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Architectural monuments that we have lost. The house I live in: Salt House

Provided with some abbreviations

In the USSR, an orphanage is a state educational institution for children who have lost their parents. Orphanages began to be organized from the very first days of the establishment of Soviet power.
Socialist humanism, tireless care and attention to children on the part of the Communist Party, the Soviet government and the entire Soviet people found their expression in the creation of orphanages.
The upbringing and education of children who have lost their parents is recognized in the USSR as the most important state matter.
During the years of great ordeals experienced by our homeland (foreign intervention during the Civil War, the Great Patriotic War), orphanages saved many hundreds of thousands of children who lost their parents.
Already at the very beginning of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Soviet government faced a huge number of poor, hungry and homeless children.
Long before the First World War, there were over two and a half million beggars and street children in tsarist Russia2. The homelessness of children increased even more during the years of the First World War and during the years of the intervention and the civil war.
The Soviet government was faced with the task of removing homeless and homeless children from the streets and saving them from physical death and moral decay. This task was entrusted to orphanages.
In 1921-1923. children's homes were created wherever there was an urgent need for them. Later, the number of orphanages began to decline due to the decrease in child homelessness. The total number of normal type children's homes in the USSR was as follows:
Years / Number of orphanages / Children in them (in thousands)
1921 .......... 5251 ... 260,6
1922.......... 7815 ... 451,6
1923 ......... 7120 ... 433,4
1924.......... 4976 ... 352,1
1925.......... 3572 ... 292,1
1926.......... 2925 ... 250,2
In January 1942, the Soviet government issued a decree on placement for upbringing in families of workers and on the trouble-free admission of all orphans to orphanages.
During the Great Patriotic War, the network of orphanages and the number of children in them increased significantly. Special orphanages were created for the children of soldiers of the Soviet Army and partisans of the Patriotic War and children whose parents died from the Nazi invaders. By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated August 21, 1943 "On urgent measures to restore the economy in the regions liberated from the German occupation", such special orphanages for 137,100 children were opened during September-November 1943. in nine areas.
In connection with the further liberation of the Soviet districts and regions from the fascist invaders, the Council of People's Commissars on November 10, 1944 issued a decree "On measures to expand the network of children's institutions."
During the blockade of Leningrad, the city department of public education, with the help of the city committees of the CPSU (b) and the Komsomol, carried out a lot of work to protect children who had lost their parents.
The Leningrad city and district departments of public education, with the participation of the Komsomol, teachers, housewives, identified orphaned children and sent them to orphanages. During 1942 alone, about 40,000 orphans were admitted to orphanages.
On July 1, 1941, there were 48 orphanages in Leningrad, on March 7, 1942 - already 98. In mid-1942, Leningrad orphanages began to be evacuated.
In the Stalingrad region on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, there were 24 orphanages with 2,500 children. In the first months of the war, the Stalingrad region received 41 orphanages with 9,000 children from areas threatened by the enemy (from Ukraine, Belarus, etc.). As the front approached the Stalingrad region, 70 orphanages were evacuated.
During the siege of Stalingrad, thousands of children were left without parents and shelter. Children were picked up by soldiers of the Soviet Army and employees of the public education department and sent to orphanages that were opened for them. In the Stalingrad region, special orphanages were opened for the children of the heroic defenders of Stalingrad.
By the end of 1946, there were 34 orphanages in the Stalingrad region with 4,500 children.
In 1946, in the RSFSR alone, the number of children in orphanages increased to 393,000, including 330,585 in general orphanages, 32,960 in special orphanages, and the rest in other children's institutions. The Soviet government showed exceptional concern for children whose parents died during the Great Patriotic War.
By the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 21, 1945, 92 orphanages were organized for children whose parents died in the defense of Leningrad.
In addition to orphanages funded by the state (including the local) budget, in the USSR there are orphanages organized by industrial enterprises.
There are also a significant number of orphanages in other union republics. So, in the Georgian SSR in 1949 there were 48 of them with about 5000 pupils, in the Uzbek SSR in 1951/52 there were 278 orphanages with 17,137 pupils, in the Byelorussian SSR in 1949 there were 297 orphanages, etc.
In orphanages, mostly orphans are brought up. Of the 393,000 children in orphanages in the RSFSR in 1946, there were about 120,000 children with only one parent (mostly a mother), and only about 20,000 children with both parents.
About 80% of children of orphans and half-orphans lost their parents on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War. Orphanages in the USSR differ in the age of their pupils and their special purpose.
Taking into account the age of the pupils, the following are organized: a) orphanages for preschool children - from 3 to 7 years old and b) for school children - from 7 to 14-16 years old.
In addition to special Orphanages, open for children of soldiers of the Soviet Army, children's homes for special purposes should include: orphanages for gifted children in the field of certain types of art: music, painting, sculpture, etc., sanatorium orphanages, etc.
