Kholmogory. The history of Kholmogory A passage characterizing Kholmogory
The village (4 thousand inhabitants) with the strange name Kholmogory is located 70 km from Arkhangelsk, higher along the Northern Dvina. The first mention of it dates back to the 14th century, and then it was called Kolmogory. The origin of the name of the versions is quite a lot, among others - that it is the re-twisted German Holmgard. Given that there are not only mountains, but also hills, and that locals pronounce with emphasis on the first syllable - Holmogory, this is even convincing.
In the 15-17 centuries, Kholmogory was a bishop city, the center of the diocese, which at that time also served as an administrative unit. In 1492, a caravan with a cargo of grain and the Embassy of Ivan the Third to Denmark was sent from here - 60 years before Richard Chansler thought up the northern barbarians and showed them how to get to Europe. With the founding of Arkhangelsk, the Kholmogory lost their role. And in our time, when Arkhangelsk itself is a poor regional center, Kholmogory is just a village.
I spent a little here - the evening of the first day and the morning of the second. Under the cut - photos from a two-hour walk in the village.
The Kholmogor bus station is located at the northern exit of the village, on the shores of the Northern Dvina, which at dawn looks like this:
However, this is not Dvina herself, but her Kuropolok duct. Behind the canal is the village of Lomonosovo, the former village of Mishaninskaya, the birthplace of Mikhail Lomonosov. I haven’t reached there, although this village seems very interesting - here is a link to the report af1461 . There are 4 kilometers in a straight line from Kholmogor to Mishaninskaya, but there is no bridge across Kuropolka - only a ferry that runs every 2 hours.
Houses on Morozov Square at the bus station:
Buses go to Kholmogory from Arkhangelsk quite often, and by two different roads: through Novodvinsk and further by villages along the banks of the Dvina, and along the Vologda highway through Matigory. The second road is more convenient and faster, the first is more picturesque, but in most of it there is not even asphalt - concrete slabs. However, for me it paid off with the landscapes of the northern villages, the views through the Dvina and the inspection from the window of the Novodvinsk bus - the city at the giant pulp and paper mill. I must say that the bus prices unpleasantly surprised me: for 70km I had to pay 150 rubles.
In the square at the bus station:
Kholmogory are located along two main streets: the embankment of the Northern Dvina and Lomonosov Street. Both of them begin at the square at the bus station, both of which can take you to the main attraction of Kholmogor - the Arikhiera yard in 20 minutes. Let's go along Lomonosov street:
5 minutes from the bus station - a hotel, or rather, a small hostel. She attracted me with prices - 270 rubles. per room without amenities. However, the conditions there are at the factory hostel level. But for spending the night - just right. True, you need to book in advance - there are too few seats.
Along Lomonosov Street - wooden sidewalks and houses characteristic of the Russian North:
A Kholmogory wooden 90%:
Although individual stone houses come across - but very rarely:
It was also a wonder for me that I calmly walked here at dusk and photographed wooden houses in front of honest people. People also walked, but culturally - for all the time I had never heard a drunken abuse. People looked at me with interest, but - as a tourist, not a terrorist. In response to a smile, they smiled. The sense of danger in the North disappears very quickly ...
Meanwhile, at the end of the street you can see the cathedral:
But actually it is still far away - after all, it is one of the largest cathedrals in the Russian North.
Not far from the cathedral, I liked this Soviet artifact - the building of the former pedigree factory (Kholmogorsk breed of cows?):
And finally, the Transfiguration Cathedral itself stands in front of its stern greatness:
As you can see, all of it is in the forests. And for me personally this is good news. How the cathedral looked more recently, you can see in the report af1461 , and not only there. It was forbidden to approach the cathedral closer than 4 meters, and a thick crack crossed its volume at half height. And whoever says anything, and even a European-quality repair, is better than a collapse.
But the forests did not give me a proper view of the cathedral and the bell tower, and their architecture is extremely interesting - see the link.
The cathedral and the bell tower are parts of the Kholmogory court of bishops. In the 17th century, in cities located far from the border, the Bishops' Court was synonymous with the Kremlin - the same in Vologda and Rostov the Great. The bishop's complex in Kholmogory was built in the 1680-90s, and initially included a cathedral, a bell tower and chambers. The cathedral was originally in its architecture one of the “descendants” of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral. Sometimes it is referred to as the largest cathedral of the Russian North - I don’t know how true it is, but with the Solvychegodsk cathedrals or their “namesake” on Solovy they are of the same scale.
