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Chernihiv. Meaning of the word Chernihiv Chernihiv tribe

CHERNIGOV

Chernihiv is one of the oldest Russian cities, the founding time of which is lost in ancient times. Chernigov already knows the most ancient authentic documents as one of the major cities of Russia. Oleg’s agreement with the Byzantine emperors Leo and Konstantin of 907 puts Chernigov immediately after Kiev in the list of cities receiving indemnities from Byzantium. In the middle of the 10th century, Emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny mentioned it among the most important cities of Russia.

In 1024, Prince Mstislav Tmutarakansky gave Kiev to his brother Yaroslav, and he chose Chernigov, turning it into the capital of the entire Dnieper left bank, the entire forest-steppe strip, the Don steppes and the strategic key of the Black Sea region - Tmutarakan land (the Russian principality on the Kuban River).

Chernigov land has always been open from the side of the steppe, and warriors of the far southeast often appeared near the steppes of its capital: either yasas (Alans) and kasogs (Circassians), then mysterious "there were, maybe Tatrans."

At the end of the XI century, Vladimir Monomakh reigned in Chernigov, and in the XII century the city passed into the hands of the descendants of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich - first the Davydovichs, and then the restless Olgovichs, whose Chernigov became a clan nest for a century.

Detinets is the Kremlin, a fortified central part of the ancient city.

ANCIENT CHERNIGOV

Mounds in "Elovsh ^ not

.- ^ Old cemetery

The plan of ancient Chernigov and the plan of the Vshchizh fortification Both plans are given on the same scale

Along with Kiev, Chernigov firmly entered the Russian epic epic. In Chernigov, their own literature was created, which, unfortunately, is known to us only in fragments.

Chernigov was the center of a large principality, the borders of which in the north passed through the Vyatka forests, and in the south coincided with the general borders of the resettlement of Russians. The Chernigov diocese extended all the way to Ryazan. The presence of an extensive necropolis around ancient Chernigov with princely and boyar barrows, the richest in Russia, the preservation of the most ancient of Russian architectural monuments on the territory of the city - all this gives Chernigov special value as an important object of diverse study.

The city of Chernihiv is located on a high hilly bank of the Desna River, in the place where it makes a sharp turn to the south-west, to Kiev.

Local historians count up to four ancient ancient settlements on the territory of Chernigov, which formed a characteristic nest of patrimonial fortresses. Here the later chronicled Chernihiv could develop. It was through the fusion of several small patrimonial fortified villages together that ancient cities such as Kiev or Isko-Rosten were formed. The banks of the Desna, cut by deep ravines, made it possible to create several fortifications simultaneously next to each other.

At the mouth of the Strizhnya River, which flows into the Desna River on the right, there is a detinets.

An ancient Posad adjoins its northwestern side, twice the size of the Detinets in area; the eastern border of the posad also rests on Swifts. From the west, the third part of the city, bearing the name “Tretiak”, is adjacent to Posad and Detinets, equal in size to the Detinet, but stretched along the coast from east to west. Even further to the west, as if continuing the Tretyak, is the territory of the Eletsky Assumption Monastery, founded in the XI century. Each of the sections of the city occupies a natural spur of the coast and is separated from the neighboring ones by deep and wide ravines.

The last belt of the Chernihiv fortifications began from the Yelets Monastery. The rampart, whose traces are still preserved in some places, goes from the monastery to the north, perpendicular to the line of the coastal cliff, and then / turns to the east, covering a significant territory in the north of the listed coastal parts of the city (Tretyak, Detinets, etc.). The line of these fortifications crosses the Strizhen River and goes along the Zastri-Zhenya, then turning south and closing in with a posad not far from the northeast corner of the detinets. The total length of this shaft is about 6.5 kilometers. Inside this northern semicircle of fortifications is located

the Paraskeva Friday Church on Torgu, built at the very end of the 12th century, the remains of two large mounds of the 10th century - “Princess Cherny” (opened in 1851) and the famous “Black Grave” (pagan burial in the mound of the Slavic prince).

Outside the northern half-ring (I will call it conditionally the second posad) until the 19th century, a number of barrow groups remained, stretching far to the side of Chernigov and representing the remains of a huge cemetery that surrounded the city from all sides.

On the left bank of the Desna, not far from the Church of Elijah, on the sandy hill, surrounded on all sides by channels and swamps, was the "Holy Grove" 1. The ancient city was surrounded by suburban villages, boyar estates, burial mounds.

The terms by which the annals refer to various parts of the city are explained as follows:

1. “Detinets”, or “the current city”, is what was called the old fortress, fortification in the XVII-XVIII centuries.

2. “Okolniy Grad” - the second belt of city fortifications, adjacent to the Detinets from the north, and possibly extending far to the west (Tretyak) to the Yelets Monastery, which arose in the second half of the 11th century. Traces of the fortifications of the "roundabout city" were noticeable in the XVIII century.

The Okolny Grad in the east rested on the Swifts river, and there was a gate.

3. "The fence with the prison." By the middle of the XII century, the volume of the capital of the Chernigov Principality was to expand greatly. Judging by the fact that the fence was taken only by the Polovtsy (bad masters of the assault on the cities), without the participation of the main troops of Prince Dolgoruky, one must think that the prison was not a particularly strong fortification barrier.

The indisputable confinement of annalistic terms to the parts of Chernihiv fortifications known to us is hardly possible. By its absolute size, the Chernigov detinets, together with a roundabout city (including Tretyak in its structure), is equal to Kiev in the time of Yaroslav the Wise.

Chernihiv in the era of the formation of the old Russian state

The ancient Chernihiv of the 9th-10th centuries is not well known to us; the remains of his Dwellings, streets and palaces are hidden under later layers, and only here and there, excavations at great depths open adobe kilns cut into the ground of the house and molded (i.e. made simply by hand, without using a potter's wheel) ceramics VIII-IX centuries. The remains of the cultural layer of this era are traced in the Chernigov detinets on

Similar tracts associated with the pagan cult of “groves” are found in almost every ancient Russian city. Near Novgorod the Great, at the exit from Volkhov to Lake Ilmen, there was a "Perunya Grove", and later the Peransky Skete. According to legend, this place is associated with the cult of Perun.

b Ancient Russia

Boyarsky mounds of the 9th-10th centuries on the Boldin Mountains near Chernigov

Significant space up the river Strižnu and in other parts of the city.

Judging by the fact that the two rich princely graves of Chernigov of the 10th century are located near the very walls of the Okolny Castle, one might think that the emergence of this line of fortifications dates back to the same time. The city was made up of a number of ancient settlements that appeared on the picturesque spurs of the high bank of the Desna, and the earthen rampart of the “roundabout city” combined the hill of the Eletsky Monastery, the Tretyak, and the “current city” at the mouth of the Strizhnya River.

Knowing little about the city itself and its buildings, we can comprehend its population by the vast necropolis.

The famous Chernihiv mounds once once surrounded the city walls with a wide arc and diverged in the direction of the most important

roads - to the southwest, northeast and north. The size of the necropolis at present does not lend itself to any precise determination, since the thousands of burial mounds that existed as far back as the 19th century are destroyed and razed to the ground.

We cannot determine how close the necropolis came to the walls of the detinets, but we can argue that the area of \u200b\u200bthe Princess Kerny and Black Grave mounds in the 10th century was already outside the city walls.

An analysis of the Chernihiv necropolis makes it possible to illuminate a number of important historical questions, such as, for example, about boyar and princely life, the topography of suburban villages and boyar estates and the time of their occurrence, about pagan rites, etc. The answer to all these questions can be obtained only in the result of dating the mounds and a comprehensive study of inventory and funeral rites. Sometimes it is possible to catch age differences on the funeral inventory.

In the 9th-10th centuries, two burial rites existed simultaneously: corpse burning and burial in a spacious pit with a log house. Log tombs, found in the immediate vicinity of Chernigov, contained the burial of a warrior with a horse. Consider the mound near the village of Gushchina. A saddled and bridled horse is placed in the northern part of the burial chamber, and in the southern part - the warrior himself with a battle ax, spear and other items of warrior equipment. At the feet of the deceased, according to Slavic custom, a pot decorated with a linear-wavy ornament and a wooden bucket were placed.

Felling tombs of Russian soldiers are reflected in epics; Such, for example, was the epic about Mikhail Potok.

Age-related differences in jewelry found in mounds of the XI-XII centuries in the city cemetery of Chernigov

And here they began to dig a grave,

They dug a grave deep and great.

Twenty fathoms deep,

And then Potok Mikhailo Ivanovich with a horse and harness warrior Dropped into the same deep grave.

And they covered the ceiling with oak And covered it with yellow sands.

In the Chernihiv necropolis, corpse burning was often found.

Both of these rites of burial near the Rus are described by Arab writers of the 10th century.

Chernihiv mounds of the 1X- ^ X centuries with corpse burning are the most valuable historical source. Firstly, they introduce us to the Complicated World of pagan representations and rituals, secondly, they reveal to us the life of warriors, boyars and princes with such completeness that is not available to all other types of sources, and thirdly, they make it possible to make a number of important conclusions about the nature of the deployment of warriors and boyars in the vicinity of the capital city, that is, the location associated with the boyar suburban estates.

The burial rite was complex and varied depending on the social position of the buried. The burial grounds of the warriors of the 9th – 10th centuries can be considered the burial mound located to the north of the Chernigov “prison” of the 12th century.

Mounds of these mounds from 3 to 7 meters high and from 10 to 25 meters in diameter covered the remains of bonfires formed from the burning of "dominos", or, as the chronicler called them, "pillars" - small burial houses built of thin, easily combustible logs .

The idea of \u200b\u200ba “house of the dead" is equally inherent in burials in pits when they dig a grave in the form of a big house, and in corpse burnings when only logs remain from the dominion. Of exceptional interest are the boyar and princely mounds of Chernigov, which have their own special names. I will dwell on two of them - “Gulbest” and “Black Grave”.