Orphanages together with schools provide children with comprehensive education, mental, physical, moral, aesthetic and polytechnic education.
Orphanages train their pupils to be cultured, educated, disciplined, physically healthy, tempered, hardworking, honest people, selflessly devoted to their homeland and the Communist Party. Well-organized out-of-school educational work (lectures, circles) and labor training, orphanages should play a large role in the implementation of polytechnic education.
A number of former inmates of orphanages were awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, some of them achieved academic degrees, became prominent scientists, artists, and musicians. Many children from orphanages have received higher education and are highly qualified specialists - engineers, agronomists, doctors, and teachers. Many inmates of orphanages fought bravely for their homeland on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and were awarded orders.
Hero of the Soviet Union Alexander Matrosov, who is glorified by our homeland and about whom the Soviet people compose epics, was brought up in an orphanage.
Three Heroes of the Soviet Union - Bokov, Moiseev and Selsky - came from among the pupils of the Barnaul orphanage. Conductor of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, talented musician Ivanov is a former pupil of the orphanage. There are many such examples.
Such results are achieved because the orphanage develops conscious discipline, strong will, and the ability to overcome difficulties in its pupils with its clear-cut routine, well-organized educational work, the work attitude of the entire team of teachers and pupils, and reasonable spending of leisure time. In many orphanages, artistic work is highly regarded.
In the upbringing of children in orphanages, some elements of good family upbringing are combined with a broad organization of upbringing in a team and through a team.
For general education, children from orphanages study in nearby schools. Even if there are a large number of pupils in the orphanage, the school attached to it, serving only the pupils of this orphanage, is not organized, and the pupils attend a regular school.
This is done in order not to create isolation, isolation of the pupils of the orphanage.
Obtaining a seven-year education is compulsory for children in orphanages. At the end of the seven-year general education school, part of the pupils of orphanages move to vocational educational institutions, while the other part continues their general education in grades VIII-X of secondary school, remaining on the maintenance of the orphanage.
About 50% of inmates of orphanages are children of primary school age 7-11.
One of the components of upbringing in an orphanage is labor education, the task of which is to assist the school in the implementation of polytechnic education and at the same time teach professional skills.
To accomplish these tasks, workshops are organized in orphanages for school-age children. In 1946, according to 1528 orphanages, out of 100,844 inmates studied in workshops 46,000 over the age of 12 years.
Along with training in workshops in orphanages, labor education in the form of training and participation of children in housekeeping, in the field, in the garden, in the garden, in the work of labor and technical circles, has been introduced.
In the educational work of orphanages, extra-curricular reading takes an important place as a means of raising the ideological, political and cultural level of pupils. Many orphanages have significant children's libraries. For example, the orphanage at the Pravda station in the Moscow region has a library of several thousand books.
Other types of extracurricular work are widely developed in orphanages. Many orphanages have orchestras of wind and folk string instruments.
Various circles have become widespread in orphanages: literary, local history, young naturalists, historical and especially amateur art circles: drama, choral and music, choreographic, fine arts. There are also many sports clubs, chess, etc.
Tens of thousands of educators work in orphanages. Among them there are many who have devoted their entire lives to raising children who have lost their parents.
The Komsomol and Pioneer organizations play an enormous role in the educational work of school children's homes. Most of the children in orphanages are pioneers. Among older pupils, more than 40% are Komsomol members.
In each orphanage, to assist the director and the teaching staff in the upbringing and implementation of children's amateur activities, a student organization is created - a children's council.
In conclusion, let us dwell briefly on the characteristics of several children's colonies and orphanages.
In 1920 A. S. Makarenko created a labor colony for 4 juvenile offenders near the city of Poltava on behalf of the provincial department of public education.
The work had to start under extremely difficult conditions: a manor house with dilapidated buildings of the colony of juvenile delinquents that had been in pre-revolutionary times was assigned to the colony. There were no doors or floors. Even some of the stoves were dismantled into bricks. At the beginning of its activity, several young men were sent to this labor colony, undisciplined, completely decomposed, unwilling to work.
A.S. Makarenko, selflessly devoting himself to work, showing great pedagogical tact, tirelessly taking care of meeting the material needs of the colony, within 3 years managed to create an exemplary institution - the Labor Colony named after A.M. Gorky with a friendly work collective and well-organized economy.
In the colony named after A.M. Gorky, thanks to the pedagogical talent of A.S. Makarenko, exemplary discipline was established, and its own traditions were formed.
Its pupils were imbued with a sense of public duty and highly supported the honor of their colony.
A.S. Makarenko laid the foundation for education in a team, education in work, education of discipline, a sense of duty and honor, education of Soviet patriotism. The pupils with their labor served all the needs of the colony and at the same time went to school.
