Multilevel factors of personal well-being. Factors and criteria of subjective well-being. How to attract well-being
Factors of well-being (trouble) of cities
V.F.Popov, O.N. Tolstikhin
A complex of environmental problems is inherent in any territory where the concentration of industrial enterprises and the population is noted. It manifests itself most vividly in a city with a characteristic combination of fairly reliable internal and external relations, population flows, resources, energy and information that are part of the city line and redistributed on the city territory between the individual components of the urban natural and technical geosystem and the people inhabiting the city. The composition and intensity of environmental problems are great and varied depending on the following circumstances:
The scale of the city - its area, composition and urban population. It is these circumstances that largely determine the intensity of traffic flows that provide citizens with everything they need, the number of personal and public cars on its streets, the volume of household garbage that is disposed of in landfills or recycled at the corresponding enterprises.
Natural conditions of the territory: climate features, including circulation processes in the atmosphere, the presence or absence of large water bodies, forests in and around the city. According to the conditions of the relief, many cities (for example, Alma-Ata) are located in the intermontane depressions, extensions of river valleys (for example, Krasnoyarsk in the Yenisei river valley, Yakutsk in the Lena river valley), amphitheaters open to the sea (Yalta, Vladivostok). There are cities spread out on the plains (St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk) or “on seven hills”, such as Moscow, in the landscape of which glacial formations play a significant role. There are cities - "northerners" located beyond the Arctic Circle and in extreme climatic conditions low (Norilsk, Yakutsk) and "southerners" - high (Tashkent) air temperatures. There are cities. constantly suffering from strong winds (Novorossiysk) and vice versa, from a long stagnant state of the atmosphere (Krasnoyarsk. Yakutsk). These natural circumstances of the location of cities largely determine the degree of comfort for citizens, the energy costs necessary to ensure the necessary level of comfort, the conditions of water supply and recreation, the rate of dilution and neutralization of pollution discharged into the atmosphere and water sources.
The nature and scale of production and adequate releases and emissions of substances polluting the atmosphere, water sources and soils of the urban area. Based on these characteristics, industrial cities can be distinguished, whose life is focused on servicing industrial enterprises, or transport hubs. Administrative cities in which the management of certain territories and, usually, educational institutions are concentrated, and industrial production It is intended only to ensure the employment and life of citizens, for example, our capital of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Cities combining both of these areas of activity, usually large industrial and administrative centers, such as St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, and many others with populations usually approaching the millionth milestone or crossing it.
Features of the building - its number of storeys, exposure in relation to the countries of the world and the prevailing relief elements. The currently observed trend of a significant increase in the number of storeys in Russian cities, sometimes without taking into account the degree of reliability and trends in the foundations of the foundations, the increase in population density, traffic flows and the entire urban infrastructure, may cause additional environmental difficulties in the future. For example, with the full possibility of the optimal planning of building 202 of the Yakutsk microdistrict, there are residential buildings, oriented in such a way that sunlight does not fall into many apartments at all.
Features of the geo-ecological situation, in particular, the reliability of the soil foundations of buildings and structures.
The perfection of engineering networks and communications, providing the city with water and discharging sewage, reliability of power supply, communications and information.
Finally, what is extremely important, is the level of culture of the townspeople, their attitude to the urban economy, playgrounds and green spaces of the city and suburban forests and parks, lawns and benches, porches and walls of houses. Not a single civilized European will allow himself to throw in the nearest suburban forest the garbage that has appeared after repair or on summer cottage, steal and take to his country house the bus situation he liked, tear off a slate roof from another. The vandalism shown by us in relation to “not of our own good” for a long time will not allow us to optimize the environmental situation in the capital of Yakutia, with the closest attention to these issues by the city authorities and with the availability of funds and technical capabilities.
In the conditions of the city, as nowhere is the technogenic load on the radically altered natural environment and man, clearly contradictions between:
planning approaches that require, depending on many internal and external factors, sufficient recreation and buffer zones, which in turn stretch engineering networks and communications, increasing the total area of \u200b\u200burban development;
pragmatic technical approaches to construction by government officials and designers, realizing the tendency of a comprehensive territorial rapprochement of production and residential areas, thereby reducing costs for the construction and operation of pipelines, vehicles and energy and telephone communications;
the multilateral, and sometimes not always coinciding needs of citizens, the need to consider the possibility of satisfying the interests of various social, ethnic and religious groups of the urban population;
the positions of construction companies, whose interests are largely determined by the transport accessibility of construction sites, the proximity or remoteness of existing communications, and in a market economy, the cost of land and the possibility of acquiring it;
the ideological background of the planning decisions of the cities of "developed socialism", which should emphasize the equal (equally non-optimal!) living conditions in them of different layers of the urban population.
Orientation of cities to servicing industrial enterprises, transport and energy hubs, and other economic facilities has led to a significant redevelopment of the central parts of old Russian cities. Numerous churches, temples and monuments were destroyed in them, with their infrastructure, usually also including gardens and green spaces.
The expansion of cities, the concentration of production and population in them, dictate the need for new planning solutions. In particular, the need for an increasing number of people to travel twice a day to work and from work from more and more distant "bedroom" areas of the city and its surroundings was realized by the development of rail, road and bus transport. The increased traffic flow required, in many cases, to change the direction of the road network, increase its traffic capacity, change the organization of traffic and information of its participants, transfer part of the transport arteries and pedestrian crossings underground. Following the transport, given the high cost of land in cities, underground utilities began to be concentrated underground, concentrating all the sewage, water and cable facilities of the city, as well as garages, telephone exchanges, warehouses, retail outlets and large shopping centers. An example is the arrangement of the underground space of Manezhnaya Square in Moscow and the not-so-successful attempt to organize a plumbing and sewage collector in Yakutsk. Departure "Underground" is a real tendency to equip cities in the foreseeable future.
For a long time, the cities were formed quite spontaneously, without the scientific and planning optimization of production, residential recreational and buffer (sanitary protection zones) territories. A particularly turbulent urban growth occurred after the Second World War, which was largely facilitated by the massive motorization of the population of many countries. In the US, this process has received the definition of "urban sprawl." In Russia, the most famous example Such an expansion of the urban territory is Moscow, which has absorbed many villages and their lands within the 107 km of the Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) and continues to attack the outskirts of the Losinoostrovsky Natural Park, the Bitsevsky Forest Park and other green territories crossed by Moscow. In addition, Greater Moscow transferred through the Moscow Ring Road in the form of satellite cities. In fact, a new, even larger agglomeration is being formed at the borders of the next ring road with a radius of about 50 km. At the same time, there is a further development of the Moscow metro and the third automobile ring "G" between the Garden Ring "B" and the Moscow Ring Road.
The sprawl of cities on wide spaces gives rise to many environmental problems, the most important of which are:
1. Reduction of agricultural land, the lands of which are torn away by urban areas, recreational natural parks and forests, which are necessary for providing recreation for the population and as buffer zones, such as sanitary protection zones, which are designed to take on and neutralize some kind of air pollution from industrial facilities, enterprises of heat power engineering and transport arteries.
2. Intensification of the use of energy resources, up to their depletion due to the need:
lighting the territory of the city;
intensive operation of vehicles;
in the cities of the humid, subarctic and Arctic zones, in addition, the heating of cities in the cold season;
in the cities of the tropical, subtropical and arid zones, in addition, the use of air conditioners;
operation of many wastewater treatment plants and waste treatment plants.