The burial ceremony was carried out as follows: in place of the future mound, in the center of it, a mound was constructed in the form of a truncated cone about 1.5 meters high and 10 meters in diameter. On this embankment (which, perhaps, was called in the antiquity of “steal”) a house was built for the dead man and his wife; all the things necessary for the ceremony (weapons, dishes, horses, bulls, saddles, tools) were packed in the house, and all this, surrounded by brushwood and straw, was set on fire during the funeral laments and cries of many relatives.

After the fire burned out, the deceased's relatives removed his remains from the fire: chain mail with semi-burned bones attached to it and a helmet with the remains of a skull. All this was temporarily taken aside and a huge mound with a thickened peak was built at the site of the fire. The circumference of such an embankment in the "Black Grave" reached 125 met

Bomber from the campfire, and ceremonial vestments put on time

The second clay mound

Primary mound (from the moat)

Backfill h. ^ Estimated

under the fire place "Yadina" -

Mr. customization Domoviny *

Bonfire

Section of the Black Grave mound according to updated data

Reconstruction of a princely burial in the “pillar” according to excavation of the “Black Grave” mound in Chernigov (mid-10th century)

the moat and inside it could fit, for example, the cathedral of Chernigov (Spassky Cathedral, 1036) and two churches.

Upstairs formed a platform of about 1,000 square meters. meters, in the center of which was laid the armor, or, more precisely, the remains of the deceased along with the armor, taken in advance from the fire.

The area around these remains is heavily rammed; this allows us to think that it served as a place for performing some part of the funeral ritual. In all likelihood, at that time “strava” and “trisny” were performed on the deceased. Strava is a wake, a funeral feast, for which there was enough space at the top of the embankment. Tree

on - this is a fight, competition, yelling - war games in honor of the deceased warrior.

Trizna coped obviously when the top of the embankment was crowned with armor.

After these celebrations, the mound was still almost doubled, leading to a height of 11-12 meters and a volume of up to 6,000 cubic meters. meters of earth and clay.

At the very top of the finally poured mound, a pillar was placed with the name of the deceased. The remains of such a pillar are preserved in the Black Grave.

The mound "Gulbische" on the Boldin Mountains in the vicinity of Chernigov can serve as an example of a rich boyar burial. Its date is the end of the 9th-beginning of the 10th centuries. The relatives carried here not only the remains of the deceased (in chain mail and a helmet) to the top of the half-buried mound, but also weapons: a huge sword in a sheath, a spear, large stirrups, a bit, arrows, an ax, and a shield.

The Black Grave mound dating from the golden Byzantine coin of 945-959 contained three burials: men, young men and women. A number of considerations make us think that not only a noble and wealthy man was buried here, namely the prince. In favor of this is the purpose of things, hoisted on a half-buried mound.

When filling the "Black Grave", the people who led the funeral rite did not care about pulling up all the weapons; they left a lot of weapons on the fire. But on the other hand, they were very attentive to richer presenting the connection of the buried with the cult. Here we see two thorn horns (obligatory attributes of Slavic deities), two sacrificial knives and, finally, a bronze idol. The contemporaries of the deceased made it clear to us that under the embankment of the “Black Grave” are people endowed with the rights of not only military leaders, but also priests, people who may need in the other world knives for the sacrifices and sacred rhytons 1 for the proclamation of welfare to fellow tribesmen.

Helmets and parts of a bow from Chernihiv barrows of the 9th-10th centuries

1 Rhyton - drinking vessels from the horn.

Such a combination of a warrior and a priest could only be in the person of the prince. We know that among the Slavs princes often performed the functions of supreme priests. I think that we have the right to recognize only two princely mounds of Chernigov - the mound of Princess Cherny, where a noble warrior equipped with a horn was buried, and the "Black Grave", where one or two noble warriors with horn horns were buried.

The “Gulbishche” and “Black Grave” mounds, as well as a number of other Chernihiv mounds of the 9th-10th centuries close to them, gave science hundreds of valuable things that made it possible to restore the types of clothing and weapons of the Russian nobility and princes of that time. Let us dwell on such rare items as the Turi horns from the "Black Grave" (mid-10th century).

Old Russian feasts sung in epics are themselves the remainder of a pagan ritual; it is possible that drinking from the horns, as the most archaic type of dishes, was one of the elements of the pagan holiday.

Turii horn subsequently becomes a mandatory attribute of the Slavic gods.

The most striking and interesting in terms of artistic performance are undoubtedly the two thigh horns from the "Black Grave". These turi horns first became known from the works of D. Ya. Samokvasov (in 1874). Since then, they have often attracted the attention of art historians. These horns are of various sizes: one of them is 54 centimeters in length, and the other is 67 centimeters. There is no sign of fire on the thin silver rim of the horns. The terrible heat of a grand funeral pyre, fusing all the deceased's jewelry into glassy ingots, did not touch the fragile silver of the turkish horns. In all likelihood, they were laid after all the funeral rites were completed. It is possible that, while saying goodbye to the deceased, before finally filling the ground with his remains, his relatives, remembering him, drank from the horns and put them next to their weapons. Both horns are equally bound in silver around the mouth and are decorated with square overlays in the middle. One of the horns (the smaller one) is decorated with a juicy plant pattern intertwined in garlands. This pattern, close to Iranian, was very common in ancient Russia and is found on things not of eastern, but of local origin. Such, for example, is the hilt of a sword found in Kiev, near the Golden Gate.

Another large turium horn is ornamented much more complicated. The master chaser made a wonderful frieze here from various monsters, birds and people.

The central place in the ornament of the frame is the composition of two human figures and an eagle. This composition is located just on the opposite end of the frame from the dividing palmetto; it is turned to the face of the drinker from the goblet and is central and basic.

The attention of researchers has long been attracted by two small figures of people lost among huge monsters, flowers and herbs, covered

yavchayut field silver rim. They were considered either hunters or children lost in the forest. Both figures are facing to the right, to the side of the eagle, bowing its head.

The left figure depicts a bearded man in obscure clothes like a long shirt (chain mail), without a hat. The right hand is stretched forward and catches something. In the left hand is a large bow of a complex system with a clearly defined way of attaching a bowstring; near the hunter, behind him, in the air, two whole arrows and one broken in half. One arrow, as it were, is directed to the back of the head of a man.

The right female figure, with a quiver at the waist, holds the bow in the left hand, and the right hand is bent in such a way as if the hunter had just lowered the bowstring.

The difference between this figure is the long braids, descending from the right temple to the thigh. You can even see something like two temporal rings in the place where the hairstyle goes into a braid. Judging by the braids, this. girl.

The eagle is depicted disproportionately large; his head is bowed to the right, wings are outstretched. A general look at the entire compositional group of two hunters and an eagle gives the following impression: hunters shoot a bird of prey; but neither in the bird, nor near it there are no arrows - they seem to return back to the hunters and are depicted behind them flying in the opposite direction, in disarray, with the plumage forward and partially broken. All this resembles fairy tales about the enchanted bird and the returning arrows. In Russian fairy tales and epics we will find many episodes, the heroes of which are the bird (proprietary) »man and girl. Often a man or a swan frees a girl from the claws of a predatory sorcerer-kite.

But the most complete analogy to the Chernigov horn is the Chernihiv bylina about Ivan Godinovich. The scene in all versions of the bylina is Chernihiv. The story of the epic is as follows: a young Kiev warrior Ivan Godinovich arrived in Chernigov for Nastasya (or Marya Dmitrievna), whom he liked, the daughter of a Chernihiv guest, already enlightened for Kashchei the Immortal. Ivan takes Nastasya to Kiev with force and threats. On the way, Kashchei attacks him, who with the help of Nastasya defeats Ivan and ties him to the oak.

Here in the epic a new element is introduced:

At that time, at that time a bird flew in, a black liar,

He lied on a raw oak tree,

He spoke the language of man:

“And not to own Marya Dmitrievna Tsar Kashchei Tripetov,

And to own Ivan Godinovich. ”

Kashchei is trying to shoot a bird from a bow, but the arrows fired by him, without touching it, return and hit Kashchei himself in the head with death. Ivan is freed.

Sacred Jar - Turium Horn from the Black Grave

Carved stones of the XII century. from Borisoglebsky Cathedral in detinets

The fairy tale motive of the return of arrows to the shooter, so well depicted by the chaser of the thorn horn, in epic is one of the central moments. It is available decisively in all versions of this epic (researchers count them up to 30).

The Chernigov horned horn depicts a bearded man in a long shirt or chain mail, who has just lowered the bowstring of his bow, Kashchei the Immortal, shooting at a bird of things. The girl with long braids and a quiver over her shoulder is the Chernihiv beauty Nastasya (Marya), the subject of a dispute between two men. Here she is also depicted with a bow in her left hand. Prophetic lizard (or eagle) is about to fly. Its wings are spread and one of them is raised.

Silver chain of the horn of the Black Grave

Upstairs is a general detailed view of the shackle; below is the detail (a bewitched arrow strikes the shooter himself)

Three arrows were thrown into the bird of things in the image, as it should be in a real epic or fairy tale, and all of them were behind Kashchei.

One of the arrows broke “floor” behind Kashchei. Another flew straight into the sky. The third arrow flies to the back of the head of Kashchei, who ran out to shoot a bird without a helmet, without a hat, with his head uncovered. The heart of the killed Kashchei should go to the wolves, and on the horn of the thigh, the wolf with open mouth is as if awaiting prey.

Matches are exceptionally complete. There is no only second hero, Ivan Godinovich. The Chernigov master concentrated all his attention on the moment of punishment of Kashchei the Immortal by higher forces for an encroachment on a bird.