A.S. Makarenko, with pedagogical tact, was able to combine the power of a teacher with the great rights of the collective of colonists, great demands on pupils with love for them, freedom and necessity, duties and rights of the colonists. Organizing educational work in the colony, he skillfully combined elements of great efficiency and play.
Traditions and symbolism were of great importance: the horns' signals, reports, a simple elegant uniform, a banner, an orchestra, etc. This brought a peculiar beauty to the life of the colonists and promoted discipline.
In 1926, the colony, on its own initiative (with the appropriate permission of the People's Commissariat for Education), left a perfectly established economy near Poltava and moved to a colony for juvenile offenders in Kuryazh, near Kharkov, 280 inmates of which, as a result of inept educational work, completely decomposed and came to the colony only to sleep and there is. The vast lands of the Kuryazh colony were not cultivated.
With skillful methods, relying on his pupils, A. S. Makarenko quickly managed to subordinate the Kurdish people to his influence; In a short time, the slack people of Kurdistan turned into disciplined Gorky residents.
A.M. Gorky, visiting the colony in 1928, wrote:
“Who could change so unrecognizably, re-educate hundreds of children so cruelly and insultingly dented by life? The organizer and head of the colony is A.S. Makarenko. This is undoubtedly a talented teacher. "
In his letter to AS Makarenko (1933), Gorky wrote: "Your experiment is of tremendous importance and amazingly successful, in my opinion."
The continuation and development of the pedagogical work of A.S. Makarenko in the colony named after A.M. Gorky was his pedagogical activity in the F.E.Dzerzhinsky Labor Commune (from 1927 to 1935) on the outskirts of Kharkov. It was an educational institution for street children and teenagers.
In the commune named after F.E.Dzerzhinsky, two complex industrial enterprises were organized (the production of cameras and the production of electric drills), where all the pupils worked for four hours a day, devoting the rest of the working day to studying in secondary school.
The following data indicate the economic efficiency of this labor activity of the communards: within several years, all capital costs for factory buildings and equipment of enterprises were covered, all current expenses for the maintenance of several hundred pupils and teaching staff were fully covered, and moreover, as of January 1, 1934, the commune had free funds on the current account of 3 600 thousand rubles.
A.S. Makarenko in the Dzerzhinsky commune brilliantly proved in practice the possibility of combining successful education in secondary school with the paid productive work of children and adolescents in a technically highly developed production. In the commune named after Dzerzhinsky, extra-curricular work was widely and varied: educational, technical, art and physical education circles, a club, a theater, a cinema, a library.
Under the talented leadership of A.S. Makarenko, the former homeless, overcoming the remnants of the old, became a friendly family, a strong team of people full of a sense of duty and honor, respect for a person who can work productively, possess organizational skills, devoted to the Soviet homeland.
The colony named after Gorky is artistically depicted by A. S. Makarenko himself in the "Pedagogical Poem", and the commune named after Dzerzhinsky in his other work of art - "Flags on the Towers". These works are read not only by young people, but also by readers of all ages. Besides, AS Makarenko generalized his wonderful pedagogical experience theoretically in a number of pedagogical articles and lectures and in the “Book for Parents”.
In the village of Skurygin (st. Lopasnya, Moscow region) in November 1927 a special orphanage was organized - the Institute of Labor Education "New Life", which gives excellent results with its work. Girls are brought up in it. Its organizer and leader is an enthusiast in his field, a doctor by education, a teacher by vocation and talent - Petr Vladimirovich Potalak.
The institute is located in the former estate of the tsar maid of honor Vasilchikova. This institute has at its disposal 42 hectares of arable land, 20 hectares of park, 50 hectares of forest. A beautiful, spacious building accommodates a dormitory for pupils, a gymnasium, and the premises of the institute's directorate.
A secondary school is located in a purpose-built building. There are sewing, weaving and knitting workshops. All buildings are electrified.
The New Life Institute for Labor Education brings up former offenders - girls and teenage girls who are re-educated here and become honest, hardworking citizens of the Soviet Union.
The methods of educational work at the institute are characterized by its director P. V. Potalak in the following words: “In each pupil we first of all look for positive qualities and, relying on them, we are already starting the method of educational influences on this child.
We try to interest him in something, to reveal his abilities in any area and give every opportunity for the development of these abilities. A child, carried away by something interesting for him, gradually forgets the bad and thus corrects himself. "
P.V. Potalak and the teaching staff led by him carefully study the psychological characteristics of each pupil and give subtle individual characteristics.
A clear regime, education at school, labor education (agricultural work in the farm of the institute, in weaving, sewing and knitting workshops, as well as in home economics), well-organized work of the Komsomol and pioneer organizations, well-organized physical education, the development of extracurricular work, in particular choral and musical circles, the pedagogical skills of the director of the institute P. V. Potalak and the teaching staff and their skillful individual approach to each pupil - all this made the Institute for Labor Education "New Life" a remarkable educational institution according to its results.