3. The deterioration of the city's air environment by the discharge of polluting substances into the atmosphere by transport, industrial and thermal power facilities, as well as due to increased dustiness of the atmosphere. Pollution, which, combined with the existing natural humidity and solar radiation, results in the formation of highly toxic photochemical smog during the warm season and, at low negative air temperatures, frost fog, which also has a very negative effect on the state of the upper respiratory tract and general health of the townspeople.
4. Degradation of water resources due to their withdrawal to meet the needs of the city and the pollution of water bodies through the air, discharge of untreated and untreated sewage into water bodies.
5. The loss and reduction of recreation areas, as well as the green spaces inside and by the periphery of cities in which atmospheric oxygen is restored, the pollution of the air from the air is neutralized, and the quality of the natural basis of the recreational zones and, accordingly, their rehabilitating role are reduced.
6. The occurrence and impact on the human body of electromagnetic fields and radiations associated with high-voltage power lines, the operation of transmitting radio stations, meteorological service radars and other sources of electromagnetic radiation.
7. A change in the microclimatic situation caused by the fact that a warmer, in comparison with the suburban area, but contaminated air forming in the urban area forms a stable vertical air flow. Under conditions of low winter temperatures and an inversion atmosphere, air rising above the city flows to its periphery, gradually cools, falls to the ground and returns to the city again. These processes are especially pronounced in the continental climate in the northern and Siberian cities located in the intermontane depressions and deeply incised river valleys. In tropical and subtropical conditions, the vertical flow of air arising from the heating of the paved surface of streets and buildings prevents the passage of humid over the city air masses and thereby creates additional conditions for sustained drought.
8. Complication of geo-ecological conditions of city development, operation of residential and industrial buildings, structures and utilities due to the activation and emergence of new geotechnical processes not characteristic of the area.
9. The formation of anthropogenic zoocenoses (rats, mice, stray dogs, etc.).
10. The complication of the sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological situation due to the concentration of people and a decrease in immunity due to the constant overcoming by the city residents of bacteriological and chemical pollution in air, water, and by no means always ecologically clean food.
11. Finally, it is not uncommon - the emergence and strengthening of social tension, which is a natural consequence of several traditional and non-traditional reasons:
a high concentration of the population, almost always heterogeneous in its social, ethnic, religious or other grounds;
the confrontation between: wealthy city dwellers and poor citizens, eager to redistribute property by force, remembering how it happened in the revolutionary years; permanent citizens and rural residents who resettled in the city, but did not have enough time to adapt to urban living conditions. And finally -
the mass appearance in cities of refugees from neighboring and remote states, from the "hot spots" who left the native country due to nationalist manifestations or other reasons for the danger of their continued stay.
An analysis of the state of the urban environment in most Siberian cities, made on the basis of taking into account the development of the above trends, shows that in the overwhelming majority it can be assessed as "a crisis prior to environmental disasters." All of the above shows that the urbanization, as an objectively existing and continuing process for many centuries, on the one hand, provides urban residents with a maximum of amenities and benefits, but, on the other, significantly complicates the ecological, social and, accordingly, demographic situation.
One of the factors that is practically not visible in district plans, environmental and, sometimes, sanitary and epidemiological programs of Russian cities, is the transformation of the biosphere component by the city. It, in addition to humans, includes all types of green spaces, urban animal populations - pigeons, sparrows, ravens, daws, waterfowl, wintering bodies of water on rattle, rats and mice, "domesticated" insects such as mosquitoes, fleas and cockroaches, bedbugs, finally the microbiological and viral population of high-rise buildings, city apartments. The permanent "laboratories, producers and reproducers" of the microbial and viral population are urban garbage dumps, landfills, biological treatment fields, from where secondary and modified biological products can be sent back to the city. In turn, environmental niches freed from representatives wildlife, occupy urban animals: feral cats and stray dogs. Flocks of the latter, subject to rabies infection or genetic aggressiveness, become dangerous for residents, especially the children's population of the city. In many cities in India, sacred cows and monkeys are also added to this list. In some European cities populations of foxes have appeared.
All these undesirable biogenic components of the urban environment contribute to the transfer and spread of bacteria and viruses, which are increasingly adapting to antibiotics and other drugs. As a result, they are becoming more frequent and, in conditions of general housing and transport crowding, intensify, sometimes getting out of control in their consequences of the epidemic of various diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS. Against this background, suburban zonal and park foci of tick-borne encephalitis arise, streptococcal and other infections are provoked inside hospitals and maternity hospitals, pathogens adapt to antibiotics and other drugs. In social terms, epidemics can also be called mass manifestations of alcoholism, and in particular - drug addiction and substance abuse.
Paradoxical as it may sound, the increased comfort of urban life and the addiction of city dwellers to it, combined with "drug pressure" - the constant promotion of more and more new drugs, while increasing the cost of qualified medical care, the transition to an increasing number of citizens to "self-medicate" the use of these drugs without medical advice further contributes to a decrease in the natural adaptive capabilities of citizens.
This decrease in adaptability can occur against the background of dysregulation of natural biorhythms, in particular the most important - cicadal (daily) rhythm, which may be the result of artificial lighting that prolongs daylight hours, prolonged and irregular stay in urban transport. A systematic violation of biorhythms causes desynchronization and a violation of the existing or optimal rhythmic invariant can lead to a state of pathology.
Disunity between the city and the village is most confrontationally manifested in the regions of the former USSR, whose social policy has been oriented toward discrimination of the rural population for decades. This discrimination was manifested in the fact that it was the rural population that provided the urban residents and the army with food products, but did not receive adequate payment either in direct monetary terms or in the form of life benefits and services that urban residents had. It persists at the present time, with the only difference being that many of the ecological problems of cities tend to spread to rural areas. Air and water transport of pollution do not know the city borders, excessive use of fertilizers and all kinds of stimulants to increase crop yields, nature in the weight of farm animals reduces the quality of food products for both urban and rural residents. However, often deprived of the qualified medical care available to citizens, rural residents find themselves in a significantly less favorable health situation, despite the seemingly more calm and reliable ecology of rural areas.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials were used from the site http://www.sitc.ru/
The term health is ambiguous. From ancient times, it is customary to interpret it as the absence of a disease (and this is the word that is deciphered in many dictionaries). A similar definition existed even before the beginning of the XII century, when life was short and not getting sick was considered luck. But nowadays, people tend to a higher level of well-being than just the absence of illness, and this definition should be considered obsolete. The new definition of health was first formulated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1940. By this time, thanks to the advent of vaccines, antibiotics and improved sanitation, the threat of many diseases in the world had decreased. It was recognized that health is not just the absence of disease, but a state of physical, mental and social well-being. Since then, the definition of health has undergone further development. Today we put a much broader meaning in this word and believe that the concept of “health” should, among other things, include such forms of behavior that can improve our life and make it more prosperous, achieve a high degree of self-realization.
Let's look at the statistics. The first line invariably takes mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, which account for 55% of the total number of deaths in the country. Circulatory system diseases only in the first half of this year caused the death of 525,431 people! Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality in Russia. They account for 29, 1% and 16, 9% of deaths for all reasons, respectively. Just think, coronary heart disease claimed the lives of 278,395 people, cerebrovascular diseases - 161,658 people. For comparison, 143,145 people died due to neoplasms (15% of the total number of deaths for all reasons), 37 696 people (3, 9%) from respiratory diseases, 42 756 people from digestive diseases (4, 5% ) External factors of mortality, as a cause of mortality, lag significantly behind diseases of the circulatory system. They claimed the lives of 82,941 people. This is 8, 7% of the total number of deaths. In the first half of the year, deaths associated with transport caused the death of 11,242 people, or 1, 2%. Alcohol poisoning caused the death of 5,272 people (0.6%), suicide - 14,039 people (1.5%).