Who is Kashchei? Which bird enjoys the patronage of witchcraft? Why is Kashchei’s death depicted on the sacred rhyton of the Chernigov prince of the X century?

In the epic, the antiquity of which dates back a thousand years, we have the right to search not for a genre scene, but for some hidden, deeper meaning. Perhaps a chased illustration of the epic will allow us to establish its literary history.

The most important character in the drawing of the horn of Thurry is a prophetic bird hostile to Kashchey. It is she who personifies the higher forces that defeat Kashchei the Immortal. On the horn, it is most like an eagle.

The eagle is known as the coat of arms of the city of Chernigov. Proved by the Soviet scientist, doctor of historical sciences A.V. Artsikhovsky, the deep antiquity of many Russian city coats of arms makes us take a closer look at this coincidence. The eagle, due to which Kashchei the Immortal finds his death on the horn of horns, is the prophetic bird of the Chernigov epic, and the eagle is the coat of arms of Chernigov. All this suggests that in ancient times the eagle was especially revered by the Chernigovites, perhaps as the patron saint of the city or tribe.

Tsar Kashchei the Immortal, Kashchey Tripetovich - this is perhaps one of the images of the steppe nomads, the image of the khan leading the raid, escaping death and hiding the full-fledged Russian beauty. In the XII century, “koshchei” were sometimes called khans; so, for example, Konchak is called in the "Word of Igor's Campaign" a "filthy scum."

Maybe the whole scene, embossed on a sacred rhyton, is an image of a simple, historically justified thought: the filthy “Koschei-Pechenezhin” raised his hand to the Chernigov eagle, but the strength of the bird’s things sent arrows back at the offender.

The master chaser, reckoning with the ritual character of the horn, wanted to show not so much the real death of Kashchei, but just the effect of the invisible, but imperious power of the spell.

Regardless of the correctness of the considerations expressed above, the turi horn from the "Black Grave" will remain one of the most interesting objects of ancient Russia, which will for a long time attract the attention of art historians, connoisseurs of everyday life and researchers of Slavic paganism.

Chernihiv barrow treasure.

<бища IX-X веков свидетельствуют о важном значении Чернигова в древнерусском государстве. В распоряжении черниговского князя были тысячи дружинников. По. пытки норманистов объявить часть курганов вокруг Чернигова скандинавскими потерпели полную неудачу.

Both rituals - both the corpse burning and burial in the log cabins - are attested by written sources of the 10th century as Russian.

Summarizing a cursory review of the mounds of the 9th-10th centuries, I would like to dwell on the question of the resettlement of warriors and boyars in Chernigov and its environs.

In the 9th-10th centuries, the population of Chernigov buried their dead not at the very walls of the children’s or roundabout city, but a little further, on the exit routes from the city. KladbiЪce breaks up into several separate troupes, which are spread out over a very large space, and down the Desna stretch for 18 kilometers to Scheetovits. Such dispersal Cher. -Nigov retinue burials can be explained by the appearance in the warriors of land holdings around the city, some of which are known to us by name (Gurichev, Semyn and others). It is noteworthy that in each mound group there are many ordinary small graves and several large mounds with a rich inventory.

Let us make an approximate comparison of the Chernihiv mound groups surrounding the city with the ancient annalistic names of the villages.

1. Mounds east of Chernihiv, among which there are several IX-X centuries, is a necropolis of the annalistic Gurichev, a suburban village.

2. The spring mounds of the 9th-10th centuries “in the old cemetery in Birch” are the cemetery of the ancient village of Semyn, mentioned in the annals. This group was dominated by several large mounds.

3. The neighboring group of mounds of the 10th century near the “Five Corners” is perhaps the necropolis of that ancient village, which in the 12th century became known as the village of St. Savior.

4. The mounds on Olegovaya Pole, grouped around a huge oval grave, perhaps should be associated with some princely village, which later took the name Oleg (the modern village of Olgovo). Here, on the land of the village of Olgova, a treasure of princely silver items of the XII century was found.

5. In the ancient tract of Boldino, a mound of a rich and noble boyar of the end of IX - the beginning of Khvek ("Gulishche") towered, surrounded by less significant mounds.

Swords of the X century from the boyar mounds in the vicinity of Chernihiv (Shestovitsy)

6. The neighboring Trinity group also had its own boyar barrow. It can be brought closer to the ancient suburban village of Gostynichy.

7. The necropolis of the village of Gushchina (near which there is a village with the significant name Kienki) is headed by a large mound with a log tomb. Here, in this village, a treasure trove of silver nest-type jewelry of the 10th century was found in 1934.

Expanding the range of our observations, moving along the ancient roads from Chernigov to Kiev, to Lubech, to Starodub, we will see that the necropolises of suburban villages quietly turn into urban ones with large and small mounds: Orgoshch in the north-west, Sednev in the north-east, Shestovi -tsy in the southwest.

This whole picture does not fit into the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Chernigov prince as the only center of attraction for combatants. On the contrary, we see around Chernigov a kind of “solar system”: the prince’s residence city is surrounded by several secondary centers, the borders of which approach almost the city itself; these secondary boyar centers have their "companions" surrounding them, entering their orbit.

Only land ownership, the need to be in the villages, a strong connection with the suburban estates could create such a vivid picture of the feudal dispersal of the Chernigov necropolis. There is no single aristocratic cemetery here. Huge boyar mounds of the "Gulbishche" type, Bezymyanny and large mounds of Gurichev are dispersed in separate groups, as if leading them. Archaeological materials allow us to draw the following conclusions about the social structure. The Chernigov boyars-soldiers of the 9th-10th centuries are not a crowd of landless princes surrounding the prince, they are landowners, overlords of their warriors, and lords of villages known to us from the annals. Vassalism without land grants was, obviously, already passed by the beginning of the 10th century for the feudal lords of the second city in ancient Russia - Chernigov, which was second only to Kiev. The Chernihiv boyars far beyond the city’s power exercised power over the surrounding villages, over the land, turning it into their feudal property, which was the basis of the feudal system.

The princely mounds - the mound of Princess Cherny and the "Black Grave", which the local legend always wanted to associate with the founder of the city of Chernigov, Prince Cherny, are not associated with any of the suburban villages. They, as befits the princely mounds, are connected with the sah \\ shm city, at the walls (or maybe at the gates) of which they grew.

sights

Guide

Chernihiv - a city located in the north-east of Ukraine, is the administrative center of the Chernihiv region and the Chernihiv region. River port on the right bank of the Desna, a junction of roads and railways.

Chernihiv is an ancient Slavic city, the historical center of Left-Bank Ukraine and one of the largest cities of Kievan Rus. The formation of the city, as shown by archaeological data, began at the end of the 7th century. Some finds of the Neolithic era in the vicinity of Chernigov indicate that the first settlers appeared here as early as 4 millennium BC. e., and the settlements of the Bronze Age discovered in the tracts Yalovshchina and Tatar Gorka indicate the settlement of the city in the 2nd millennium BC. e. In the 9th century, the city was the center of the East Slavic tribe of northerners, and at the end of the 9th century it became part of Kievan Rus. The city was first mentioned in the annals of 907.

In the XI-XII centuries, the city was ruined several times during the princely strife, as well as during the Polovtsian raids. In 1239 it was captured and devastated by the Mongol Tatars. Chernigov in the second half of the XIV century was annexed to the State of Lithuania, and in 1503 - moved to the Moscow State. In 1611 he was captured by the Poles, and seven years later (1618) he retired to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth under the Deulinsky Treaty, under whose authority he was before the revolt of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Since 1635 - the center of Chernihiv Voivodeship. In 1654 it became part of the Russian state. Since 1801, Chernihiv became a provincial city.

The cultural and administrative center of Chernihiv from the beginning of the XIX century to the present day is Red Square.

Throughout the city there are various architectural monuments, churches, museums and monasteries. The most ancient churches of Chernihiv are the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Elias Monastery, the Assumption Cathedral of the Yelets Monastery, built in the XI century, the Boris and Gleb Church, erected in the XII century, in which the Catholic Dominican monastery was located in the XVII century. No less interesting is the Holy Trinity Cathedral, in which the relics of Archbishop Filaret, the Monk Lawrence and St. Theodosius rest.

Among the museums of the city are the Historical and Literary Memorial Museum. M. Kotsyubynsky, Museum of History V. Tarnovsky, art museum, state architectural and historical reserve "Ancient Chernigov", a branch of the reserve "Sofia Museum".

The city has a large number of monuments - T.G. Shevchenko, A.S. Pushkin; Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Ivan Mazepa and others.

The city has several theaters, including the Chernihiv Music and Drama Theater and the Youth Theater. The doors of the puppet theater are open for young visitors to the city. Hiking in the public park named after M. Popudrenka, in the territory of which the light and music fountain is located, will also cheer you up.

On Val, on the Elets and Boldin mountains and in other places. On the territory of the modern city, the remains of Slavic tribal settlements of the 7th-8th centuries were found. The high bank of the Desna, cut through by deep holes, was a natural (created by nature) fortifications, which made it possible to simultaneously create several protected settlements in this area. Further growth of these settlements led in the VII century. to their merger and the formation of a city occupying an advantageous geographical position in a wide basin of the Desna River. Chernihiv already in the IX century. becomes the center of Seversky land, one of the largest cities of ancient Russia. The rapid growth of the city was facilitated by its advantageous geographical position in the Desna basin and its tributaries Dreams and Diet. In Desna, the city maintained contact with Kiev and further along the Dnieper with Byzantium. Desna opened the way to the lands in the upper Volga and Oka, as well as to Novgorod. On the Volga-Don Road, Chernihiv maintained contact with the Arab East. Crafts, agriculture and trade constituted the basis of the economic activity of Chernihiv.

The time of Kievan Rus (IX-XIII centuries.)