Pavlov's house in Stalingrad and its history before the war

Before the war, Pavlov's house was an ordinary building with not all the usual reputation. Thus, party and industrial workers lived in a four-story building. The house on Penzenskaya Street, at number 61, was considered prestigious before the war. It was surrounded by numerous elite buildings, in which NKVD officers and signalmen lived. The location of the building is also noteworthy.

The back of the building was built in 1903. After 30 meters there was Zabolotny's twin house. Both the mill and Zabolotny's house were practically destroyed during the war. No one was involved in the restoration of buildings.

Defense of Pavlov's house in Stalingrad

During the Battle of Stalingrad, each residential building became a defensive fortress, from which they fought. All buildings on 9 January Square were destroyed. There is only one surviving building left. 09/27/1942, a reconnaissance group, consisting of 4 people, led by Ya. F. Pavlov, knocking the Germans out of a four-storey residential building, began to hold the defense in it. Having penetrated the building, the group found civilians there, who with all their might tried to hold the house for about two days. The defense continued with a small detachment for three days, after which reinforcements arrived. It was a machine-gun platoon under the command of I.F. Afanasyev, machine gunners and armor-piercers. The total number of people who came to help was 24 people. Together, the soldiers strengthened the defenses of the entire building. Sappers mined all the approaches to the building. And also a trench was dug through which negotiations with the command were carried out, and food with ammunition was delivered.

Pavlov's house in Stalingrad held out on the defensive for almost 2 months. The location of the building helped the soldiers. A huge panorama was viewed from the upper floors, and Russian soldiers could keep parts of the city captured by German troops under fire with a range of over 1 kilometer.

For two months the Germans strenuously attacked the building. They made several counterattacks a day and even broke through to the first floor several times. During such battles, one wall of the building was destroyed. The Soviet troops held the defense strong and courageously, so the opponents could not capture the entire house.

On November 24, 1942, under the command of I.I.Naumov, the battalion attacked the enemy, capturing nearby houses. died. IF Afanasyev and Ya. F. Pavlov received only wounds. The civilians who were in the basement of the house did not suffer for the entire two months.

Restoration of Pavlov's house

The Pavlov house in Stalingrad was the first to be restored. In June 1943, A. M. Cherkasova brought the soldiers' wives with her to the ruins. This is how the “Cherkasov movement” arose, which included exclusively women. The movement that emerged found echoes in other liberated territories. Volunteers began to rebuild the destroyed cities with their own hands in their free time.

January 9 Square was renamed. The new name is Defense Square. New houses were built on the territory and surrounded by a semicircular colonnade. The project was supervised by the architect E.I. Fialko.

In 1960 the square was renamed again. Now it is Lenin Square. And from the end wall sculptors A. V. Golovanov and P. L. Malkov in 1965 built a memorial, which has been preserved to this day and adorns the city of Volgograd.

By 1985, Pavlov's house was rebuilt. At the end of the building facing Sovetskaya Street, the architect V.E. Maslyaev and the sculptor V.G. Fetisov erected a memorial with an inscription reminding of the feat of Soviet soldiers in those days when they fought for every brick of this house.

A great struggle was between Soviet soldiers and German invaders for Stalingrad, Pavlov's house. History has preserved many unique and interesting documents telling about the actions of the enemy and our multinational defenders of the Fatherland and leaving some questions still open. So, for example, it is still argued whether the Germans were a reconnaissance group when the building was seized. IF Afanasyev claims that there were no opponents, but, according to the official version, the Germans were in the second entrance, or rather, there was a heavy machine gun near the window.

There are also disputes about the evacuation of civilians. Some historians claim that people continued to be in the basement throughout the defense. According to other sources, immediately after the death of the foreman, who brought food, the residents were able to be taken out through the dug trenches.

When the Germans demolished one of the walls, Ya. F. Pavlov reported to the commander with a joke. He said that the house remained ordinary, with only three walls, and most importantly, ventilation now appeared.

Defenders of the Pavlov House

Pavlov's house in Stalingrad was defended by 24 people. But, as I.F. Afanasyev says in his memoirs, no more than 15 people held the defense at the same time. At first, the defenders of Pavlov's house in Stalingrad are only 4 people: Pavlov, Glushchenko, Chernogolov, Aleksandrov.

Then the team received reinforcements. The accepted fixed number of defenders is 24. But, according to the same recollections of Afanasyev, there were slightly more of them.

The team consisted of fighters of 9 nationalities. Gor Khokhlov was the 25th defender. He was a native of Kalmykia. However, after the battle he was removed from the list. After 62 years, the participation and courage of the soldier in the defense of Pavlov's house was confirmed.

Also, the list of "crossed out" is supplemented by Abkhazian Aleksey Sukba. In 1944, the soldier, for some unknown reason, ended up in the named team. Therefore, his surname is not immortalized on the memorial panel.

Biography of Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov

Yakov Fedotovich was born in the village of Krestovoy, located in the Novgorod region, in 1917, on October 17. After school, having worked a little in agriculture, he entered the ranks of the Red Army, where he met the Great Patriotic War.

In 1942 he took part in the hostilities defending and defending the city of Stalingrad. Keeping on the defensive for 58 days a residential building on the square and destroying the enemy together with his comrades in arms, he was awarded the Order of Lenin, two And also for his courage he received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

In 1946, Pavlov was demobilized and subsequently graduated from school. After the war, he continued to work in agriculture. 09/28/1981 Y. F. Pavlov died.

Pavlov's house in modern times

Pavlov's house in Stalingrad was widely known. Today's address (in the modern city of Volgograd): Sovetskaya Street, 39.

It looks like an ordinary four-story house with a memorial wall from the end. Numerous groups of tourists come here every year to see the famous Pavlov house in Stalingrad. A photo depicting the building from different angles regularly adds to their personal collections.