Obviously, Russia is dying from diseases of the cardiovascular system. Coronary heart disease (including myocardial infarction) and cerebrovascular diseases, caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension, are firmly in the lead in the structure of total mortality in Russia. Do not think that disturbances in the functioning of the heart and blood vessels are associated only with age-related changes and hereditary factors. According to cardiovascular mortality analysis in twelve regions Russian Federationpublished in the Russian Journal of Cardiology, 60% of mortality from such diseases is associated with other causes, commonly called risk factors. These include: arterial hypertension; hypercholesterolemia; violation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; obesity; smoking; excessive alcohol consumption; decreased physical activity. High prevalence of risk factors and insufficient awareness of the population are the main reasons for this situation.
Half of these risks are related to malnutrition! World Organization Health is sounding the alarm. A July 2013 WHO Newsletter noted that in some countries, mortality from cardiovascular disease among people who eat foods high in saturated animal fats, trans fats, calories, and salt is almost double that of people adhering to a healthy diet One of the main risk factors for the development and mortality from cardiovascular diseases associated with malnutrition is an increase in blood cholesterol. An increase in cholesterol provokes the appearance of atherosclerotic plaques on the walls of blood vessels. This is a real risk of heart attacks, strokes and thrombosis, which can be fatal. According to the State Research Center for Preventive Medicine, about 60% of the adult population of Russia have an increase in the concentration of total cholesterol, in 20% this level corresponds to a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. This means that 60% of the country's able-bodied population needs at least dietary, and 15% - 20% need medical treatment.
In the national scientific report “All About Cholesterol” it was noted that not enough attention is paid to this problem. RAMS recommends not to exceed the daily intake of saturated fat in the amount of 10% of the calorie content of food, and cholesterol - 300 mg / day. The report noted in particular that saturated animal fats should be replaced with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (omega-3, omega-6) fats and oils. This will reduce cholesterol by 10 -20%. An increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as plant stanols and sterols in food products can reduce cholesterol by 10% and reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The WHO global strategy on diet, physical activity and health also recommends restricting energy intake from eating fats and converting your intake from saturated fats and trans-fatty acids to unsaturated fats. A healthy diet should include the intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, fish and vegetable oils. Limiting the diet of foods such as butter, fast food, sausages and sausages, as well as reducing the consumption of salt, fatty dairy products, red meat and industrial flour and confectionery products, can save you from heart and vascular diseases. Remember, malnutrition is a major cause of vascular blockage, which can be fatal.
Our attitude to life significantly affects health and well-being. Those who accept the “Attitude for Well-being” can count on improving their physical, emotional and spiritual condition. Here are some elements of this attitude: Make yourself believe that you are the master of your life and destiny. The feeling of helplessness destroys any good impulse, relieves a person of responsibility for his own health. The belief that you are not in control of your life can be a very stressful factor. Everything that you do in life, try to be responsible. The belief that you are doing a worthy job increases self-esteem, which in itself contributes to well-being and, moreover, is essential for motivating healthy behavior. Have the courage to confront the difficulties of life. Remember that our world is constantly changing and only those people prosper in it who treat these changes as a source of new opportunities. In addition, many situations in life, for example, the establishment of close relationships (without which, as you know, full health and well-being are impossible), require us to take risks. Take responsibility for your health. Realize that it is you, your lifestyle, that determine the level of your well-being. Keep an optimistic outlook on life. Love life and strive to enjoy it. Optimism stresses much less than pessimism. Be tolerant of your own weaknesses and the weaknesses of others. Increased self-requirements doom a person to inevitable setbacks. The demand for perfection from others creates difficulties in relationships with people. Think more about others than yourself. Self-centered people tend to focus on any, the most insignificant problems. They run the risk of being helpless in the face of such insignificant difficulties that other people simply do not pay attention to. Always rely on health, not disease. Positive expectations tend to come true.
Many people are well aware that a person’s well-being depends on his mental and physical health. We cannot analyze the functions of our body without taking into account the influence of the psyche on it, and we cannot “stay” on the right side of the continuum. consider mental functions without considering their biological basis. Human diseases, the origin of which is believed to be associated mainly with consciousness, are sometimes called psychosomatic. The selection of such a group of diseases does not mean that, in contrast to them, there are purely bodily or purely mental illnesses. Such a division of the human being is impossible: no disease is limited only by the body or only by the psyche. A holistic approach emphasizes a person’s personal responsibility for their health and well-being. Each of us can and should control our emotions, eat rationally, perform physical exercises, fight stress, and participate in public life. In the power of everyone - do not drink alcohol and drugs, do not smoke. It is also important that a person’s life has a spiritual foundation, which gives meaning to life.
The most energetic efforts of doctors and medical workers cannot guarantee our health. No one can do exercises for us, relax in time, refuse an extra glass of wine and a cigarette. Our health and well-being is the work of our hands. Personal responsibility for illness The idea of \u200b\u200bpersonal responsibility for one’s own health is understood and shared by many people. The situation with the idea of \u200b\u200bpersonal responsibility for one’s own diseases is completely different. We sympathize with the sick person, and the thought that he himself is to blame for his misfortune may seem heartless. Nevertheless, in many cases this is the case. Unreasonable behavior and improper lifestyle can contribute to the development of the disease. The foregoing does not mean at all that a sick person should engage in self-flagellation. It is much more useful to analyze your lifestyle and change it so as to avoid other diseases. Of course, we cannot prevent the development of hereditary pathology or, for example, Alzheimer's disease, the causes of which are unknown. But when preventative measures are known, adhering to the proposed recommendations becomes our own business.
What does it mean to be prosperous? Here are some of the sensations of a person in good physical shape. This person can be you. You wake up in the morning fresh, cheerful and confident that you will cope with all the difficulties of the coming day. Looking at yourself in the mirror, you notice that you look much better than before when you did not monitor your health. Where did the bags that you always had under your eyes go? You are happy to eat your breakfast consisting of unsweetened milk porridge, fresh fruit or fruit juice. On this you can easily hold out until lunch. You come to work early to give yourself time to gather your thoughts. Your colleagues appear late. Some of them complain of a headache, others have a cold and cough. Some do not come at all. Meanwhile, you have not been ill for several months now. The day goes by fine. There are enough difficulties, but you can easily cope with them. Although you are busy, you have time for a good lunch and a pleasant walk. After work, you enjoy doing vigorous exercise, and then have a little lunch. In the past, you would have spent the whole evening drinking a drink, but you like your current state of health more than you did before. With the money you saved by quitting smoking, you and your friend go to the cinema to watch a new film that you spoke so good about in the press. The film captivates you, and you recall that earlier in the evening sessions you usually fell asleep. Having returned home, you lie down and immediately plunge into a calm sleep. Well-being is the pleasure of long, eventful days. It gives us physical strength and mental energy, allows us to cope with all problems. At the same time, there is still a sufficient supply of vivacity for evening entertainment. Does it appeal to you? This is an achievable goal. In recent years, millions of people of all ages have abandoned bad habits and enjoy life more than ever.
