevsky (guardian) and N.M. Muravyev). By 1823, the society consisted of three councils - Tulchinskaya (headed by P.I. Pestel and A.P. Yushnevsky), Vasilkovskaya (headed by S.I. Muravyov-Apostol and M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin) and Kamenskaya (hands V.L.Davydov and S.G. Volkonsky). In the summer of 1825, the Society of United Slavs sided with it as a Slavic council (arose in 1823 among army officers; there were 52 members; stood up for a democratic federation of all Slavic peoples).

Northern Society (1822–1825). Northern society was formed in St. Petersburg in 1822 from two Decembrist groups, led by one N.M. Muravyev, the other - N.I. Turgenev. All its members were divided into “convinced” (full-fledged) and “consonants” (incomplete). The governing body was the Supreme Duma of three people (initially N.M. Muravyov, N.I. Turgenev and E.P. Obolensky; later S.P. Trubetskoy, K.F. Ryleyev and A.A. Bestuzhev were included there). The society included several administrations in St. Petersburg (in a number of guards regiments) and one in Moscow. In terms of its political goals, it was more moderate than the South, although it included an influential radical wing that shared the provisions of the Russian Truth by P.I. Pestel (K.F. Ryleyev, A.A. Bestuzhev, E.P. Obolensky I.I. Pushchin).

Uprising December 14 (26), 1825. By 1825, the authorities became aware of the activities of the Decembrists thanks to the denunciations of non-commissioned officer I.V.Sherwood and captain A.I. Mayboroda, a member of the Southern Society. However, they did not have time to take any measures against the conspirators because of the complicated domestic political situation. November 19 (December 1), 1825 in Taganrog Alexander diedI . The legal heir to the throne was his brother Konstantin Pavlovich, but he still formally renounced his rights in 1823. Only a narrow circle of people knew about this, and therefore on November 27 (December 9) the guard and the civilian population of St. Petersburg swore allegiance to Konstantin. However, Konstantin did not accept the crown, which now had to go to his brother Nikolai Pavlovich, unpopular in the army. On December 14 (26), the oath was appointed to the new emperor.

I and on their behalf, appeal to the people with the Manifesto on the “destruction of the former government” and the creation of an interim government; at the same time, the capture of the Winter Palace and the arrest of the imperial family (A. I. Yakubovich), as well as the occupation of the Peter and Paul Fortress (A. M. Bulatov) were envisaged. The leader of the uprising was elected S.P. Trubetskoy; P.G. Kakhovsky was instructed to kill the emperor. But at the last moment P.G. Kakhovsky and A.I. Yakubovich refused to fulfill their part of the plan.

Nikolai Pavlovich and the Moscow Governor-General M.A. Miloradovich knew about the upcoming speech, but did not make any efforts to prevent it.

I and parted. At about 13 o’clock, the Guards Marine Crew headed by N.A. Bestuzhev and A.P. Arbuzov joined the rebels, then several companies of the Life Guards of the Grenadier Regiment under the command of N.A. Panov and A.N. Sutgof. In total, about 3 thousand people gathered in front of the Senate, but they were left without a leader — SP Trubetskoy did not appear on the square; Instead, he was elected E.P. Obolensky. However, the Decembrists were no longer able to take the initiative into their own hands.

I pulled loyal units to it (approx. 9 thousand infantry, approx. 3 thousand cavalry, 36 guns). The Horse Guards attacked the rebels twice, but were repelled. With the approach of dusk, artillery entered into business: volleys of buckshot scattered the rebels, some of which rushed along the Neva ice to Vasilievsky Island. MA Bestuzhev unsuccessfully tried to stop them and lead them to the attack. The rebellion was suppressed. The losses of the rebels amounted to approx. 300 people On the same night, approx. 500 peopleThe uprising of the Chernihiv regiment on December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) - January 3 (15), 1826. On the eve of the events at the Senate Square in Tulchin, P.I. Pestel was arrested. The leadership of the Southern Society passed to S.I. Muraviev-Apostol, who had recently joined the Root Duma. Upon learning of the failure of the uprising in St. Petersburg, he proposed organizing an independent speech, but this idea was rejected by most "southerners."

Other local performances of the Decembrists. On December 24, 1825 (January 5, 1826), the Decembrist officers K.G. Igelstrom and A.I. Vigelin tried to raise the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion, stationed in Bialystok, to revolt. They convinced the soldiers not to swear allegiance to NicholasI but the command was able to isolate the ringleaders and lead the battalion to obedience. On February 6 (18), 1826, during a review of the Poltava Infantry Regiment, a member of the Society of United Slavs Captain S. I. Trusov called on the soldiers to overthrow the new emperor, but could not carry them along and was immediately arrested.The investigation and trial of the Decembrists. To investigate the activities of secret societies NikolaiI created the Special Investigation Commission, headed by Minister of War A.I. Tatishchev; A special investigative committee was also established in Warsaw. In total, 579 people were under investigation. 289 people were found guilty, of which 121 were brought to the specially formed Supreme Criminal Court, which included members of the State Council, the Senate, the Holy Synod and a number of senior civil and military officials. On June 29 (July 10), 1926, the court sentenced five Decembrists to death by quartering, 31 - to death by hanging, the rest - to different terms of hard labor and exile. July 10 (22), 1826 NicholasI commuted the sentence, retaining the death penalty by hanging only for the main "instigators" - P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. Kakhovsky and K.F. Ryleyev; the execution took place on the night of July 13 (25), 1826 at the crown of the Peter and Paul Fortress. The punishments of the other convicts were also reviewed. All of them, with the exception of A.N. Muravyov, were deprived of their ranks and nobility. Depending on the degree of guilt, they were divided into 11 categories: 107 of them were sent to Siberia (88 to hard labor, 19 to settlement), 9 were demoted to soldiers ( cm. ATTACHMENT). Another 40 Decembrists were convicted by other courts. OK. 120 were subjected to extrajudicial repressions (imprisonment in a fortress, demotion, transfer to the army in the Caucasus, transfer under police supervision). The affairs of the soldiers participating in the uprising were sorted out by the Special Commissions: 178 were driven through the ranks, 23 were sentenced to other types of corporal punishment; of the rest (about 4 thousand) they formed a combined guard regiment and were sent to the Caucasian theater of operations.