Films about Pavlov's house

The cinematography of Pavlov's house in Stalingrad does not leave without attention. The film, shot about the defense of Stalingrad, is called "Stalingrad" (2013). Then the famous and talented director Fyodor Bondarchuk shot a picture that can convey to the audience the whole atmosphere of wartime. He showed all the horror of the war, as well as all the greatness of the Soviet people.

The film was awarded the American International Society of 3D Creators Award. In addition, he was also nominated for the Nika and Golden Eagle awards. The film has received awards in several nominations, such as Best Production Design and Best Costume Design. True, the audience left mixed reviews about the picture. Many do not believe her. To get the right impression, you still need to watch this film in person.

In addition to the modern film, many documentaries were also shot. Some with the participation of the soldiers defending the building. So, there are several documentaries that tell about the Soviet soldier during the defense. Among those there are films about Gar Khokholov and Alexei Sukba. It is their names that are not on The film tells a detailed story: how it happened that their names are not captured forever.

Cultural display of feat

In addition to films, many essays and memoirs about the feat of Soviet soldiers have also been written over the years. Even Ya. F. Pavlov himself described a little all the actions and his memories of the two months spent in defense.

The most famous work is the book "Pavlov's House", written by the author Lev Isomerovich Saveliev. This is a kind of story-story that tells about the courage and courage of a Soviet soldier. The book was recognized as the best work describing the atmosphere of the defense of the Pavlov house.

Children of war ... Sore eyes look at the sky.
Children of war ... In a small heart, bottomless sorrow.
In the heart, like a desperate thunder, The incessant thunders of the metronome. The metronome rattles incessantly.

Children of war Crammed into open teplushki.
Children of war Buried the toys of the killed ...
I can never forget Crumbs of bread on white snow. Bread crumbs on white snow.
(from the song "Children of War")

Below is a huge selection of photographs (350 pieces) of children who took a direct part in the hostilities and simply endured all the burden of those terrible years of the Great Patriotic War.

1. Fathers to the front, children to factories. 1941.

2. Hello Dad! 1945.

3. In search of shelter. Bryansk region. 1943.

4. Enemies burned down their home. 1941.

5. Replaced father. 1941.

6. Evacuation to the rear of the country. 1941.

7. In besieged Leningrad. 1942.

8. In the liberated Vinnitsa. 1943.

9. Young partisans of the Smolensk region. 1942.

10. Mogilev. 1942.

11. The boy swings on a swing suspended from the muzzle of a gun thrown by the Germans. Nearby is a girl with a small child on her lap. 1944 Ukraine, Nikolaev region.

12. View of the hostel of the 2nd Special Combine located in the tunnel. May 1942 Sevastopol.

13. Children play on one of the streets of Leningrad. 1942 g.

14. Children G. Sukharev and T. Khabaeva watering vegetables on the balcony of an orphanage in Kuibyshevsky district along Volodarsky Avenue. 1942 Leningrad.

15. Students of school number 6 Kalinin write letters home under the dictation of wounded soldiers who are being treated in the hospital. 1943 Kalinin.

16. Pupils of the 3rd grade of the women's school No. 216 of the Kuibyshevsky district are preparing tobacco pouches as a gift to the soldiers. G. Semenov in the foreground. 1943 Leningrad.

17. Daughters of front-line soldiers M. Borova and O. Bergamok undergo practical training on winding electric motors in the training and production plant of the Moscow City Council. 1943 Moscow.

18. Children of collective farmers in one of the villages of the Kalinin region in the forest near the dugout where they lived during the occupation. 1942 Kalinin region.

19. Children of the liberated town of Rzhev, Kalinin region. laying flowers on the graves of Soviet soldiers. 1943 g.

20. A group of kids playing on Petrovsky Boulevard. 1944 Moscow.

21. Schoolchildren of the Sineokovsky farm, Seryozha Zemlyansky, Shura Velichenko, Shura Ivashchenko and Volodya Polomarshchuk, collect ammunition and weapons abandoned by the Germans. 1943 Stalingrad region.

22. Women with children at the Mayakovskaya metro station during a night bombing. 1941 Moscow.

23. 6-year-old Tolya Voronov, who has completed a combat path with one of the guards divisions, meets his new comrades in the orphanage # 9. May 1945 Moscow region

24. Son of the regiment. 1st Belorussian Front

25. 15-year-old scout Vova Egorov with soldiers of his unit. April 1942 Army in the field

26. Gunner A. Oshurko with a young pupil of guardsmen K. Stepanov. January 1942 Western Front.

27. Schoolchildren of the collective farm "Belarusian Worker" collect mushrooms for the Red Army and the city's population. July 1942 Yaroslavl region.

28. Pupils of the school of the front-line village for stuffing cartridge belts for the Soviet air unit. 1942 g.

29. Schoolchildren of the Oktyabrsky District of Leningrad packing boxes with gifts to the soldiers of the Red Army. July 1941 Leningrad.

30. Schoolchildren of the Domodedovo school number 1 prepare gifts for the soldiers of the Red Army. September 1941 Moscow region.