We must recognize that a disease can sometimes be “beneficial”. It can, for example: serve as an excuse for us in cases where we do not want to do something - take an exam or give a speech, postpone the analysis of an unpleasant situation, attract attention or sympathy for us, can be a means to cope with an unsolvable life situation. For some people, illness is a kind of lifestyle. Referring to it, they, year after year, avoid making decisions, taking responsibility, making contacts with other people. Such people use the disease as an excuse for their helplessness. Whenever you feel unwell, it is time for honest introspection. First of all, ask yourself: is there my fault here? Did you eat right? Have you been lazy to exercise regularly exercise? Were you not completely exhausted? Have you used effective stress management measures? Consider further whether you can relate your poor health to something that happens in your life. If you honestly answer all these questions, this will help you minimize the risk of serious illness in the future. Finally, remember the importance of not ignoring symptoms that indicate a serious physical disorder. Any strong or weak, but persistent pain signals the need to see a doctor
Human well-being depends on many factors, among which are social, physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual 1. Social factors People are social beings, and the social structure of any society significantly affects our well-being. The level of well-being can be high only when a person has opportunities for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good housing conditions, education and medical care. An important factor affecting well-being, of course, is the ability to build their relationships with other people. We need to learn how to create around us the good, desirable, warm atmosphere. We must also be confident enough if we count on reciprocal respect. 2. Physical factors underlie our well-being. The most important among them are heredity, condition the environment and food quality. Data recent years testify to the significant influence of heredity on almost all aspects of our physical and mental health. But this does not give us the right to relieve ourselves of responsibility for our own health. On the contrary, a predisposition to certain diseases, such as alcoholism or diabetes, should encourage us to lead a lifestyle that will reduce the likelihood of developing the disease. The state of the environment directly affects the well-being of people. Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for the effects of polluted air or water. But each of us is responsible for the environment in which we live. Persuade your friends, encourage politicians and industry corporations to take care of maintaining a healthy environment.
3. Intellectual factor You cannot lead a healthy lifestyle without knowing what it is. And although knowledge alone does not induce proper behavior, familiarity with the principles healthy way life helps us make the right choice. One of the goals of this book is to give you relevant knowledge. 4. Professional success A person's career can have a tremendous impact on his well-being. Satisfying work allows a person to self-actualize, strengthens self-esteem, increases income, provides social guarantees. Work in the wrong for this person sphere serves as a source of stress, depression, decline and, therefore, can have a destructive effect on his body. 5. Emotional factor Despite a certain genetic determinism of personal qualities, each of us decides how to cope with life's difficulties. Whether we learn to courageously overcome them or take alcohol as our help, this is, ultimately, on our conscience. Certain attitudes contribute to well-being. The main among them is the awareness of the need to manage your life (not counting on full control of all life circumstances), maintaining a positive outlook on life and improving health. 6. The spiritual factor. The highest moral principles. Spirituality is an important component of well-being. Not perceiving yourself as part of the universe, not reflecting on your destiny, not feeling responsibility for the well-being of other people, you are unlikely to be able to be prosperous yourself.
Your great-grandmother probably gave your grandmother very good health advice. Seven rules, which have long been part of popular wisdom, have been repeatedly confirmed by modern research. People for whom compliance with these rules has become a habit is on average healthier than those who neglect them. Eat a variety of foods, eat regularly and be sure to have breakfast. (Your great-grandmothers did not know about the need to limit the intake of salt, sugar and fats, but you, of course, know that this good advice.) Do not snack between main meals. Keep your ideal weight - don't be too thin or too fat. Sleep seven or eight hours a day. Do not smoke. Drink alcohol very moderately or do not drink at all. Exercise intensively. We all know that such behavior really helps maintain good health. Why do so few people follow these rules, because they seem so simple? How to force yourself to lead a healthy lifestyle?
Encouraging people to lead a healthy lifestyle is a difficult, if not an overwhelming task. You can explain to a person the need for some action, but it is very difficult to make him act. Doctors, narcologists, and educators are constantly faced with this in their professional activities. To know what a healthy lifestyle is is one thing, and to lead it is another. According to the laws of psychology, we tend to repeat those types of behavior that bring pleasure, and avoid actions that entail trouble. Unfortunately, the consequences of healthy or unhealthy behavior often seem unrelated to it. Moreover, unhealthy actions can give quite pleasant sensations for a short time. Choosing a healthy lifestyle requires a high level of understanding and commitment. How can this interest be created? In general terms, two points are needed to motivate any form of behavior: the goal should be perceived as worthwhile and achievable. There are at least four factors that are essential for motivating a healthy lifestyle; knowledge of what forms of behavior contribute to our well-being and why; the desire to be the master of your life is the belief that healthy behavior will in fact give positive results; a positive attitude to life - a look at life as a holiday that you need to enjoy; a developed sense of self-esteem, the realization that you are worthy to enjoy all the best that life can offer you. How to force yourself to adjust your behavior so as to achieve a high "level of well-being?
One of the goals of this book is to encourage you to lead a healthy lifestyle. This can be challenging because bad habits are deeply rooted and difficult to quit. We will try to teach you how to deal with such difficulties. Set specific, real goals. First of all, determine what exactly in relation to your health you would like to achieve. Set a real goal, its achievement will give you the confidence you need in the future. Do not immediately try to solve any serious problem. If, for example, you need to lose weight, try to lose 1 kg first, which is not too difficult to achieve. When you succeed, set the next goal - to lose another 3 kg, and so on. In all human endeavors, success breeds success.
You must understand that achieving a goal is always fraught with certain difficulties. If you take two steps forward and one backward along this path, you are still moving in the right direction, but if you will dramatize this forced step back, you are unlikely to reach the goal. Only very few in life manage to solve some important problem without stepping back. Be optimistic, remember that excellence is basically an unattainable goal.
One of the most important laws of psychology says that only that type of behavior is fixed, followed by reinforcement. Of course, good health is the best reward for a person for giving up bad habits, but, as we have already mentioned, this reward, as a rule, is too far in time from a good deed to serve as a reinforcement. The fact that you did not get cancer ten years after you quit smoking is certainly wonderful, but this is not the kind of reward that can strengthen your intention to not smoke. Do yourself a pleasant thing, reward yourself for the most modest successes: for getting rid of 2 kg of excess weight, for a week of regular physical education, for a month without alcohol. The reward should be that which gives you pleasure. It could be a new CD, book, cardigan, or something else entirely that you really like. For larger achievements on the path to a healthy lifestyle, you can come up with a more substantial reward.
Maintaining a Well-Being We all know people who, in an effort to improve their health, changed their behavior for a short while, but then returned to old habits. How can one maintain a mood for achieving well-being for a long time? Concentrate on feeling good. An important ally in fighting yourself can be the wonderful feeling of well-being that results from lifestyle changes. Think more often about how much healthier you are now that you are exercising, eating right, and don’t smoke. Be proud of what you have achieved! Use positive examples (reinforcement) Many of our bad habits can be explained by the bad influence of others. Rarely does anyone drink their first glass, smoke their first cigarette, or try the drug for the first time alone. Almost always, these behaviors are triggered by the behavior of others. Today, the attitude in society towards human health has become completely different and should play a constructive role, helping to overcome unhealthy habits. Encouraging and supporting friends and families can provide effective reinforcement of desired behavior. An ideal way to use the positive influence of those around you is to find among your friends or colleagues who also want, for example, to quit smoking, lose weight or exercise. Together, this is easier to do because you support a friend in the group.