View of the Bishop's Court from the side of the Dvina:
From left to right: the Bishop’s House, the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit, the Transfiguration Cathedral (the bell tower is hidden by him), the Church of the Twelve Apostles.
The latter is a later element of the court of bishops, was built in 1761 as a "warm" church.
A very strange appearance - it is not clear whether it looked so originally. In addition, there is no apse. She reminded me very much of the Komi-Zyryan churches of the same time in.
Icons on the facade:
The second "small" church of the Court of Bishops is the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit, located west of the cathedral:
There is little information about both "small" churches on the network, and it is controversial. The People’s Catalog of Orthodox Architecture claims that the Church of the Holy Spirit was built in 1865, although it is more distorted in architecture for 1685. Somewhere else it is mentioned that it was built in memory of the Braunschweig family - after all, in Kholmogory, Empress Anna Leopoldovna and her husband Anton-Ulrich Braunschweigsky, who were exiled there by order of Elizaveta Petrovna, spent many years in secret exile. In general, I can’t say anything for sure. Both "small" churches are operational.
Finally, the last, in my opinion, the most interesting (at least for the time being the cathedral in the woods) building of the Bishop's Court is the Bishops' chambers proper, built in the same 1680s.
Very beautiful and very medieval building:
On the horizon you can see the Resurrection Church (1686-91) in the neighboring village of Matigory - it is 3 kilometers along the road:
Houses and views around the Court of Bishops:
Obviously a Soviet building - and next to the bishop's buildings it looks very organic:
Typical house. A dog is visible on the frame - there are a lot of dogs in Kholmogory, and they represent a much more noticeable danger here than the gopniks, whom I almost did not see.
Barracks and worship cross:
And a long, long north sunset:
Although the walk along Kholmogory was simply indecently short, I really liked it here at sunset. I walked back already at dusk, got to the hotel in the dark, and here are a few twilight views:
Once again amazed that at such a time you can safely take pictures of everything you see; buying delicious cookies from good saleswomen; Having talked with the polite and polite receptionist at the shovel-type hotel, I thought that after two years of wandering in the south, I really yearned for the peaceful and hospitable North.
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Coat of arms of Kholmogory |
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| Country | Russia |
| Subject of the federation | Arhangelsk region |
| Municipal District | Kholmogorsky |
| First mention | XIV century |
| Timezone | UTC + 4 |
| Population | 4,592 people (2002) |
| Telephone code | +7 81830 |
| Car code | 29 |
| Ethno-burial | Kholmogorsk |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: 64 ° 13′30 ″ s. w. 41 ° 39′00 ″ in d. / 64.225 ° s. w. 41.65 ° c. d. (G) (O) (I) 64 ° 13′30 ″ s. w. 41 ° 39′00 ″ in d. / 64.225 ° s. w. 41.65 ° c. d. (G) (O) (I) |
| OKATO Code | 11 256 860 001 |
| Postal codes | 164530 |
Kholmogory is a village (until 1925 - a city) in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, the administrative center and largest settlement of the Kholmogorsky district of the Arkhangelsk region. In pre-Petrine times, it was the center of the Kholmogorsky diocese, the main city of the Pomeranian region. Since 2006 - the center of the Kholmogorsky rural settlement.
origin of name
Historians testify that the original name of this important trading village was not “Kholmogory”, but “Kolmogory”. This name is first found in the letter of the XIV century. Prior to this, here, on the site of the current city, there was a small village, and nearby, on Ukhtostrov and on the Mati Mountains, lived Novgorod novices. When the village and the two settlements grew and merged into a single whole, the large settlement was named Kolmogor. The word colmo or colme in Finnish means “three,” and undoubtedly this “counting” word is the first half of the name of the city of Kholmogory. There is no doubt that all the local names ending in "mountains" or "mountain" in their first half are not Russian, but "miraculous" words. The second half of the names is the Russian term, widespread in the north and meaning a high coast or just a coast.
Locals always emphasize the first vowel, and not the penultimate, like most.