Chernihiv is an ancient settlement of the East Slavic tribe of the north. Oleg at the end of the IX century conquered the country of the north, which lived along the Desna, this town, obviously, already existed, since there is a mark on the stone preserved in the oldest church of the city, referring, in Greek, to the beginning of the X century. Becoming in the IX century. center of Seversky land, already in the X century. Chernihiv, along with other cities, is important in the defense of the Old Russian state from external enemies. In the XI-XIII centuries. Chernihiv - the capital city of the Chernigov-Seversky principality, which occupied vast areas of the left bank of the Dnieper. Along with Kiev and Novgorod, Chernihiv is one of the centers of Old Russian culture, a treasury of the architecture of ancient Russia. Here, outstanding architectural monuments of the 11th-13th centuries are still preserved. Thus, during the X-XIII centuries. Chernigov was the second after Kiev economic, political and cultural center of Kievan Rus.

Since 1024, Chernigov has become the center of the Grand Duchy, the western border of which was the Dnieper, to the Southeast its lands extended to the North Caucasus, and to the Northeast reached the banks of the Oka and Moscow rivers. Almost half of the Old Russian lands were part of the Chernigov Principality.

Transfiguration Cathedral

The first Chernigov prince, who is known not only from the excavations of the barrows, but also from the annals, was Mstislav, brother of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise. In the center of his capital city - "Detinets" (the territory of modern Val), he founded the princely court and began the construction of the Spassky Cathedral, which has survived to this day.

After the death of Mstislav, in 1036, Chernigov again became subordinate to the Kiev prince Yaroslav. However, already in 1054, Old Russian land was divided between the sons of Yaroslav. The Principality of Chernigov went to Svyatoslav II with whom the continuous clan of the Chernigov princes begins.

At the end of the XI century in ancient Russia, princely feuds erupted again. The history of Chernigov of this period was marked by a series of bloody wars. The city repeatedly passed from hand to hand. In 1078, Vladimir Monomakh, who reigned here until the age of 18, took it by storm. After the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097, Chernigov went to David Svyatoslavovich. From that moment, Chernihiv land forever came out of the power of the Kiev prince.

During the feudal fragmentation of the XII and the beginning of the XIII centuries. Chernihiv retained the glory of one of the largest cities in Russia. He remained the capital city of the great principality, and the Chernigov princes were the owners of many specific principalities.

Modern view of Pyatnitskaya church

Chernihiv of that time was the second among the largest cities in Russia (giving way to Kiev), an important political, economic and cultural center. It had its own monetary system. The architecture has reached a special development. The buildings of that time have survived to this day: Spassky, Borisoglebsky and Uspensky cathedrals; Ilyinskaya and Pyatnitskaya churches. During excavations in different parts of the city, the foundations of a number of civil structures were discovered, including the ruins of stone princely and boyar buildings. Ancient Chernihiv is characterized by a contrast between the rich mansions and the squalid dwellings of ordinary people. The city was famous for objects of applied art.

In the XI-XII centuries. Chernigov consisted of three parts, each of which occupied a natural ledge of the river bank, was surrounded by a rampart and was separated from one another by deep moats. Parts in the annals are indicated under the names:

“Detinets” (the Kremlin) - the administrative and political center of the city, was located on a mountain at the confluence of the right tributary of the Strizhenia River in Desna (the territory of the modern Val Reserve);
"Roundabout city" - adjoined to the detinets from the South-West, occupied a large territory on which the bulk of the population lived;
“Hedge” - located behind a roundabout hail. The total length of the rampart shaft reached 7 km. The ancient city was surrounded by suburban villages and boyar estates.

In Chernigov the chronicle was stored, Vladimir Monomakh, hegumen Daniel, Prince Svyatoslav Davydovich lived and wrote. On Chernihiv land was created (around 1187) an immortal poem, a monument of ancient Russian literature "The Word of Igor's Campaign".

The economic and cultural development of Chernihiv took place in close proximity to Kiev, Novgorod and other ancient Russian cities. Chernigov played an important role in the formation and development of the state and culture of ancient Russia. In the XI-XII centuries, the city was ruined several times during the princely feuds, as well as the Polovtsy.

Tatar-Mongol yoke (1239-1320)

The development of the city was interrupted for a long time by the news of the horde of Han Batu. In October 1239, a Tatar horde led by Hana Mengu attacked Chernihiv. A fierce battle unfolded under the walls of the city, but the forces were unequal, and there was no place to wait for help. October 12, the surrounded city fell. The Resurrection Chronicle reports: “th modern - warriors) he was beaten by swiftness and hail of gripping and burning with fire. ” Excavations fully confirm the lithographic notice of the tragedy. Chernihiv was turned into ruins, most of the inhabitants were either killed or stolen into slavery. The remaining population of the principality went north. However, the institution of princely power was retained. Later, the heads (princes) of the city (Mikhail Vsevolodovich and his son Roman Mikhailovich Old) were executed due to the refusal to perform the pagan rite, which they had to perform by order hana.

Time of domination of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Chernigov in the second half of the XIV century was annexed to the State of Lithuania. The Lithuanians sought to turn Chernihiv into an outpost on the southeastern border of their possessions. In the period 70-80s. 14 c. a wooden fortress was built to protect against Tatars. The city was governed by the governors of the Grand Duchy. Due to its advantageous geopolitical location, the city began to gradually revive. Chernihiv becomes a transit point not only for salt, tar and potash, but also for oriental goods: silk fabrics, carpets, brocade, fruits and spices.

As part of the Principality of Moscow (Muscovy)

The war between Lithuania and Russia - years. assigned Chernihiv to the Moscow principality. In the city of Chernihiv by order of the great sovereign Vasily Ivanovich ... the hail of Chernigov of the ancients was cut down. The fortress, powerful enough at that time, was a citadel castle.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the population of Chernigov gradually increased. The vast majority of houses are wooden. The area of \u200b\u200bmandatory stone buildings was limited to the Red (Bazaar) area. The main streets were lit by gas lamps, and since 1895 electric lighting was introduced. Cartage was dominant. The main cargo was transported along the Desna River. At the beginning of the 20th century, horse-drawn stagecoaches to Gomel and Kozelets run along the Kiev-Petersburg highway.

As part of the USSR

The time of independent Ukraine

According to the latest census in 2001, the population was 312.0 thousand people.

The population as of 01.01.2006 was 299,600 inhabitants.

Notes

Literature

Yatsura M.T. Chernihiv. Reference Guide. Kyiv region near the book and newspaper newspaper, 1961 (Ukrainian)

History of Chernihiv

Pre-urban period

Some finds of the Neolithic era from the vicinity of Chernigov indicate that the first settlers appeared here as early as 4 millennium BC. e., and the settlements of the Bronze Age discovered in the tracts Yalovshchina and Tatar Gorka indicate the settlement of the city in the 2nd millennium BC. e.

In the 1st millennium AD e. on the steep banks of the Desna and Strizhnya, there were several settlements of northerners: within the ancient central part of Chernigov on Vala, on the Eletsky and Boldin mountains and in other places. The rapid growth of the city was facilitated by its favorable geographical position in the Desna basin and its tributaries, Dreams and Diet.

For the first time the city is mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years under 907, when the Kiev prince Oleg, after a successful trip to Byzantium, obliged the Greeks to pay tribute to the largest cities of Russia. Chernigov in the contract was mentioned second after Kiev.

Principality of Chernihiv

In 1024, after the battle of Listven, Chernihiv became the capital city of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, brother of Yaroslav the Wise. In the second half of the XI century, during the reign of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the growth of the city continued. At this time, Eletsky (1060) and Ilyinsky (1069) monasteries were founded, which became the spiritual centers of the Chernigov-Seversky land. During the fragmentation of Russia, the Principality of Chernigov was assigned to the Olgovich dynasty (the founder of the dynasty was Oleg Svyatoslavich, the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise), during whose reign the ancient Chernigov reached its greatest prosperity: the total area of \u200b\u200bthe city is 450 hectares, the population is about 40 thousand inhabitants, which allows it to be considered one of the largest in Europe at that time.

Chernihiv possessions extended far east and south, to Murom (then to Kolomna) on the Oka and to Tmutarakan on the Black Sea.

Mongol-Tatar yoke; as part of Lithuania

The development of Chernigov was interrupted by the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russian lands. In October 1239, a Tatar horde led by Genghisides Munke attacked Chernihiv. An army led by Mstislav Glebovich came to the aid of the city, a fierce battle unfolded under the walls of the city, but the Mongols defeated. October 12, the surrounded city fell. The Resurrection Chronicle reports: "And many from the howl [of the warriors] were beaten at the speed and hail of grasping and burning with fire."

After the Mongol ruin, the significance of the center of the Chernigov-Seversky lands passed to Bryansk. The Bryansk principality was captured in 1356 by the Lithuanian prince Algerd.

According to the results of the Russian-Lithuanian war (1500-1503), as a result of the defeat of the Lithuanian troops in the battle of Vedrosa and the conclusion of the Annunciation truce, Chernihiv became part of the Russian state.

The fight between Russia and Lithuania

As part of the Russian state

To cover the borders in the middle of the XVI century. border Chernihiv was strengthened. The most fortified part of the city was then located on a raised cape (Val) protruding to the Desna and was a castle surrounded by deep moats and high earthen ramparts, on which stood tall wooden towers and walls. Inside the fortifications were temples, administrative and residential buildings, provisions and powder depots.

However, life in Chernihiv remained tense. The city was able to withstand the attacks of Lithuanian and Polish troops in 1506, 1515, 1534, 1563, 1579.

Time of Troubles

In 1604, Chernihiv was captured and plundered by False Dmitry I.

In the winter of 1611, Polish troops (troops of the Samuel Ermine subcommittee) almost completely burned the city and destroyed many inhabitants.