LIVING EDUCATION - EDUCATION FOR LIFE Education Must Teach HOW TO LIVE Education Must Foster CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT Educated people should benefit society and the world at large
EDUCATION IN A NEW ERA SHOULD BE WEARED INTEGRAL CHARACTER Purpose of human life - self-realization Purpose of education - character education
Highest moral principles: FAIRNESS - the pursuit of truth. MINISTRY - service to the highest ideals, society PEACE - harmony, inner peace. LOVE - desire for unity. Non-violence - a deep understanding of the perfection of the universe.
I. TRUTH 1. I speak only the truth 2. I speak only about the good 3. I speak only about the necessary 4. I see only the good in others 5. I try to be humble 6. I admit equality 7. I am optimistic 8. I am inquisitive
II. SERVICE 1. I don’t take someone else’s without demand 2. I try not to break promises 3. I avoid quarrels 4. I try to keep calm 5. I try to be honest 6. I try not to harm animals and plants 7. I take care of my health and follow the rules of hygiene 8. I can do it myself to serve myself (to dress, keep my clothes in order, etc.) 9. I try to be clean and tidy 10. I try to behave correctly in society 11. I respect my parents 12. I respect teachers and mentors 13. I respect my elders 14. I try to be obedient 15. I try to have good manners 16. I develop punctuality in myself 17. I try to be brave
1. I try to be polite and gentle in communication 2. I try not to be angry 3. I easily forgive insults 4. I try to be disciplined 5. I can listen to silence 6. I control the balance of emotions 7. I have inner peace 8. I show only satisfaction 9. I develop concentration 10. I develop perseverance 11. I develop patience
1. I feel sincere love for everyone 2. I love animals 3. I love plants 4. I do not hold evil on others 5. I try to be attentive and helpful 6. I share joy with others 7. I try not to be selfish 8. I am friends with many 9. I love helping other 10. I do not like to be sad
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I try not to harm anyone. I try not to offend others. I take care of all living things. I respect other people's property. I don't waste money. I don't waste water, electricity, etc. 7. I take food carefully 8. I try not to waste time 9. I do not play with dangerous objects and fire 10. I try to be careful in the game 11. I respect the culture of other nations 12. I enjoy the success of others 13. I don’t use bad words in conversation 14. I can work in a team 15. Maintain unity 16. I am a patriot of my country 17. I care about the environment
Each of us is responsible for our health and well-being. Achieving well-being is an ongoing process that involves a certain attitude and behavior. Well-being contributes to a fuller realization of our potential. The spiritual and physical principles in a person are inextricably linked and interdependent, and each of us is responsible for being healthy both in body and soul. Achieving a high level of well-being requires appropriate attitude and motivation, because the reward for a healthy lifestyle, as a rule, awaits us ahead, while the pleasure of behavior that is not conducive to health arises instantly. We can maintain motivation by encouraging ourselves to achieve some goals. The attention of others also helps strengthen our determination to lead a healthy lifestyle.
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1 . Types of personal well-being
The experience of well-being (or trouble) is influenced by various aspects of a person’s life, many features of a person’s relationship to himself and the world around him are merged. The well-being of an individual consists of a number of components.
Social well-being- this is a person’s satisfaction with his social status and the current state of the society to which the person relates himself. This is satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, status in a microsocial environment, as well as a sense of community (as understood by A. Adler), etc.
Spiritual well-being- a sense of involvement in the spiritual culture of society, awareness of the opportunity to join the riches of spiritual culture (to satisfy spiritual hunger), advancement in understanding the essence and purpose of man; awareness and experience of the meaning of your life. The core of the meaning of life is often faith: faith in the absolute, faith in oneself, in the success of one’s own business or “our business”. Approaching what you believe in, making efforts to achieve what is valuable, meaningful, fill life with meaning. In many ways, spiritual well-being determines the ability to freely adhere to one's faith.
Physical (bodily) well-being- good physical health, bodily comfort, a sense of health, a physical tone satisfying the individual.
Material well-being- satisfaction with the material side of their existence (housing, food, recreation ...), the completeness of their security, the stability of material wealth.
Psychological well-being (spiritual comfort) - coherence of mental processes and functions, a sense of integrity, internal balance. Psychological well-being is more stable with the harmony of personality.
All of these components of well-being are closely interrelated and affect each other. The attribution of many phenomena to one or another component of well-being is largely arbitrary. For example, a sense of community, awareness and experience of the meaning of life may well be ranked as factors creating mental comfort, and not just social or spiritual well-being.
The psychological well-being of the individual.The psychological well-being (mental comfort) of an individual has its own rather complicated structure. In addition, psychological well-being summarizes the actual success of behavior and activities, satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, and communication.
Cognitive componentpsychological well-being arises with a holistic, relatively consistent picture of the world in the subject, understanding of the current life situation. Contradictory information, perception of the situation as uncertain, as well as informational or sensory deprivation introduces dissonance into the cognitive sphere.
Emotional componentpsychological well-being appears as an experience uniting the feelings that are due to the success (or failure) of the subject in certain areas of his activity.
Well-being depends on the presence of clear goals, the success of the implementation of action plans and behavior, the availability of resources and conditions for achieving goals. Adversity appears in a situation of frustration, with a monotony of executive behavior and other similar conditions.
Well-being is created by satisfying interpersonal relationships, the ability to communicate and receive from this positive emotions, satisfy the need for emotional warmth. Social isolation (deprivation), tension in significant interpersonal relationships destroys well-being.
Subjective well-being is a generalized and relatively stable experience that is of particular importance to the individual. It is it that to a large extent determines the characteristics of the dominant mental state: a favorable state - contributing to the coordinated flow of mental processes, successful behavior and activity that supports mental and physical health, or, conversely, unfavorable.
To develop psycho-hygienic measures, it is important to know which environmental factors have the greatest impact on emotional comfort, reduce it and thereby reduce feelings of well-being. peace of mind emotional well-being
2 . Factors Affecting Well-Being
Human well-being depends on many factors, among which are social, physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual.
Social factors
People are social beings, and the social structure of any society significantly affects our well-being. The level of well-being can be high only when a person has the opportunity for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good housing conditions, education and medical care.
An important factor affecting well-being, of course, is the ability to build their relationships with other people. We need to learn how to create a friendly, warm atmosphere around us. We must also be confident enough if we count on reciprocal respect.
Physical factors
Physical factors underlie our well-being. The most important among them are heredity, the state of the environment, food quality and physical activity.
Recent data show a significant impact of heredity on almost all aspects of our physical and mental health. But this does not give us the right to relieve ourselves of responsibility for our own health. On the contrary, the predisposition to certain diseases, for example, to alcoholism or diabetes, should encourage us to lead a lifestyle that will reduce the likelihood of developing the disease.
The state of the environment directly affects the well-being of people. Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for the effects of polluted air or water. But each of us is responsible for the environment in which we live. Persuade your friends, encourage politicians and industry corporations to take care of maintaining a healthy environment.
Intellectual factor
You cannot lead a healthy lifestyle without knowing what it is. And although knowledge in itself does not induce correct behavior, familiarity with the principles of a healthy lifestyle helps us make the right choice. One of the goals of this manual is to give you relevant knowledge.
Professional success
A person's career can have a tremendous impact on his well-being. Satisfying work allows a person to self-actualize, strengthens self-esteem, increases income, provides social guarantees. Work in an inappropriate area for a given person is a source of stress, depression, decline and, therefore, can have a devastating effect on his body.
Emotional factor
Despite a certain genetic determinism of personal qualities, each of us decides how to cope with life's difficulties. Whether we learn to courageously overcome them or take alcohol as assistants is ultimately on our conscience.