31. Schoolchildren are caring for calves on a livestock farm of the Gigant collective farm. 1942 Penza region.

32. Excellent pupils of the 4th grade of the 47th school of Leningrad, awarded with medals "For the Defense of Leningrad". November 1943

33. Collective farm worker of the collective farm "Zarya" 7th grade student T. Pestova plowing fallow. 1943 Kirov region.

34. Pupil of Novouzenskaya MTS K. Varypaev, under the guidance of his mentor, locksmith IV Negodin, is trained in screw cutting. 1943 Saratov region.

35. Students of secondary school No. 8 Novokuznetsk for road repair. 1944 g.

36. Pioneers at home on Krymsky Val pour sandbags for a gas shelter and stairs at home. Moscow.

37. Evacuation of kindergartens and nurseries from the city. 1942 Stalingrad.

38. Boys of the city of Stalingrad. Komsomolskaya street. 1944 g.

39. Children of the nursery № 237 of the Kuibyshev District Health Department for a walk. October 22, 1941 Leningrad.

40. Science lesson in the 7th grade of school No. 239 of the Oktyabrsky district; on the right - teacher A.I.Bokonovets. April 1942 Leningrad.

41. Classes of a circle of folk instruments in the orphanage number 17 of the Smolninsky district. July 12, 1942 Leningrad.

42. Wounded children in the ward of the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute. 1942 Leningrad.

43. A group of painters - students of the Tikhvin school, for the restoration of the house. May 1943

44. Letter post sorter of the mail transport department of the Moscow railway station (left to right): 14-year-old stakhanovka Zhenya Sinogova, Komsomol members Maria Ivanova and Roza Menshakina, at work. May 29, 1943 Leningrad.

45. Schoolchildren of the Dzerzhinsky district go to work in the gardens located in the Summer Garden. June 10, 1943 Leningrad.

46. \u200b\u200bWounded children, victims of artillery shelling of the city, in the Leningrad State Pediatric Institute. July 1943 Leningrad.

47. Young defenders of Leningrad on the Palace Square. 1945 Leningrad.

48. A group of children at the loudspeaker installed in the Catherine Square, are pleased with the news of the surrender of Germany. May 09, 1945 Leningrad.

49. Pupils of the nursery for lunch in the bomb shelter. September 1941 Leningrad.

50. Nurses put newborns in cots in the nursery of the maternity hospital named after Professor Snegirev. 1942 Leningrad.

51. Children at the beds on the embankment in Leningrad. 1942 g.

52. Pupils of the nursery number 233 of the Vyborg district bathe in the shower. June 1944 Leningrad.

53. Komsomol members, pioneers and schoolchildren of secondary school No. 36 in Ivanovo organized a collection of gifts among the students for the soldiers of the Red Army. September 1941

54. The director of the school Aga-Yusup aula Arsarib Dovleet for receiving things for the front from students. December 1942 Turkmen SSR.

55. Students of the Vladivostok secondary school number 1 for the repair of uniforms. September 1942 Vladivostok.

56. Children of the commanders and soldiers of the Red Army are preparing gifts for the wounded soldiers of the hospital. 1942 Moscow.

57. Pupils of school number 3 in Ordzhonikidze read out a letter from the army. 1942 North Ossetian ASSR.

58. Pupils of the Berezovskaya secondary school are harvesting fruits in the orchard of one of the regional collective farms. 1944 Amur Region.

59. Students of the Ivanovo secondary school number 38 for harvesting carrots in the field of the farm. 1944 Ivanovo region.

60. The pioneers of the Glukhovsky cotton mill named after Lenin are sent to weed the collective farm field. June 26, 1944 Noginsk.

61. Children of front-line soldiers in the embroidery shop of the training and production plant of the Department of Public Education of the Sverdlovsk District of Moscow. 1944 g.

62. Children on home-made wheelbarrows are taking the luggage of German soldiers-vacationers to the station. May 1943 Oryol

63. Children are cleaning the boots of German soldiers. November 1942 Bialystok.

64. My mother accompanied me to the partisans. 1941.

65. Teacher E.M. Demina is teaching a lesson in the 7th grade of secondary school No. 10 of the Sverdlovsk district of Leningrad. Foreground: pupils Olya Ruran and Zoya Chubarkova.

66. Excellent student of the 4th grade of secondary school No. 10 of the Sverdlovsk region Timurovets Victor Smirnov (12 years old). Leningrad.

67. Children in a bomb shelter during an enemy air raid. Leningrad.

68. Pupils of the orphanage № 58 with the teacher I.K. Lyrtz in a bomb shelter during an air raid. Leningrad.

69. In the surgical department of the City Children's Hospital named after Dr. Rauchfus. Leningrad.

70. Toys of pupils of orphanage No. 58, victims of bombing and shelling. Leningrad.

71. Panel "Death to infanticides!" on the facade of a destroyed house (corner of Ligovsky Prospect and Razyezzhaya Street). Leningrad.

72. Year of birth 1942. (Consultant doctor L. G. Myskova with sleeping newborn children in nursery number 248 of the Sverdlovsk region). 1942 Leningrad.