As part of the Commonwealth

In 1618, under the Deulinsky Treaty, the city ceded to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under whose authority it was before the Khmelnytsky uprising. In 1623, by the letter of the Polish King Sigismund III, Chernigov was granted Magdeburg Law and the Chernigov Magistrate was established. In 1623, gentry zemstvo city sub-court courts were established in Chernihiv, equalized with Kiev, and the voivodship was divided into two districts: Chernihiv and Novgorod-Seversky. A coat of arms with the image of a double-headed eagle on one crown is established. The Orthodox population living in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was subjected to national and religious oppression by Catholic Poles. The ancient Borisoglebsky and Uspensky (passed under the control of Dominican monks) cathedrals are turning into churches. In 1648, a major uprising broke out under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. In 1648, the Chernihiv Regiment was created, which from 1649 was headed by Martyn Nebaba, who died in 1651.

The uprising of Khmelnitsky

As a result of the Khmelnytsky uprising in the Zbor peace of 1649, Chernigov became part of the Zaporizhzhya Army, according to the Pereyaslav Treaty in 1654, together with all the lands of the Zaporizhzhya Army, it became part of the Russian state.

In memory of this struggle and the subsequent reunification of the Orthodox population, a monument was erected to Bogdan Mikhailovich Khmelnitsky (sculptors I.P. Kavaleridze, G.L. Petrashevich, architect A.A. Karnabed, 1956) in the central part of the city in the square bearing his name.

Outside the city is being built Trinity Cathedral, consecrated in 1695. Engineers Lamott and Deriver draw up blueprints for the new fortress and supervise the repair of damaged fortifications. The Chernigov collegium is being built. In the old city in the XVIII century, there were four gates - Castle, Kiev (Lyubetsk), Burnt (Loevsky) and Vodyany and three streets - Zamkova, Kiev and Vodyanaya. In the new city, there were four large streets. Of the city’s buildings, the “General Audit” mentions two wooden huts, a stone magistrate, a colonel’s house, a bench, an engineering team’s premises, an artillery yard, a parish school, regimental chancellery and temples. Most of the buildings were wooden. At this time, the city had about 4 thousand inhabitants. Three times a year, fairs were held in Chernihiv.

Near the city was a marina. Here, they not only received and sent ships, but also built new ones.

North War

The Chernigov Cossacks took part in the Battle of Poltava on the side of the troops of Peter I. After the victory, Peter the Great visited the Chernigov fortress on the way to the northern capital. At his direction, additional guns were installed. According to another version, Peter I did not want to drag obsolete guns to St. Petersburg. In 1899, the guns remaining in the city were installed on carriages brought from Kiev and placed on the edge of the Val, where they still stand.

From governorate to province

Until the beginning of the 80s of the XVIII century, Chernihiv remained the center of the regiment (as an administrative-territorial unit). After the liquidation of regimental division in Ukraine, in 1781 it became the center of Chernigov governorate, the first ruler of which was General Miloradovich. In the same year, the privileged Little Russian estates were most highly granted the rights of the Russian nobility. Two years before the end of the XVIII century, the Chernigov fortress was abolished as unnecessary, the fortifications were eliminated.

According to those years, the provincial Chernigov consisted of 705 houses of townspeople, 4 brick factories, 4 monasteries, 12 churches, 2 houses of worship and other government and commercial buildings. In 1786, by decree of Empress Catherine II in Chernigov, three monasteries of four were closed - Borisoglebsky, Troitsko-Ilyinsky, Pyatnitsky. Their buildings and territories were transferred to secular organizations.

Since 1801, Chernihiv became the provincial city of the then formed Chernihiv province.

Patriotic War of 1812

Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 (through Poland, the territory of modern Belarus and the Smolensk road to Moscow) did not lead to the occupation of Chernigov. Nevertheless, many residents of Chernigov joined the ranks of Cossack regiments and militias. The Chernigov Dragoon Regiment became famous on November 4 (old style) 1805 in the battle of the village of Shengraben in Austria. For this battle, the Chernigovites were the first of the cavalry units to receive the St. George Standard, bestowed by Emperor Alexander I “for the feat under Shengraben on November 4, 1805”, with the St. George topping and the inscription “Five against thirty”, which became the regiment's motto for many years. Subsequently, the regiment took part in the battle of Borodino. And in 1813 he was awarded seven silver pipes for Katzbach.

XIX - beginning of XX century

After the abolition of serfdom (1861), there was a gradual increase in the population: by 1897 its number was 27,716 people, in 1913 - already 35,850 people.

The vast majority of houses in Chernihiv were wooden, the area of \u200b\u200bmandatory stone buildings was limited to quarters around Red (or Bazarnaya) Square, with shopping malls built in the early 19th century. The streets, mostly central, were lit by gas lamps and only in 1895 was electric lighting introduced.

Two hospitals worked: the "zemstvo provincial" and the "community of sisters of mercy." At the beginning of the 20th century, the first private preschool institutions appeared: two nurseries and a kindergarten. In Chernigov there were 15 hotels, 9 restaurants and 3 buffets, a post and telephone office, as well as a telephone exchange, which in 138 served 138 subscribers.

Since the end of the 19th century, bank branches began to function in the city. In 1875, a city civil bank was founded. Wealthy residents of Chernigov used the services of a pawnshop, three savings banks and a mutual credit society. Fairs were collected four times a year, and three times a week the bazaar: on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The number of trade institutions increased rapidly: if in 1900 there were 428 shops and stores in the city, then in 1910 there were already 734 of them.

The development of the economy has contributed to the growth of professional education. At the beginning of the 20th century in Chernigov there were 3 vocational schools, 2 trade schools, a feldsher school, as well as a theological school and theological seminary. In 1916, the Pedagogical (Teacher) Institute was founded, which provided incomplete higher pedagogical education. In the fall of 1917, enrollment of students in the first mixed gymnasium with instruction in the Ukrainian language was announced. According to the first general census of 1897, about 53% of Chernihiv residents were able to read and write. On the eve of World War I, the total number of students in Chernihiv was 6.2 thousand people.

On the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries, writers lived in Chernigov: Mikhail Kotsyubinsky (buried in Chernigov), B. Grinchenko, V. Samiilenko, M. Voronoy, M. Chernyavsky, artist I. Rashevsky, historian V. Modzalevsky, etc.

Cartage was still the only means of transportation through the streets of the city. At the beginning of the XX century. thanks to the Kiev-Petersburg highway, horse-drawn stagecoaches ran constantly between Chernihiv and Gomel, Chernihiv and Kozelts.

February revolution

After the February Revolution of 1917, detachments of the Free Cossacks were created in Chernigov, and power passed into the hands of the Central Rada. Under the Ukrainian authorities, Ukrainization began (Siveryanskaya Mysl publishing house, the diary of the provincial zemstvo Chernihivschina, the organ of the provincial Council of Peasant Deputies “Narodnaya Slovo”, Ukrainian schools, etc.).

The first years of Soviet power. Civil War

Additional information: Foreign military intervention in Russia

On February 1, 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in the city, but already on March 12, 1918, Austro-German troops captured Chernihiv and the city returned to the government of the Ukrainian People’s Republic. In May 1918, an underground provincial committee of the Bolshevik party and the provincial committee was created in Chernigov, and the underground newspaper Worker and Peasant began to be published. On December 14, 1918, an armed uprising of the inhabitants of Chernigov began, which was brutally crushed. Soon, the Petlyura Directory replaced the Hetmans. On January 10, 1919, the Bogunsky regiment, under the command of N. A. Schors, took up positions northeast of the city, and the Tarashchansky regiment, under the command of V. N. Bozhenko, from the southeast. January 12, 1919 the city was taken by the Bolsheviks. The nationalization of industrial enterprises began, evening schools for adults opened in five points of the city. On February 11, the first performance of the Union of Professional Artists was staged in the Hall of Noble Assembly. The Znamya Sovetov newspaper began to appear.

In the summer of 1919, Denikin’s detachments entered the territory of Ukraine. On August 30, Denikin captured Kiev. On September 10, units of the Red Army launched a counterattack from Chernigov to Kiev - Kozelets was occupied. But having received reinforcements, Denikinites again went on the offensive on Chernihiv - on October 12, Chernihiv was captured. On November 7, 1919, Chernigov occupied parts of the Red Army and established Soviet power in the city.

Construction of the first five-year plans

From the trade and craft city of Chernigov turned into an industrial center. The growth of the city's industry was accompanied by intensive population growth: in 1913 - 32 thousand, and in 1939 - already 69 thousand.

In 1921, iron smelting, clinker, brewing and vinegar plants began work. On November 7, 1922, the October Hammer factory was opened. In 1925, there were 11 state enterprises in the city. In 1924, work began on providing water for working outskirts. A city development plan for 30 years was developed. This plan included the construction of administrative and residential buildings in the central part of Chernigov, as well as the arrangement of large tracts of green space. Industrial enterprises are being moved outside residential development.

In 1927-1929 a new power station was built. In 1928, the "Brick" association of the Chernigov brick factories was created and the construction of the Chernigov-Gomel railway was completed. Two years later, the Chernigov-Ovruch railway line was put into operation, and at the beginning of 1931 one of the largest railway junctions in northern Ukraine already functioned in the city. A year later, ship repair workshops began work. At this time, the number of enterprises reached 32, and the number of employees at them exceeded 1000.

In the years 1925-1932 Chernihiv was the center of the Chernihiv district. In 1932, the Chernihiv region was formed. According to the 1926 census, Chernigov had 35,200 inhabitants, including 57% of Ukrainians, 20% of Russians, and 10% of Jews.