Certain attitudes contribute to well-being. The main among them is the awareness of the need to manage your life (not counting on full control of all life circumstances, maintaining a positive outlook on life and improving health.
Spiritual factor
Spirituality is an important component of well-being. Not perceiving yourself as part of the universe, not reflecting on your destiny, not feeling responsibility for the well-being of other people, you are unlikely to be able to be prosperous yourself.
1. Describe from various sources: dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific and educational literature, the concepts of “social well-being” and “social well-being”. Which of the concepts you have considered most accurately gives definitions? Argument your position.
2. Describe the concept of social well-being from the standpoint of economic and ethical components. What factors of social well-being, from your point of view, are priority. Argument your opinion.
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A happy personal and family life, a favorable psychological climate in the group, and much more at the social, microsocial, and personal levels to a large extent depend on the characteristics of the experience of subjective well-being of interacting people. The state of the subjective world of an individual influences the productivity and nature of the course of various types of activity and behavior, largely determining the upcoming success or failure. The phenomena of the subjective world of personality rarely become the subject of psychological research. Perhaps this is due to the desire of psychologists to unambiguous interpretations of all concepts that describe this world.
The experience of well-being (or ill-being) is integrative, it is influenced by various aspects of a person’s life, many features of a person’s relationship to himself and to the world around him are merged. Under psychological well-being (mental comfort) we understand the coherence of mental processes and functions, the harmony of the individual, a sense of integrity, inner balance.
For the psychology of personality and psychology in general, from our point of view, it is especially important that the experience of well-being is an essential component of the dominant mood of the personality. It is through him that subjective well-being, as an integrative experience, exerts a constant influence on various parameters of a person’s mental state and on the success of behavior, productivity, effectiveness of interpersonal interaction, many other aspects of an individual’s external and internal activity.
Needs and psychological well-being
Let us analyze a number of important features of subjective well-being, using empirical data obtained in compiling the socio-psychological "passport" of residents of an urban area. This work was carried out in the Center for Social and Psychological Assistance to the Population of the Petrograd District of St. Petersburg led by L.V. Kulikov in 1993-1994. The purpose of the “passport” was to fix the characteristics of the needs-motivational sphere of residents, the sense of well-being (or trouble), that are significant for the individual and the district social protection service. Subjective experiences are a significant factor in the state of public consciousness, group moods, expectations, relationships. Without taking them into account, it is impossible to build a scientifically based social policy, social management, social planning.
We have developed a questionnaire with the aim of obtaining information about the parameters of self-awareness that are important for a person, self-esteem, the need-motivational sphere, general emotional comfort, satisfaction with one's own health, and a number of other important dimensions of a person’s personality. The questionnaire was conducted by O.V. Ivanov and M.A. Rozanova and was anonymous. He was reached by people of different ages. The group of the first period of adulthood included men aged 22 34 years (n \u003d 11), women 21 34 years old (n \u003d 28). The second period group of mature (middle) age included men 35 59 years old (n \u003d 19) and women 35 54 years old (n \u003d 56). The third group consisted of elderly people: men 60 74 years old (n \u003d 25) and women 55 74 years old (n \u003d 104). The fourth group included people of senile age, men and women 75 years and older (n \u003d 22). Comparing the available quantitative characteristics obtained on subsamples of men and women, we did not find significant differences. Therefore, further consideration will be carried out for groups including respondents of both sexes.
To answer the question "How satisfied are you with your life?" the respondents were offered a five-point scale - from “completely dissatisfied” (1 point) to “completely satisfied” (5 points). It turned out that the level of satisfaction with their life for all the indicated ages is almost the same: 2.8; 2.8; 2.9 and 2.9 (hereinafter: average scores for the groups listed above, respectively). The analysis of empirical data showed that satisfaction with life is primarily due to the characteristics of interpersonal relationships, the state of one’s health and very weakly depends on a person’s material wealth and financial situation.
In the first paragraph of the questionnaire, the respondent was asked to indicate how important it is for him at present to satisfy a number of needs. An importance assessment was also proposed on a five-point scale. The average score of the importance of needs was calculated, which can be interpreted as the level of intensity (strength) of the needs of the individual as a whole. It turned out that with age, the strength of needs decreases, but there are no significant changes: 3.9; 3.8; 3.3; 3.3.
In middle-aged people (first and second groups), the most important is the need for personal life (love, family, children). At the top of the hierarchy of needs are also the needs for health, a clear conscience that satisfies housing, and protection from threats and deprivation. Quite significant are the needs of self-regulation and self-development, job satisfaction. At this age, the needs for own and family well-being, health, inner peace and balance dominate. The needs for professional and social activities are in the background.
With age, the need for privacy weakens. Most likely, the decrease in this assessment is associated with a change in the nature of love experiences, with a decrease in such a component as love passion, and not with the rejection of emotional attachments to loved ones. With age, the need for an interesting leisure time also decreases. In the elderly and senile age, the need for skills to control oneself, to develop and strengthen the psyche is little actualized. Different groups of respondents have a very high need for improving relations with people, which is closely related to their overall satisfaction with their lives.
Among the most important life needs was the need for health. Health is the universal value of human life in any social time and space. In different age periods, health has an equally large, but different in meaning value. From 21 to 35 years, health is recognized by the individual as one of the necessary sources of security. In the second period of middle age, it has an independent value. In old age, health is valued in and of itself, and also because it allows you to maintain wider interpersonal relationships.
The second most important are vital needs, which does not require any comment. This is followed by needs, the satisfaction of which maintains the stability of the individual, the need for respect from others, in constant interpersonal relationships. The importance of having a clear conscience is high. The concept of "conscience" is among the most important for determining the meaning of life.
The questionnaire asked what events in the future the respondent expects: "Probably in the future awaits me ...". Further options for answers were proposed: much more good events than bad ones (1 point); more good than bad (2 points); approximately equally good and bad (3 points); more bad than good (4 points); much more bad than good (5 points). The average score of answers is 2.8; 2.7; 3.5 and 3.5. Here, age differences are quite noticeable. Elderly and senile people expect more bad events than good ones. Most likely this is caused not by pessimism increasing over the years, but by their insufficient security, insecurity in the future.
To clarify the picture of subjective well-being, we found out from the respondents that they would like to improve in their lives. The most strong were the desire to improve health, housing, family life, financial position (earnings). In intensity, they are very close to each other. The following are desires to improve work, nutrition, marriage (matrimony), relationships with people, education, qualifications, leisure. If we compare the hierarchies of needs and desires for improving life, it becomes clear that there is no complete correspondence between them.
The next stage of the study was devoted to the analysis of the influence of completeness of satisfaction of basic life needs on a sense of satisfaction with life. The respondents were 17 men and 33 women aged 18 to 58 years (average age 41.4 years). All examined had a higher or secondary special education.
The results showed that assessments of the significance of needs and assessments of the completeness of their satisfaction differ in their relations with the subjective well-being of the individual. More than others, people are satisfied with their life, satisfied with their marital relations and health. No connection was found between satisfaction with life and satisfaction with communication, the expectation of good (or bad) events in the future, with age, gender, marital status, educational level, social status, and housing characteristics.
Life satisfaction with needs satisfaction assessments is more closely associated with needs significance assessments. Probably, assessments of the significance of needs are formed in the sphere of self-awareness and exist as its cognitive components. They are only indirectly associated with the motivational sphere and therefore do not exert a noticeable influence on it and on the emotional sphere of the personality.