The general amnesty of the Decembrists followed only after the death of Nicholas

I - on the occasion of the coronation of AlexanderII in 1856. Only a minority waited for it, including I. D. Yakushkin (d. 1857), D. A. Shchepin-Rostovsky (d. 1858), I. I. Pushchin (d. 1859), S. P. Trubetskoy (d. 1860), A.N. Muravyov (d. 1863), S.G. Volkonsky (d. 1865), E.P. Obolensky (d. 1865), M.A. Bestuzhev (d. 1871) , A.N. Sutgof (d. 1872), M.I. Muravyov-Apostol (d. 1886). Some of them (M.I. Pushchin, P.M. Svistunov, A.N. Muraviev, I.A. Annenkov) took an active part in the preparation of the peasant reform of 1861.The meaning of the Decembrist uprising. The Decembrists' speech formally was the final link in the chain of guards military coups, which abounded in the history of Russia in 18at. At the same time, it was significantly different from the previous ones, because its goal was not to change the monarchs on the throne, but to conduct cardinal socio-economic and political transformations. Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, which determined the general conservative ("protective") character of the Nikolaev reign, the uprising of 1825 shocked the foundations of the regime and in the long run contributed to the radicalization of the opposition movement in Russia.

see alsoPESTEL PAVEL IVANOVICH; MURAVYEV-APOSTOL, SERGEY IVANOVICH; KAKHOVSKY, PETR GRIGORIEVICH.

ATTACHMENT

DECEMBERS CONDEMNED BY THE SUPREME CRIMINAL COURT

Out of categories (the death penalty through quartering, replaced by hanging): P.I. Pestel, S.I. Muravyov-Apostol, M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, G.P. Kakhovsky, K.F. Ryleyev.

3rd category (eternal hard labor, replaced by 20 years of hard labor): G. S. Baten'kov, V. I. Shteyngel.

5th category (10 years of hard labor, replaced by the first two 8 years of hard labor): N.P. Repin, M.K. Kyukhelbeker, M.A. Bodisko, A.E. Rozen, M.N. Glebov.

6th category (6 years of hard labor, replaced by 5 years of hard labor): A.N. Muravyev (hard labor was replaced by a settlement in Siberia), Yu.K. Lyublinsky.

7th category (4 years of hard labor, replaced by 2 years of hard labor): S.I. Krivtsov, A.F. Briggen, V.S. Tolstoy, Z.G. Chernyshev, V.K. Tizengauzen, V.N. Likharev, A.V. .Entaltsev, I. B. Avramov, N. A. Zagoretsky, I. Yu. Polivanov, A. I. Cherkasov, N. Ya. Bulgari, N. F. Lisovsky, P. F. Vygodovsky, A. K. oerstel.

9th rank (settlement in Siberia, replaced by the deprivation of ranks, nobility and enlistment in the soldiers without length of service): P.P. Konovitsin, N.N. Orzhitsky, N.P. Kozhevnikov.

10th category (deprivation of ranks and entry into soldiers with length of service): M.I. Pushchin.

Ivan Krivushin

LITERATURE

Nechkina M.V. Decembrists.M., 1975
Decembrists: A Biographical Directory. M., 1988
Gordin Y.A. Rebellion of the Reformers.M., 1989
Dumin S.V., Sorokin V.S. Decembrist revolt. M., 1993
Decembrists and their time. M., 1995
The defenders of freedom. SPb, 1996
Kiyanskaya O.I. Decembrists' “Military Revolution”: the uprising of the Chernigov Infantry Regiment: Abstract. diss. ... cand. East. sciences. M., 1997
December 14, 1825. Sources, research, historiography, bibliography. Vol. 1-3. St. Petersburg, 1997–2000
The Decembrist Movement: History, Historiography, Heritage: Abstracts of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. December 5–6, 2000. Ryazan, 2000
Eidelman N.Ya. Amazing generation. Decembrists: Faces and Fates. SPb., 2001
Alekseev S.P. Decembrists. M., 2002
Nevelev G.A. Decembrists and Decembrists. SPb, 2003
Ilyin P.V. The composition of the secret societies of the Decembrists: problems of study // National history. 2004. No 6

Early secret societies

Salvation Union

Union of Welfare

New Secret Societies

Southern Decembrists Society

Southern Society Political Program

Northern Society

Nordic Political Program

The question of the unification of the Southern and Northern Societies

Watch value Southern Society (1821-1825) in other dictionaries

Southern Society (1821–1825).

Northern Society (1822–1825).

Uprising December 14 (26), 1825.

The uprising of the Chernihiv regiment on December 29, 1825 (January 10, 1826) - January 3 (15), 1826.

Other local performances of the Decembrists.

The investigation and trial of the Decembrists.

The meaning of the Decembrist uprising.

ANNEX 1. CONSTITUTION N. MURAVYEV

APPENDIX 2. DECEMBERS CONDEMNED BY THE SUPREME CRIMINAL COURT

The origins of the Decembrist movement

The Union of Salvation

Union of Welfare

Southern Society (1821-1825)

Northern Society (1822-1825)

Insurrection

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