Chernihiv retains its significance as a cultural center in the 1920s - early 1930s. It operated: the Historical Museum (the former Tarnovsky Museum, significantly enriched), the archive of the scientific community, the Institute of Public Education (since 1920). The activities of these institutions were closely connected with the SUAI, in particular with its historical section and the Archaeological Committee, with the central historical archives in Kiev and Kharkov, the Institute of Ukrainian Culture named after D. Bagalia (Kharkov) and others. In 1926, the theater was opened to them. Shevchenko. The names of the writers Pavel Tychina, Ivan Kochergi, Vasily Ellan-Blakytny, historians P. Savitsky, E. Onatsky, V. Dubrovsky, V. Shugaevsky, art critic O. Gukal and others are associated with Chernigov.

In 1934, the Museum of M. M. Kotsyubinsky and the Regional Philharmonic were opened. In 1936 a stadium was built. In 1937, a library for children was founded. In 1939 - a cinema named after N. Schorsa.

In the years of the first five-year plans, due to the growth of industry, the population of Chernigov increased, and in 1934 68.6 thousand people lived in Chernihiv, 57 industrial enterprises were operating, 109 retail outlets and 34 catering were operating. The medical care system consisted of a city hospital, 6 polyclinics, 2 special clinics, psychiatric and physiotherapeutic hospitals, 13 first-aid posts and 5 x-ray rooms. The city had 14 secondary and incomplete secondary schools, 2 universities and 4 technical schools, as well as 8 evening schools for adults.

The Great Patriotic War

Fights for Chernihiv

After heavy fighting in July and August, in which the Soviet troops could not stop the advancing enemy troops, the forces of the German Army Group "South" reached the Dnieper along the entire course from Kherson to Kiev. Army Group Center, advancing north of the Pripyat swamps, advanced to Smolensk.

On August 20, the advanced units of the 1st Tank Army crossed the Dnieper at Zaporozhye. After stubborn battles, the pontoon ferry in Dnepropetrovsk was also captured. At the same time, the 17th Wehrmacht army managed to force the Dnieper near Kremenchug and create a bridgehead on the left bank of the river to Cherkassy. The 6th Army came close to Kiev.

Thus, the forces of the Soviet Southwestern Front, located in the bend of the Dnieper, were threatened by encirclement. Five Soviet armies were concentrated here (from north to south): 21st (V.I. Kuznetsov), 5th (M.I. Potapov), 37th (A.A. Vlasov), 26th ( F. Ya. Kostenko), 38th (D.I. Ryabyshev).

On August 24, the German 2nd Panzer Group launched an offensive against the front in the direction of Konotop. A few days later, from the Kremenchug region, the first tank group of Kleist began to meet her, while simultaneously delivering an additional strike to Poltava, but soon deployed to the north-east with all its might. By the end of August, parts of Guderian managed to capture two bridgeheads on the river. Desna - at Korop and Novgorod-Seversky, threatening to go into the deep rear of the troops of the South-Western Front. In early September, fierce battles unfolded here.

The fighting for Chernihiv began on August 28, 1941, when the 2nd German army of von Weichs launched an offensive from the Gomel region on the defensive units of the 5th Army of the South-Western Front M.I. Potapov and, at the same time, squeezing between their units and units Guderian’s 2nd Panzer Group, which advanced eastward towards Konotop, the 21st Army of the Bryansk Front. Then the German aviation subjected the Chernigov to massive bombing. All industrial enterprises, cultural and educational and medical institutions, many architectural and historical monuments, over 70% of the housing stock were destroyed.

On the night of September 9, 1941, the Nazis captured Chernihiv. A two-year occupation began, accompanied by mass executions and sending civilians to forced labor in Germany.

During the war years, Chernihiv became the edge of the popular guerrilla warfare - guerrilla associations were created and actively operated in the region under the leadership of the party’s regional committee secretary A.F. Fedorov, N.N. Popudrenko, N.M. Taranuschenko, Yuri Zbanatsky and others. Over 12 thousand partisans inflicted enormous damage to the enemy.

The liberation of Chernihiv

The battles for the liberation of Chernigov began in mid-September 1943 and were carried out by the 13th Army of the Central Front under the command of Lieutenant General N.P. Pukhov. The frontal offensive operation of the Soviet troops of the Central Front in the Great Patriotic War was carried out as part of the Chernihiv-Poltava strategic operation - the first stage of the battle for the Dnieper.

On September 8, the 76th Guards Rifle Division advanced from the Orel region near Chernigov. For three days of continuous offensive, she advanced 70 kilometers and at dawn on September 20 approached the village of Tovstoles, three kilometers north-east of Chernigov, and then, on September 21, 1943, having captured the city and after three days of stubborn fighting, continued the offensive to the west. By order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief dated September 21, 1943 No. 20 of the division, gratitude was declared and the honorary name Chernigovskaya was appropriated.

During the operation, the opposing Wehrmacht troops were defeated, the Dnieper was boosted, and substantial assistance was provided to the troops of the Voronezh Front and the Steppe Front.

Postwar years

The war turned Chernihiv into continuous ruins. 50 industrial structures were completely destroyed and 57 industrial structures were severely destroyed, railway facilities, a power station, a radio center, and telephone communications were destroyed. As a result of hostilities, the city lost 70% of its housing stock. All this had to be restored. The call to raise Chernihiv from the ruins found a warm response and support among the population - the regional center began to rebuild almost anew. Already at the end of 1943, classes began at schools, and in 1944 - at a teacher's institute. In 1946, exhibits of the museum of M. M. Kotsyubinsky returned to Ufa in Chernihiv. In 1948, the city’s population was served by 91 doctors and 279 mid-level medical personnel. 1949 - the musical instrument factory started working again. In 1950, a railway bridge was built over Desna, and in 1951 a railway station was opened. In 1956, Chernihiv began to receive natural gas, and in 1957 the construction of a chemical fiber plant began.

After the Second World War, Chernihiv was rebuilt according to the general plan (1945, 1958 and 1968) and reconstructed. The city center was completely rebuilt in 1950-1955 (architects P. Buklavsky, I. Yagodovsky): new streets appeared, new neighborhoods were built, new boulevards, squares and parks turned green. The main highways of the city are built up with 3-5-story houses. Builders make extensive use of prefabricated concrete projects. By 1960, 300 thousand square meters of housing were built.

Workshops of industrial enterprises of the city were raised from the ashes and ruins, new enterprises were created, a railway station, bridges over the Desna River, and a river port were recreated. Chernihiv industry reached its pre-war level in the early 1950s.

Leading industries: chemical, food, light, building materials, woodworking. Enterprises: Chernihiv musical instrument factory (since 1934), factory for the primary processing of wool, sewing, shoe; food industry enterprises: meat factory, factories - dairy, brewing, confectionery, pasta, vegetable store; factories - reinforced concrete products, concrete, mechanical repair, woodworking and vegetable drying.

1950-1980s

An important event in the cultural life of the city was the opening in 1959 of a new theater building named after T. G. Shevchenko (architects S. D. Fridlin and S. P. Tutuchenko).

In December 1959, the Chernihiv synthetic fiber plant (Chernihivkhimvolokno) began work. In September 1960, the Chernigov branch of the Kiev Polytechnic Institute (now the Chernihiv National Technological University) made its first student enrollment. In 1961, the first turbine of the new Chernihiv TPP was commissioned. In 1970, the new Palace of Pioneers (now the Palace of Schoolchildren) opened its doors. In 1975, the Druzhba shopping center was opened; in 1976, a puppet theater.

The industrial growth of the city led to the fact that by 1979 the population had increased to 240 thousand.

In 1980, a new plan for the reconstruction of Chernihiv was developed. In the course of its implementation, the Gradetsky hotel and restaurant complex (1981), the Pobeda movie theater (1984) were built, the construction of secondary school No. 12 and the Desna publishing complex began.

The population of Chernigov grew rapidly: 1959 - 90 thousand (Ukrainians accounted for 69%, Russians - 20%, Jews - 8%, Poles - 1%), 1970-159 thousand, 1980-245 thousand people. By 1982, the population reached 257 thousand people.

In 1986, the most terrible tragedy occurred that Chernigov experienced during the entire post-war period - the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. Many residents of Chernigov, taking part in the elimination, gave their lives and health. In commemoration of the tenth anniversary of this nation-wide tragedy, a bronze monument was erected on the Alley of Heroes.

Religion

Of the ancient churches of Chernigov, the Assumption Cathedral of the Yelets Monastery and the Transfiguration Cathedral, built in the XI century, as well as the Borisoglebsky Cathedral (XII century), in which the Catholic Dominican monastery was located in the XVII century, are noteworthy.

In the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Elias Monastery, the relics of St. Theodosius of Chernigov (d. 1696), canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1896, as well as the Monk Lawrence (1868-1950), canonized by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in 1993 and the archbishop ), the canonization of which the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was made in November 2009.

In addition to the religious associations of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, Chernigov registered communities of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kiev Patriarchate, as well as the parishes of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. The city has a temple of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestant communities: Baptists, charismatics, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventist Church. Jehovah's Witnesses Meeting Jewish synagogue. The Karma Kagyu School Buddhist Center is also registered.

Culture and art

Museums

Museum of History and Literature M. Kotsyubinsky (Kotsyubinsky St., 3)
Chernihiv Regional History Museum V. Tarnovsky (Gorky St., 4)
Chernihiv Art Museum (Gorky St., 6)
Chernihiv State Architectural and Historical Reserve Chernihiv ancient (Preobrazhenskaya St., 1)
Branch of the reserve “Sofia Museum” (15 Mira Ave.)

sights

Architecture

The main architectural attractions of the city are 5 medieval temples erected in the XI-XIII centuries. Also, the city is notable for a large number of monuments of the Hetman period in the style of Cossack Baroque. Most of these buildings form architectural complexes on Val, which from the time of the founding of Chernigov to the beginning of the 20th century was the political center of the city, and on the territory of the Eletsky and Trinity-Ilyinsky monasteries founded in the 11th century.