Note. "SB" - the average values \u200b\u200bof satisfaction estimates. “K” are the correlation coefficients of needs satisfaction estimates with life satisfaction. Correlation coefficients with significance level p
An attempt was made to assess the impact of severity of needs on life satisfaction. In this case, we understand the severity of needs as the degree of their dissatisfaction. The numerical indicator of severity for us was the difference in the scales of the first and second points of the needs questionnaire, i.e. the magnitude of the differences in the points of significance of needs and the completeness of their satisfaction.
In general, the influence of the severity of needs is similar to the effect of the completeness of their satisfaction (of course, with the opposite sign, the more acute the need, the lower the satisfaction with life). However, differences were found. The severity of needs for professional growth, job satisfaction, and respect for others has very low, insignificant correlations with life satisfaction. Consequently, when these needs are frustrated, the lack of emotional comfort is relatively more easily compensated by satisfying other needs and, probably, by activating the protective mechanisms of the personality.
Thus, the results obtained suggest that the completeness of the satisfaction of needs only indirectly affects life satisfaction. Empirical evidence has confirmed that a sense of satisfaction with life to a large extent determines the dominant mood and mental state in general. It is significantly associated with such characteristics of the psychological level of the state as vivacity, relaxedness, satisfaction with self-realization.
Comparative analysis of sources of discomfort
The troubles of everyday life to any person to one degree or another "spoil" the mood. But the questions are very significant, to what extent are they capable of changing it and is their aftereffect great?
The mental state is, to one degree or another, determined by reasons of a different scale: small, passing, and serious, long-lasting. According to our understanding of mood, the main attention in the consideration of the causes of emotional discomfort should be given to reasons that have a personal meaning.
We conducted a study of the significance of various sources of discomfort, most of which can be considered relatively constant. We have compiled a questionnaire containing a list of the most common stressors. The basis was taken on the scale of friction (bad circumstances) Kanner. In our opinion, in its original form, the scale is rather cumbersome and does not take into account the peculiarities of the Russian way of life. M.Yu. Dolina translated it into Russian and did initial testing on a group of 12 people. Testing gave us material to highlight the most pressing causes of discomfort.
Respondents were asked to rate on a seven-point scale the degree of anxiety delivered by each of the factors listed. Answers were given by doctors, employees of preschool institutions, students. A total of 117 people were interviewed (105 women and 12 men). The survey was conducted in 1995 1996. All respondents had higher or incomplete higher education. They also answered the questionnaire for diagnosing the characteristics of the mental state developed by L.V. Kulikov (the questionnaire "DS").
When processing the data, average scores of subjective assessments of the significance of the causes of discomfort were obtained. The first five reasons for severity included: financial unreliability (4.29), difficulties with the ability to express oneself (4.00), overwork (4.00), anxiety caused by intrapersonal conflicts (3.90), thoughts about the meaning of life (3.87), lack of rest (3.80). They completed the full list of reasons: concern about the situation in the country (3.19), clashes with superiors (3.04), unpleasant neighbors (2.92), problems with subordinates (2.66) and with the place of work because of their gender (2.49).
Using factor analysis, five groups of causes of emotional discomfort were identified (in parentheses is the factor load of the symptom):
1) trouble in interpersonal relationships: clashes with superiors (0.67), physical ailment (0.66), problems communicating with employees (0.63), dissatisfaction appearance (0.56) and others;
2) the burden of the roles performed: overloaded with family responsibilities (0.76), lack of time for the family (0.65), overworked (0.64), problems with children (0.59);
3) internal disharmony: anxiety caused by intrapersonal conflicts (0.72), problems with a sexual partner (0.48), difficulties with the ability to express oneself (0.47), etc .;
4) social and domestic difficulties: rising prices (0.72), lack of rest (0.69), problems with shopping (0.69), problems with transport (0.37), concern about the situation in the country (0, 32);
5) insecurity: problems with the place of work due to one's gender (0.73), concern for the health status of one of the family members (0.66), financial insecurity (0.54).
Two of the three causes of discomfort included in the “insecurity” factor occupy the top position in the hierarchy of subjective significance - concern for the health status of one of the family members, financial insecurity. The insecurity factor included the causes of discomfort, occupying an isolated position, among other reasons. Perhaps this explains their weak ties with other needs and values.
Of the five factors, only “insecurity” and “social difficulties” contain non-psychological causes of discomfort. Most of the signs are included in factors that include the actual psychological causes of discomfort - describing certain aspects of the disharmony of the individual and interpersonal relationships. The high significance of the causes of ill-being in interpersonal relations is explained by the fact that interpersonal interactions act as the main links mediating the social adaptation of a person, realizing the possibility of social support in difficult life situations.
The results of a correlation analysis of estimates of the causes of discomfort and scale ratings of the DS method showed that the most severe adverse effects on mood are exerted by a physical ailment, collisions with superiors, rising prices, and dissatisfaction with one's work. They are followed by: remorse over past decisions, anxiety caused by intrapersonal conflicts, condemnation and discrimination from others, financial insecurity, loneliness, unpleasant neighbors. Thus, a health disorder is assessed as the most significant cause of the overall emotional discomfort of the individual.
The causes of discomfort with the emotional tone of the state have more significant correlations than indicators of activation and tone. We consider this as evidence that the influence of the socio-psychological level of personality regulation on mental states is realized through mood.
According to the results of the correlation analysis, we can conclude that among the considered causes of discomfort, the most intense emotions are caused by the group of reasons "trouble in interpersonal relationships." In this group, “remorse about past decisions” stands out, it weakens feelings of joy and excitement, enhances feelings of guilt and sadness. The reasons associated with work (collisions with superiors, dissatisfaction with their work, problems with subordinates) also have a rather strong influence on the severity of feelings - weaken activation feelings and strengthen evaluative and tensional feelings. Most often, various causes of discomfort lead to increased feelings of guilt and anxiety. The relationship between these feelings and awareness of the causes of discomfort, we consider as two-way.
Our study of the influence of causes of discomfort on mental states provides further evidence of the wide possibilities of using subjective assessments to study mental conditions, and confirms the reliability of data obtained in this way. We believe that many factors leading to discomfort are subtly understood by the individual. This is evidenced by the significant consistency of subjective assessments of one's mood (and mental state as a whole) with an awareness of their probable causes. There are similarities in the reactions. different people similar life events and circumstances. Note that this conclusion relates to the procedure of scientific research using special methods.
Subjective well-being (a sense of satisfaction with life) must be interpreted as a generalized and relatively stable experience that is of particular importance to the individual. It is an important component of a dominant mental state.
The feeling of satisfaction with life is associated with all three sets of characteristics of the mental state (emotional, activation, tonus).
The full satisfaction of needs only indirectly affects life satisfaction. More than others, people are satisfied with their life, satisfied with their marital relations and health. No connection was found between satisfaction with life, satisfaction with communication, expectation of good (or bad) events in the future, with age, gender, marital status, educational level, social status, and quality of housing.
Concerns about health and the causes of internal disharmony (difficulties in self-expression, worries about the meaning of life, repentance for past decisions) make the greatest contribution to reducing mood and the formation of stable states of discomfort.
Kulikov L.V., Dmitrieva M.S., Dolina M.Yu., Ivanov O.V.,
Rozanova M.A., Timoshenko T.G.
Maria VegesPhD, Organizational Stress and Wellness Management Consultant:
- Hello colleagues! I am glad to welcome you to the Corporate Well-being program. And today we are visiting Anna Strelnikova, Director of Human Resources and Administrative Affairs of IPSEN.