History
The village of Kholmogory (originally Kolmogory, Kolmogorsky town) has been known since the XIV century. Fasmer's dictionary gives the following etymology of this toponym: From fin. kalma "death; grave "+ kari" cliff "; only in the order of folk etymology is it brought closer to “hill” and “mountain, mountains”. However, the origin from the Karelian words kolmo “three” and kari “river threshold” seems more likely. For an earlier history of the Pomeranian region, see Biarmia article.
In 1492, a sea caravan of grain came out from Kholmogor to Denmark by sea for sale on European markets. Since the embassy of Tsar Ivan III was delivered to Denmark by this caravan, the records of this campaign were preserved in the annals and became the first documentary evidence of the appearance of its own merchant fleet in Russia.
Link Location
One of the brightest pages of Kholmogory’s history is connected with the stay of the “Braunschweig family” here. In 1744, Kholmogory was chosen as the place of final exile for the family of the deposed Russian emperor John VI Antonovich. His father Anton Ulrich of Braunschweig, his mother Anna Leopoldovna (the “ruler of Russia”, that is, the regent under the ousted emperor in 1740-1741), as well as their daughters Catherine and Elizabeth, were brought here. Already in Kholmogorsk exile two other children were born - Peter and Alex. Anton-Ulrich died in Kholmogory in 1774, where he was secretly buried. The exact place of his burial is unknown.
One of the search groups announced that the remains of John VI rest on the site of the demolished Assumption Church. The "Braunschweig family" left the Kholmogory only in 1781 (with the permission of Empress Catherine II left for Denmark).
Heyday
Kholmogor flourished at the end of the 17th century, when all of Russia's trade with Western Europe went through Arkhangelsk. After the creation of the Kholmogorsky diocese (1682), its first head, Athanasius (Lyubimov) arrived in the city, who launched rapid construction activity in stone. The Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior Cathedral with a bell tower, the ensemble of the bishop's house were erected. The parish church in the nearby village of Matigory dates from the same time.
At the end of the 17th century, the Kholmogory became one of the centers of Russian icon painting. A peculiar folk craft is being formed - Kholmogorsk bone carving.
In 1762, the bishop's chair was moved to Arkhangelsk, and the Kholmogory began to decline.
The village in the Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk region., Pier on the North. Dvina, 5.2 thousand inhabitants (1992). Gollemzavod Kholmogorsky, dairy plant, timber industry farm. It is known from the 14th century. like Kolmogory, in the 15th and 16th centuries. large shopping center. Opposite Kholmogor, on ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Arkhangelsk Geographical Names of the World: Toponymic Dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Kholmogory village in the Arkhangelsk ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Exist., Number of synonyms: 2 city (2765) village (24) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Village in Russia, Arkhangelsk region, marina on the Northern Dvina. 5.2 thousand inhabitants (1996). Gollemzavod “Kholmogorsky”, dairy plant, timber industry farm. Known since the XIV century. like Kolmogory, in the XV XVI centuries. large shopping center. Opposite Kholmogor, on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Mn., Other Russian. Kolmogory (1 Sof. Letop. Under 1417, 260; Avvakum 201 and others). From fin. kalma death; grave + kari cliff; only in the order of the people. etymology brought closer to the hill and mountain, mountains; see Mikkola, Sat Drinov, 28; FUF 13, 374, 377; wrong… … The etymological dictionary of the Russian language by Max Fasmer
The village, the center of the Kholmogorsky district of the Arkhangelsk region of the RSFSR. A pier on the Northern Dvina (on the Kuropolok canal), 75 km south-east of Arkhangelsk. Gollemzavod “Kholmogorsky”, dairy plant, timber industry farm. Zootechnical College. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The village is a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region, 75 km southeast of Arkhangelsk. Located on the river. Severnaya Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok canal). The population of 5.2 thousand people (1989; 1.1 thousand in 1897; 965 people in 1926). Coat of arms Kholmogor. ... ... Cities of Russia
The village in the Arkhangelsk region, the center of the Kholmogorsky district. Located on the Northern Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok Canal). Population over 5 thousand people. Founded by Novgorodians in the XII century. as a stronghold in trade with the North (called Kolmogory ... ... Russian history
Kholmogory - Kholmogory. House Museum of M.V. Lomonosov. Kholmogory, a village in the Arkhangelsk region, the center of the Kholmogorsky district, 75 km south-east of Arkhangelsk (the nearest railway station). Located on the Northern Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok Canal). ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
County mountains Arkhangelsk province., 70 ver. from g. Arkhangelsk at the Moscow post. the path to the lion. side of the sleeve p. North Dvina Kholmogorka (Kuropolka), against the island of Kurostrov. On the other sides the city is surrounded by magnificent meadows irrigated by the river ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- The city of Kholmogor was crowded and famous ... Essay on urban planning and architectural history, M. I. Milchik. The book for the first time tells in detail about the architectural and urban planning history of Kholmogor - one of the oldest cities in the European North of Russia in the 16th century, the center of the huge Dvinsky district and ...