Chernihiv Detinets (Val) - the historical part of the city in which the princely castle was originally located, and later - the Chernihiv fortress. Since princely times, 2 medieval temples have been preserved on Val. The Transfiguration Cathedral of the XI century is one of the most ancient stone churches of Russia, founded by Prince Mstislav the Brave. Nearby is the Borisoglebsky Cathedral of the XII century. Monuments in the style of Ukrainian Baroque complement the architectural ensemble of Val. Among them is the building of the Chernihiv Collegium - the first higher educational institution on the territory of Left-Bank Ukraine. Separate fragments of this building existed in the XVI-XVII centuries, and the main part was created during the hetmanism of Ivan Mazepa. The House of the Regimental Chancellery (XVII century) is one of the few surviving examples of the civilian stone architecture of the Hetman. Near Val is the Catherine’s Church, built in 1715 in honor of the Cossacks of the Chernigov Regiment, who took part in the capture of Azov in 1696. In place of the former ramparts of the Chernihiv fortress, 12 cannons of the 17th - early 19th centuries were installed. On the territory of Detinets there are also 3 buildings in the style of classicism - the house of the archbishop (1780), the governor (1804) and the Chernigov girls' gymnasium (1899).

On the site of the former retail square is Pyatnitskaya Church, built at the turn of the XII-XIII centuries. Next to it is Red Square, the modern appearance of which was finally formed after the Great Patriotic War. The architecture of the square includes buildings built during the period when Chernigov was the center of the province - the city magistrate, the provincial zemstvo, the police department and the state bank, as well as structures erected during the Soviet era, including the Shchors movie theater, Desna hotel and Music and Drama Theater named after T. Shevchenko.

To the west of Detinets is the Yelets Monastery founded in the 60s of the 11th century. The main temple of the monastery is the Assumption Cathedral, built in the XII century. On the territory of the monastery there are also cells (XVI-XVII centuries), the Peter and Paul Church (XVII century), the gate bell tower (1675), the church-tomb of Colonel Jacob Lizogub (1689), the ruins of the abbot's house (XVIII century). In addition, the house of Theodosius Uglitsky (1688) was preserved - the oldest monument of wooden residential architecture in Left-Bank Ukraine.

On the Boldin Mountains (Ukrainian) Russian. there is the Trinity-Elias Monastery, founded by Anthony Pechersky in 1069. Since these times, the complex of Anthony Caves has been preserved - an underground monastery, the development of which continued from the 11th to the 18th centuries. At the entrance to the caves is the Ilyinsky church of the 12th century. In the second half of the XVII century the monastery was significantly expanded. The Trinity Cathedral, the main building of the monastery, and the Vvedensky refectory church (Ukrainian) Russian, which is the only surviving two-domed church in Left-Bank Ukraine, were built. The 58-meter bell tower, erected in 1775, is the architectural dominant of the Boldin Mountains and all of Chernihiv.

Buildings of the XIX - early XX centuries have been preserved in the city, some of them are architectural monuments. On the Shosseinaya street (modern Peace Avenue) in 1912 the house of the Nikolaev diocesan brotherhood was built, in which the regional philharmonic society is now located. The building was created in the Neo-Russian style with the chapel of Alexander Nevsky dividing it into 2 parts (1870). In the city there are 3 buildings built in the neo-Gothic style - the manor of Grigory Glebov created in the form of a knight’s castle, the house of Vasily Tarnovsky and the house of the fire society. Ukrainian Art Nouveau influenced the building of the public school (1912) and the noble and peasant land bank (1913).

XI-XIII centuries

Transfiguration Cathedral (XI century)
Borisoglebsky Cathedral (XII century)
Elias Church (XII century.)
Assumption Cathedral (Chernihiv) (XII century.)
Eletsky Assumption Monastery (XI century)
Pyatnitskaya (St. Paraskeva) church (end of XII - beginning of XIII century)
Anthony Caves (XI-XIX century.)
Mound Black grave (X c.)
Nameless Mounds and Gulbirsk

XVII-XXI centuries

Catherine's Church (18th century)
Collegium (1702)
Regimental Chancery - Lizogub House (end of the 17th century)
Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Elias Monastery (1679-1689)
Theater House (1958, architects S. Fridlin, S. Tutuchenko and others)
Light and music fountain

Opened August 24, 2008. A special computer program regulates the jets of water, music and light that accompany them. The fountain was created for charitable contributions from sponsors - enterprises and entrepreneurs. The fountain bowl has a diameter of 12 m. It is built of labradorite stone, which is mined in Korosten of the Zhytomyr region. The highest stream of water reaches 10 m. The light and music fountain is programmed for more than 30 melodies. It works on schedule. (as of November 10, 2011).

Chernihiv in numbers and facts

The city is on the same latitude with London, Saratov, Stonehenge.
On the same longitude as Gomel, the capital of the Kingdom of Swaziland - Mbabane, the famous pyramids of Giza in Egypt and the geometric center of Ukraine - pos. Volunteering.
1st place in the ranking of the most environmentally friendly cities in Ukraine
City Day - September 21
The 76th Guards Chernihiv Red Banner Order of Kutuzov, 2nd Class, Airborne Assault Division (76th Guards Airborne Forces) is the oldest of the existing airborne formations. September 8, 1943 the division came from the Orel region near Chernigov. For three days of a continuous offensive, she advanced 70 kilometers and at dawn on September 20 approached the village of Tovstoles, three kilometers north-east of Chernigov, and then, having captured the city, continued the offensive to the west. The honorary name "Chernihiv" was assigned to the division by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of September 21, 1943 No. 20.

Chernihiv - This is the administrative center of the Chernihiv region in Ukraine.The city is located on the right bank of the Desna River. This is one of the oldest cities that existed already in the days of Kievan Rus. Chernigov has a population of 296,000.

History

Chernigov has a very rich history, because the city was the third important center of Russia after Kiev and Novgorod.

The first inhabitants on the territory of modern Chernigov appeared in the IV century BC. InThe II century BC the territory of the future Chernigov was already densely populated. There were several small settlements of one of the Slavic tribes - northerners.

The exact date of the founding of the city is unknown. It is only known that Chernihiv arose in the 7th century, after the settlements of the northerners increased and their territory closed, forming a single city.

In the IX century, Chernihiv became the center of Seversky land. And in the XX-XIII centuries Chernihiv is the center of the Chernigov-Seversky principality, which occupied a very large territory, from the North Caucasus to Moscow itself.

The city was first mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles in 907.

In 1024, Chernihiv became the center of the Chernigov-Seversky principality.

In 1036, Chernigov subjugates the Kiev prince Yaroslav.

In 1054, after the death of Yaroslav, Chernigov again became the center of a separate principality - Chernigov.

In 1078, Chernigov was taken by storm by the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh.

Chernigov finally came out of control of Kiev in 1097.

Historians claim that it was in Chernigov that the immortal poem The Word about Igor's Regiment was created.

In October 1239, the Mongol-Tatars attacked Chernihiv. A fierce battle broke out near the walls of Chernigov, but the forces were too unequal - the city surrendered. The population of Chernigov was hijacked. Chernihiv itself was completely burned to the ground, and the few surviving residents fled north into the forests.

In the second half of the XIV century, Chernihiv became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was the southern outpost of the Principality of Lithuania. Under the Lithuanians, the city began to revive.

In 1500, the Russo-Lithuanian war began. Chernigov after the victory of Russian troops over the Lithuanians became part of the Moscow Principality.

In 1604, Chernigov was attacked by False Dmitry I, a protege of the Polish gentry. The city was plundered. And two years later, in Chernigov, the insurgent detachments of Bolotnikov settled, raising a rebellion in the territory of modern Chernigov region.

In 1611, the city was captured by the Poles, and in 1618 it officially became part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

In 1635, the Chernihiv Voivodeship was formed, Chernihiv became its center.

In 1648, the Liberation War begins against the Polish gentry under the leadership of the Ukrainian hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky. A militia regiment is being formed in Chernihiv. In 1649, Chernihiv became part of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, and under the Pereyaslav Treaty of 1654 it became part of the Russian state.

After the formation of the Russian Empire, the population of Chernigov took an active part in the Northern War against the Swedish invaders.

In 1781, Chernihiv governorship was formed, the city became the center of governorship.

In 1801, the Chernigov province was formed, Chernihiv became a provincial city.

In 1812, World War II began against the French invaders. The city managed to escape the French occupation.

In February 1917, the power of the Central Rada was established on the territory of the city.

The first time Soviet power in Chernihiv was proclaimed on February 1, 1918. However, in March 1918, Chernigov was occupied by the Austrians and the troops of Kaiser Germany. Pogroms and riots began in Chernihiv.

In December 1918, the inhabitants of the city revolted, but it was brutally crushed by the German and Austrian invaders.

For the second time, Soviet power in the city was established in January 1919. The city was cleared of invaders by cavalry brigades under the command of Schors.

In the summer of 1919, the city was captured by the White Guard troops of Denikin. Finally, Soviet power was established in Chernigov on November 7, 1919 - exactly two years after the October Revolution in Petrograd.

Before the war, the city was developing rapidly, a stadium, the first library, and a cinema were built.

During the war, the city was occupied by the Nazis. The Nazis captured Chernihiv on September 9, 1941. Mass executions of the civilian population, the extermination of Chernihiv Jews, and forcible sending to work at the enterprises of the Third Reich began. In the forests adjacent to Chernigov, there were numerous detachments of local partisans.

Chernigov was freed from German occupation on September 21, 1943. The city was completely destroyed. Ten years later, the city was completely restored. In those days, it was a regional center within the Ukrainian SSR.

After Ukraine declared independence, the city remained the administrative center of the Chernihiv region. Today it is one of the most beautiful cities in Ukraine.

Map

Museums

Getting to know the ancient city. There are several interesting museums in the city.