Hello Anna!
Anna Strelnikova, HR and Administrative Director, Russia and the CIS,IPSEN:
Hello Maria!
- We’ll talk today about how the companyIPSEN implemented well-being programs for employees. And in the end I will ask Anna the most interesting questions as to how Anna herself observes her personal well-being.
Anna, tell us about how the well-being project came about in your company.
Thank you, Maria, for the question. Let's probably tell you a little about the company. IPSEN is an international biopharmaceutical company focused on innovation and specialized areas. In addition, we have a very large baggage of knowledge and skills in the field of OTC drugs.
The slogan of our company is Innovation for Patient Care. And this word “care” determines not only our attitude to our patients, but also how we work with our employees. Therefore, wellbeing or well-being is not a project for us, it is part of our corporate culture.
Very interesting approach. And how do you manage to manage the well-being of employees? Maybe tell us about the latest interesting projects that have happened with you?
With pleasure. We have defined for ourselves a systematic approach to the concept of “well-being”. The basis of this approach, we put the Gallup Global Well-being Index, which consists of five factors. And with each of these five factors, we are consistently working.
- Anna, what are these five factors?
These are factors of success, social well-being, social well-being, physical well-being and financial well-being. Of the most interesting projects that have occurred recently, we can probably mention "A week without stress." So, our No Stress program or “A week without stress” was aimed at working with physical well-being. We all live in a stressful world, and we wanted to help our employees find out what stress is and how to work with it, what tools are available to deal with stress - simple and effective - and increase awareness of their approach to their conditions.
- What audience was this project designed for?
In general, the project is aimed at all IPSEN employees in Russia. We started with the office staff, and now in July we plan a second wave for our field employees, who are located throughout Russia.
- Please tell us who was part of the team that implemented this project?
In fact, this is a very large team, and it is very nice, because it is a whole inspired team that is engaged in such a cool project. This, of course, is the personnel department, this is the internal communications manager, this is a labor protection specialist. And, most importantly, this is our CEO and our business leaders. It seems to me that the success of any project is due precisely to the fact that many people, and especially business, are involved in such initiatives.
- Please tell us how the company leaders relate towellbeing, as they may, by their own example, demonstrate own approach to this topic.
In fact, our leaders are very active in the well-being approach. They demonstrate this in the fact that they support initiatives within the company. In addition, they, of course, are engaged in their own well-being: play sports, go to various developmental events, engage in charity. And this is also very valuable, because by our example we set an example for our employees.
Do you have any more or less standard procedure for how you evaluate the effectiveness of such programs?
For us, the main criterion for the effectiveness of ongoing programs is the involvement of our employees. Every two years, the company usually conducts a survey of employees about their involvement. The latest survey was conducted in 2017, and based on the results of this survey, our engagement index is 92%. This is the highest result across the company, and it is significantly higher than the market trends that exist today.
Well, this is really a fairly high rate. What about the difficulties that you encounter in the implementation process? Can you recall any barriers that you had at that moment when you wanted to implement a project supporting some kind of initiative in the area of \u200b\u200bemployee well-being?
You know, we are probably happy employees and a happy company, because our employees and our leaders very much support all the initiatives that are launched within the organization. The only difficulty is not, but our specificity is that most of the employees are distributed throughout Russia, and it’s not always possible for us to do everything for everyone here and now. Therefore, we always strive to find some of the most universal and optimal activities that can be implemented for all cities throughout the country.
- Anna, please tell us more about projects within the framework of public welfare. What else are you doing?
Oh Maria, we have a lot of projects here. Again, returning to our slogan Care, the word is not only about patients and about employees. We teach our colleagues to take care of the surrounding, external world. Of the interesting projects that we launched is the collection of batteries. Now, not only the employees themselves, but also their families are accustomed to bring batteries to work and put them in a special container. We also launched a very cool waste paper collection project. It would seem that this story remained in Soviet times, but no. And we started with completely small things. At the beginning, we put just ordinary boxes, and suggested that the employees put paper there. As a result, the project has grown, and now we have special containers for collecting paper. And one of the supplier companies comes on a regular basis, picks up these boxes and takes out, respectively, paper for recycling. I can say that in three months we have already collected 900 kilograms of paper.
And, probably, such the latest and most unexpectedly found response in the hearts of our employees project happened on June 5, on the Day of Environmental Protection. If you don’t know, this year it’s the topic “Fighting for Plastic Pollution”. So, on the 5th we refused in the office from plastic bottles and glasses. Now we have only glass glasses, only glass bottles. And we were incredibly pleased to know that our employees support us. We received a huge amount of positive feedback, reviews. And it’s really very nice to see that everything we do resonates in our hearts.
We are doing a lot of charity initiatives, and these are initiatives both local, in Russia, and global at the level of the entire headquarters. And also we join various initiatives that take place in principle in the country. So, for example, we participated in the initiative “Someone’s life is no longer a trifle”, as well as “Old age in joy”. Our employees bought gifts for their grandparents on their own, brought them to the office, and we were simply responsible for delivering their gifts to the recipients for the New Year.
If we talk about our local initiative, we came up with a completely stunning project, which is called "Spring Landing." Indeed, we and the office staff arrange a landing every spring, we leave and ennoble public areas, we paint, plant flowers. We make our planet even more beautiful.
Very interesting! Anna, tell us about the other components of well-being. What projects are you implementing in other areas?
If we are talking about financial well-being, probably many of the things we do are traditional. Every year we evaluate the effectiveness of our employees, annually review wages. Be sure to develop various bonus programs. A very good initiative is the rewarding of employees who have been working for 5-10-15 years in the company today.
“By the way, are there many?”
Yes, we have a lot of employees who have been working in the organization for so long. This is also a good indicator of how comfortable and interesting it is for employees to work with us.
If we are talking about social well-being - this is about acceptance, about love, about gratitude - we also have various projects. For example, lunch with the CEO. We reward employees who demonstrate our values \u200b\u200bin their work, and they have the chance to meet all together with the CEO, communicate, discuss both working and personal issues. A very cool initiative, employees greatly appreciate the possibility of such communication with the first person of the company.
- Anna, please tell us about your comfortable office.
In 2017, we opened our new office. In fact, we moved from the fourth floor to the second, but here we feel like in a completely new place. Incredibly ergonomic, bright, very beautiful, with lots of greenery. We are sitting, Maria, in our kitchen, which is made like a French bistro - a special place where employees can have a cup of coffee, relax, chat with each other. In fact, it was very important for us to create an ergonomic, convenient, comfortable office for employees that meets the latest standards and trends in general by any standards. We are very proud.
Very comfortable, very cozy place. Good, and as for the next well-being initiative that you have, this is the so-called Success. Tell us more about the projects that you are conducting in this direction.
Here we really work a lot, and this is probably the area over which we will work in more detail in the coming years. Here we try to individually approach the development of our employees. We have various training programs for our top talents, for high potential guys, for those who will soon become managers.
We also have various solutions for all employees - this is mainly e-learning, a corporate library that is accessible to everyone. We try to form succession plans for key positions. And, indeed, it is very important for us that the people who work in our company can develop professionally here, build their careers and move up the professional ladder as well.
Thank you, Anna. And now the most interesting part: tell us about your personal recommendations, how you monitor your personal well-being.
I try to drink two liters of water a day, I try to go to the gym twice a week and smile as much as possible every day.
- Thank you, Anna, very much!
Thank you very much, Maria!
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