- North Russian carved bone of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century, I.N. Ukhanova. The album tells about the products of masters - bone cutters of the north of Russia - from Arkhangelsk and the village of Kholmogory. The publication has published more than 80 tone photo illustrations of bone carving ...
The village in the Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk region., Pier on the North. Dvina, 5.2 thousand inhabitants (1992). Gollemzavod Kholmogorsky, dairy plant, timber industry farm. It is known from the 14th century. like Kolmogory, in the 15th and 16th centuries. large shopping center. Opposite Kholmogor, on ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Kholmogory - Arkhangelsk Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001. Kholmogory village in the Arkhangelsk ... Geographic Encyclopedia
hill mountains - n., number of synonyms: 2 city (2765) village (24) ASIS Synonyms Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary
Kholmogory - a village in Russia, Arkhangelsk region, a marina on the Northern Dvina. 5.2 thousand inhabitants (1996). Gollemzavod “Kholmogorsky”, dairy plant, timber industry farm. Known since the XIV century. like Kolmogory, in the XV XVI centuries. large shopping center. Opposite Kholmogor, on ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Kholmogory - pl., other Russian. Kolmogory (1 Sof. Letop. Under 1417, 260; Avvakum 201 and others). From fin. kalma death; grave + kari cliff; only in the order of the people. etymology brought closer to the hill and mountain, mountains; see Mikkola, Sat Drinov, 28; FUF 13, 374, 377; wrong… … The etymological dictionary of the Russian language by Max Fasmer
Kholmogory - The village, the center of the Kholmogorsky district of the Arkhangelsk region of the RSFSR. A pier on the Northern Dvina (on the Kuropolok canal), 75 km south-east of Arkhangelsk. Gollemzavod “Kholmogorsky”, dairy plant, timber industry farm. Zootechnical College. ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Kholmogory - The village, a regional center in the Arkhangelsk region, 75 km southeast of Arkhangelsk. Located on the river. Severnaya Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok canal). The population of 5.2 thousand people (1989; 1.1 thousand in 1897; 965 people in 1926). Coat of arms Kholmogor. ... ... Cities of Russia
HILLS - a village in the Arkhangelsk region, the center of the Kholmogorsky district. Located on the Northern Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok Canal). Population over 5 thousand people. Founded by Novgorodians in the XII century. as a stronghold in trade with the North (called Kolmogory ... ... Russian history
Kholmogory - Kholmogory. House Museum of M.V. Lomonosov. Kholmogory, a village in the Arkhangelsk region, the center of the Kholmogorsky district, 75 km south-east of Arkhangelsk (the nearest railway station). Located on the Northern Dvina (marina on the Kuropolok Canal). ... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
Kholmogory - county mountains Arkhangelsk province., 70 ver. from g. Arkhangelsk at the Moscow post. the path to the lion. side of the sleeve p. North Dvina Kholmogorka (Kuropolka), against the island of Kurostrov. On the other sides the city is surrounded by magnificent meadows irrigated by the river ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- The city of Kholmogor was crowded and famous ... Essay on urban planning and architectural history, M. I. Milchik. The book for the first time tells in detail about the architectural and urban planning history of Kholmogor - one of the oldest cities in the European North of Russia in the 16th century, the center of the Dvinsky district and ... Buy for 825 rub
- North Russian carved bone of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century, I.N. Ukhanova. The album tells about the products of masters - bone cutters of the north of Russia - from Arkhangelsk and the village of Kholmogory. The publication has published more than 80 tone photo illustrations of bone carving ...