73. Nina Afanasyeva - she was born during the blockade. Leningrad.

74. Tortured children. 1942 Stalingrad

75. The murdered boy Vitya Cherevichkin with a dove in his hands. Rostov-on-Don.

76. A resident of Lvov near the body of her child, who was shot in the ghetto. 1944 Lviv.

77. Concentration camp for the civilian population "Ozarichi". March 1944 Belorussian SSR.

78. A group of women and children from one of the settlements occupied by German troops.

79. Ilya Druzhkov, a 14-year-old plowman of the Komintern collective farm, plowing steam. 1942 Krasnoyarsk Territory.

80. Pioneers of the Kislovodsk school number 4 in the hospital. 1943 g.

81. A group of pioneers hands over gifts to a wounded soldier in a hospital. 1942 g.

82. Tatiana Onishchenko with her daughter in her arms, mortally wounded by fragments of a German bomb. Moscow suburbs

83. Finnish concentration camp. Petrozavodsk. June 1944
Soviet children-prisoners of the 6th Finnish concentration camp in Petrozavodsk. During the occupation of Soviet Karelia by the Finns, six concentration camps were created in Petrozavodsk to contain local Russian-speaking residents. Camp 6 was located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Transshipment Exchange and held 7000 people. The photo was taken after the liberation of Petrozavodsk by Soviet troops on June 28, 1944 by Galina Sanko.
This picture was presented as part of evidence at the Nuremberg trials of war criminals. The girl who is the second from the pillar to the right in the photo - Klavdia Nyuppieva - published her memoirs many years later.

86. “Disadvantaged villages Yagodnaya”. Soviet refugee children from the village of Yagodnaya, Oryol Region. July 22, 1943

91. Freed Field

92. Son of the regiment.

93. Young partisan. 1942 g.

94. Son of the regiment. 1943 g.

95. On the beach. Liberated Sevastopol. 1944 g.

96. Vitya Pozdnyakov, a young reconnaissance cavalryman, was awarded the medal "For Courage" for raids behind enemy lines. Steppe front. April 1943

97. Children of War

98. A teenager working on a drilling machine at a defense plant.

99. Son of a partisan. Belarus. 1944 g.

100. Roads of War, 1942

101. Hero of the Soviet Union, Guards Major Nikolai Pinchuk in his own collective farm. July-August 1945

102. Young partisan Pyotr Gurko from the For Soviet Power unit. Pskov-Novgorod partisan zone. 1942 g.

103. Liberation of Austria. April 1945

104. Children's concentration camp in Latvia

105. The freed children of Salaspils. 1944 g.

106. Pskov priest Fyodor Puzanov with his parishioners at the church. 1943 g.

107. Fountain "Children", Stalingrad. 1943 g.

108. Red Army soldier Ivan Kuznetsov arrived in his native village Beldyashki, Oryol region. 1945 g.

109. Pupils of an orphanage, orphans who lost their parents in the war. Some of these children were themselves prisoners of Nazi concentration camps. Village Malaya Lepetiha, Velikolepetikhsky district, Kherson region. 1949.

110. To my native village. Soviet women and children are returning home. 1943 g.

111. Children of the liberated city of Zhizdra - Raya and Gena Shcheglova. Kaluga region. August 1943

112. Two partisans from the Bryansk region. 1943 g.

113. Soldiers of the 51st separate motorcycle battalion of the 22nd tank corps of the 38th army of the Southwestern Front with Soviet children. 1942 g.

114. Children in Stalingrad are hiding from bombing German planes. 1942 g.

115. Padded Soviet tank T-34-85 and children sitting on it. May 1945

116. Jung of the Project 815 Red Caucasus guards cruiser of the Black Sea Fleet.

117. Poet E.A. Dolmatovsky and Soviet children.

118. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky puts an autograph on the Reichstag column. May 1945

119. An unknown soldier of the Red Army talks with ten-year-old Volodya Lukin, whose parents were taken to Germany by the Germans. Having lost his home, the boy froze his legs. 2nd Baltic Front. 1944 year.

120. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky with his comrades in Berlin. May 1945

121. The son of the regiment Volodya Tarnovsky with his comrades in Berlin.

122. Partisan reconnaissance officer of the Chernigov formation "For the Motherland" Vasily Borovik against the background of trees.

123. Soldiers of the Red Army are feeding a little girl.

124. In the bitter days of retreat. Dnipropetrovsk region. A refugee family is carrying their belongings to escape the advancing Germans. Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine, 1941

125. Children at the desks of a destroyed school in Stalingrad. Spring 1943.

126. Son of the regiment, Peter Korolev (1930-1998). 1945 g.

127. A group of officers of the 8th Guards Mechanized Brigade of the 3rd Stalingrad Mechanized Corps with the son of the regiment.