Chernihiv Regional History Museum - opened before the revolution, in 1902. The museum bears the name of V.V. Tarnovsky. There are two exhibition halls: pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. There are interesting objects found during archaeological excavations: pottery, agricultural implements, artisans tools, bone products, porcelain, weapons, fabrics, ancient manuscript books, historical hetman universals (letters), icons, documents from the times of the October Revolution and the Great World War II.

Chernihiv Art Museum - there are about 4 thousand paintings, many paintings of Chernihiv artists, there are Cossack portraits, a large collection of works (paintings) by T.G.Shevchenko. There is also a department of Western European art and Soviet art. In addition to paintings, there is a unique collection of children's toys from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia.

Museum-Reserve of M. Kotsyubinsky - is in the former private house of the outstanding Ukrainian writer Mikhail Kotsyubynsky. In this house, the writer spent his last 15 years of his life. The house has preserved its home furnishings and interior, which was still during the writer's life.

Military History Museum - there are two departments: “Military history of the Chernihiv region” and “The military way of the former first guard army”. There is also a small exhibition of military equipment in the courtyard of the museum.

Museum of Architecture in Borisoglebsky Cathedral - founded in 1972. There are interesting exact reduced copies of all the churches of Chernigov.

Museum of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine - is located in the premises of the Office of Internal Affairs in the Chernihiv region. The history of the Chernihiv police is displayed here.

National historical and architectural reserve "Ancient Chernigov" - The most interesting open-air museum complex. The reserve includesthe most famous Chernihiv architectural monuments:

— Spassky Cathedral (the very first Christian church in Kievan Rus, built at the beginning of the X century);

- Mound necropolis;

- Anthony Caves (description will be further);

- A collection of ancient Chernihiv icons, about 800 pieces;

- A collection of old books, about 100 pieces;

- A collection of murals and wood carvings;

- national costumes of Chernihiv peasants;

- items of church worship;

- collection of Ukrainian embroidery;

- a collection of art metal;

- the gates of the Borisoglebsky Cathedral;

- More than 50 thousand items found as a result of archaeological excavations.

sights

Now it's time to walk the streets of ancient Chernigov.

Peace Avenue - the main street of the city. This is not a very old street; Stalinist buildings prevail here. The largest shops of the city, banks, cafes, restaurants are concentrated on this street. There are a lot of guests and always crowded.

Archbishop's House - one of the old beautiful houses of Chernihiv. Built in 1780. Currently, the State Archive of the Chernihiv Region is located here.

Anthony Caves - A very interesting place in Chernihiv. They are located underground in four tiers. Currently, only two upper tiers have been investigated. In the Middle Ages, residents of the city hid here, fleeing from the Tatars. In the caves there are several underground temples, as well as galleries with burial niches in the wall. The caves themselves are located on the territory of the Trinity Monastery.

House of Nikolaev Diocesan Brotherhood - This is a monument of architecture. Built in 1912. During the Civil War, military-political courses of the Red Army commanders were located here, before the Great Patriotic War, the Ukrainian Drama Theater was located here, now the Philharmonic Center is located.

House of the regimental chancellery of the Chernihiv regiment - built in the 17th century. It housed regimental clerks of the regiment, which was part of the troops of the Zaporizhzhya Sich.

Drama Theater named after Shevchenko - cultural institution of the city. The theater was created shortly after the civil war. The theater’s repertoire contains the best works of Ukrainian playwrights.

Red Square - the central square of Chernihiv. Chernihiv jokes that there isn’t enough Kremlin and chimes on this square. Here in the days of Kievan Rus was the main market of Chernihiv. Once this square was called Bazarnaya.

Regional Philharmonic - Located in the very center of Chernihiv, on Prospekt Mira. It was founded in 1944. The building is an architectural monument. Concerts of the most famous Ukrainian artists are often held here.

Manor of Grigory Glebov - Another beautiful house in the center of Chernigov. This is the estate of the famous Chernigov landowner. In its architecture, it resembles a medieval castle.

Barrow "Black Grave" - This is an old Russian mound of the 10th century. The height of the mound is 11 meters and its length is 125 meters. The dimensions are impressive. Many interesting objects were extracted from the mound by archaeologists - chain mail of warriors of the times of Kievan Rus, bows, arrows, sabers, swords, shields, gold and silver ingots, locks, keys, and even horns of a tour were found - an animal that is no longer present.

Land Bank building - A beautiful building, built in the Art Nouveau style in 1913. Before the revolution, the Land Bank was located here, and now there is a scientific library named after V.G. Korolenko.

Boldins mountains - This is a chain of hills up to 35 meters high, located near the city center. In ancient times, these hills were covered with oak forest. Now there is a monument to the Unknown Soldier and the Eternal Flame.

Chernihiv railway station - considered an architectural monument. This is a beautiful red building, built in 1951.

Chernihiv Detinets - This is a symbol and a business card of the city. In this place already in the 7th century there was a fortified settlement and from here, according to historians, Chernigov began to be built up and grow. In the days of Kievan Rus, the children had three entrances, there was a princely court, the main temples of the city and the estates of wealthy citizens. To date, Spassky Cathedral and the remains of the princely court have been preserved. Here is a beautiful Chernihiv park "Val".

The building of the Chernihiv Collegium - Another beautiful building in the center of Chernihiv. Built back in 1672. Currently, there is the administrative building of the National Architectural and Historical Reserve "Ancient Chernigov".

Places of worship

Chernihiv is the first Christian city in Kievan Rus. It was from Chernigov that Christianity began its journey on the Slavic lands. There are many churches here, and each Orthodox church is considered a unique monument of church architecture:

a) Orthodox churches:

- Transfiguration Cathedral;

- Yelets Monastery;

- Assumption Cathedral;

- Elias Church;

- Borisoglebsky Cathedral;

- Paraskeva Friday Church;

- Kazan Cathedral;

- Catherine's Church;

- Trinity-Elias Monastery;

- Lizogub church;

- Peter and Paul Church;

- Trinity Cathedral;

- Vvedensky church;

- Church of Michael and Fedor;

- the temple of All Chernigov Saints;

- Temple of the Archangel Michael;

- Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker;

- The temple of the 2000th anniversary of the Nativity of Christ;

- Resurrection Church;

- Church of St. Theodosius of Uglich;

- Church of St. Anastasia;

b) Catholic churches:

- Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit;

c) Protestant temples:

- Church of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists;

- Church "City of Light";

- Seventh-day Adventist Church;

- World Harvest Church;

- Christian Bible Church;

d) Jewish temples:

- Chernihiv synagogue.

Monuments

In addition to historical churches and buildings, in Chernigov there are a lot of interesting sculptural monuments:

- a monument to Antonov-Ovsienko - a Soviet revolutionary;

- a monument to the Fighters for freedom and independence of Ukraine;

- a monument to the victims of Chernobyl;

- a monument to Mikhail Kirponos, the Soviet general;

- a monument to Mikhail Kotsyubinsky, a Ukrainian writer;

- a monument to Yuri Kotsyubynsky;

- a monument to Nikolai Kropivyansky;

- a monument to Ivan Mazepa, the Ukrainian hetman;

- a monument to Nikolai Podvoisky, the Soviet revolutionary;

- a monument to Nikolai Popudrenko;

- a monument to Vitaly Primakov, the hero of the civil war;

- a monument to A.S. Pushkin, a Russian poet;

- a monument to the Ukrainian Cossack chieftain Vasily Senko;

- a monument to the Ukrainian hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky;

- a monument to soldiers-internationalists;

- a monument to T. Shevchenko, a Ukrainian poet;

- a monument to Nikolai Shchors, the hero of the civil war;

- a monument in honor of the liberation of Chernigov from Nazi invaders;

- a monument to the fighters for freedom of Ukraine.

Train stations

There is one railway station in Chernihiv. The city is located away from the main routes, traffic is not intense here. By train from Chernihiv you can leave for:

a) to the cities of Ukraine - to Kiev, Vinnitsa, Odessa, Ternopil, Lviv, Khmelnitsky, Sumy, Poltava, Kharkov;

b) to the cities of Russia - to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kaluga, Bryansk;

c) to the cities of Belarus - to Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Minsk.

Parks

The city has picturesque parks.

Park "Val" - Located in the very center of Chernihiv in the territory of Detinets. This is a very picturesque park, there are many alleys, there are benches for relaxation and beautiful flower beds.

Central Park of Culture and Rest - there are attractions for adults and children, sports grounds, there are walking alleys, places for recreation.

Markets

Central Food Market Is the best place to shop. There is a large selection - vegetables and fruits, and meat, milk, fish, cereals, and also sell consumer goods.

There is a flea market near the station, but this market is not very large. It sells cheap clothes and shoes, mainly from China and Turkey.

Climate

The climate of Chernihiv is continental. Winter is mild, but there are also significant cooling. Snow cover keeps steady. Summer is warm and humid with lots of thunder days. Residents of Chernigov prefer to swim in the Desna. Bathe all summer - from June to August.

The time of Kievan Rus (IX-XIII centuries.)

Tatar-Mongol yoke (1239-1320)

Time of domination of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

As part of the Principality of Moscow (Muscovy)

As part of the USSR

The time of independent Ukraine

Notes

Literature

see also

References

History of Chernihiv

Pre-urban period

Principality of Chernihiv

Mongol-Tatar yoke; as part of Lithuania

The fight between Russia and Lithuania

North War

From governorate to province

Patriotic War of 1812

XIX - beginning of XX century

The Great Patriotic War

Fights for Chernihiv

The liberation of Chernihiv

Postwar years

1950-1980s

Religion

Culture and art

Museums

sights

Architecture

XI-XIII centuries

XVII-XXI centuries

Chernihiv in numbers and facts

History

Map

Museums

sights

Places of worship

Monuments

Train stations

Parks

Markets

Climate

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