128. The commander of the partisan detachment presents a medal "For Courage" to a young partisan-scout. 1942 g.

129. A teenager cleans the boots of a wounded German soldier at an occupied railway station in the USSR. 1943 g.

130. Son of the regiment.

131. Young partisan intelligence officer Tolya Gorokhovsky. 1943 g.

132. Technician Sergeant Joseph E. Thompson teaches a Soviet boy English words. 1944 g.

133. Portrait of 15-year-old partisan intelligence officer Misha Petrov from the Stalin detachment with a captured German 9-mm MR-38 submachine gun. The soldier is belted with a Wehrmacht soldier's belt, behind his boot is a Soviet anti-personnel grenade RGD-33. Belarus, 1943

134. Soviet refugees.

135. Soviet teenage partisan Kolya Lubichev from the partisan formation A.F. Fedorov with a captured German 9-mm submachine gun MP-38 in a winter forest. 1943 g.

136. Sergeant S. Weinshenker and Technician Sergeant William Topps with the son of Regiment 169 of the Special Forces Air Base. Name unknown, age - 10 years old, served as an assistant weapons technician. Poltava airfield. 1944 g.

137. A boy of about seven years old at the site of the last battle, near the blown up Soviet tank T-34-85. Two more of the same tanks are visible behind.

138. Released children, prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp (Auschwitz) show camp numbers tattooed on their arms. Brzezinka, Poland. February 1945

139. Soviet refugees on the outskirts of the village in the vicinity of Kharkov. 1943 g.

140. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945

141. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. The kid examines the Order of Glory on the chest of a soldier. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945

142. Soviet soldier with a Czech child in his arms. Prague, Czechoslovakia. May 1945

143. Soviet refugees for cooking at the entrance to the dugout. Belarus. 1944 g.

144. Soviet children among the destroyed settlement. 1942 g.

145. The son of the regiment. On the chest there are signs "Guard" and "Excellent mortarman".

146. Schoolchildren of the liberated Gzhatsk (now the city of Gagarin) show German "ersatz-felt boots" to the Red Army soldiers. Smolensk region. March 1943

147. Employee of the 3rd Soviet hospital Olga Fedorovna Shcherbatsevich, who looked after the captured wounded soldiers and officers of the Red Army. Hanged by the Germans in the Aleksandrovsky Park in Minsk on October 26, 1941.

148. Soviet partisans - father and son. 1943 g.

149. Son of the 328th Guards Mortar Regiment Nikolay Imchuk (b. 1930).

150. Soviet soldiers with a teenager (possibly the "son of the regiment") in the liberated Czech village of Tsotkitle. 1945 g.

151. Member of the Military Council NS Khrushchev in liberated Stalingrad talking with a Soviet youth who survived the Battle of the City. 02/03/1943

152. Children lead a round dance against the background of airborne balloons. Most likely - the beginning of the winter of 1941. Moscow.

153. "All were hijacked by the fascists." Senior Sergeant Moiseev, the commander of the separate artillery reconnaissance of the 2nd battalion of the 4th battery of the 308th regiment, feeds a two-year-old girl Valya, which he found in one of the empty huts in the village of Izvekovo. Smolensk region, Vyazemsky district, 1

154. Pioneers sign their parcel, intended to be sent to the active army.

155. Soviet soldiers communicate with children released from Auschwitz. Poland. January 1945

156. A Soviet teenager sits at the barrel of an artillery gun abandoned during the German retreat.

157. Soviet children playing on an abandoned German tank Pz.Kpfw. V Ausf. D "Panther" in Kharkov. September 1943

158. Children at the German tank Pz.Kpfw knocked out by Soviet troops. IV.

159. Young partisan Vladimir Ivanovich Bebekh from the Chernigov detachment named after Stalin, commander Nikolai Popudrenko. 1943 Chernihiv region, Ukraine.

160. Village children sit on the turret of a damaged and abandoned German tank Pz.Kpfw.III. Winter 1941 -1942 Moscow region.

161. 13-year-old scout-partisan Fedya Moschev. October 1942

162. A group of prisoners of the Red Army with a pupil. In the background, a German guard. 1942 g.

163. Commander of the Northern Fleet's torpedo boat brigade A.V. Kuzmin presents the boy to Sasha Kovalev (01/04/1927 - 05/09/1944) the Order of the Red Star. 05/01/1944

164. Milk is being distributed to children in the Moscow metro, at the Mayakovskaya station, used as a bomb shelter. January 1942

165. Schoolgirls Valya Ivanova (left) and Valya Ignatovich who put out two incendiary bombs that fell into the attic of their house. Leningrad. 09/13/1941

166. Civilians at a rally in Smolensk, liberated from German troops. September 1943

167. Children at the ruins of a house in the Belarusian village of Lozovatka. 1944 g.

168. Children on the Soviet tank T-34-76 abandoned near the bridge. Photo not earlier than autumn 1942, as the tank is equipped with a "nut" turret, which has been installed since that time.

169. Released children from the Auschwitz concentration camp. January 1945

170. The commander of the rifle battalion, Major V. Romanenko (center), tells the Yugoslav partisans and residents of the Starchevo village (in the Belgrade region) about the military affairs of the young intelligence officer, corporal Viti Zhaivoronka. October 1944 Yugoslavia.

171. The commander of a rifle battalion V. Romanenko (second from right) tells the inhabitants of one of the villages in the Belgrade region about the military affairs of a young intelligence officer - Viti Zhaivoronka. Starchevo, Yugoslavia, October 1944