Lecture

Emergencies of a natural nature and measures to reduce the possible impact from them

1. Theoretical provisions

2. Natural phenomena of meteorological origin

3. Natural phenomena of geophysical origin

4. Natural phenomena of geological origin

5. Natural phenomena of cosmic origin

6. Natural phenomena of biological origin

Theoretical Provisions

Emergencies of a natural nature threaten the inhabitants of our planet from the beginning of civilization. The amount of damage depends on the intensity of natural phenomena, the level of development of society and the conditions of life. Natural phenomena can be extreme, extreme and catastrophic. Catastrophic natural phenomena are called natural disasters. Disaster- This is a catastrophic natural phenomenon that can cause numerous casualties and cause significant material damage. Total natural disasters worldwide increases.Natural phenomena most often sudden and unpredictableas well as they can wear explosive and rapid character.   Natural phenomena can occur whateverfrom each other (for example, avalanches and natural fires) and the interaction   (e.g. earthquake and tsunami). Humanity is not so helpless in the face of the elements. Some phenomena can be predicted, and some successfully resisted. For effective response to natural disasters, knowledge is needed the composition of the event, historical chronicle and local characteristics of natural threats.Protection from natural hazards may be active(e.g. construction of engineering facilities) and passive   (use of shelters, hills. Due to occurrence, natural phenomena are currently divided into six groups.

Natural phenomena of meteorological origin

Meteorology is a science that studies changes in the Earth’s atmosphere. These are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, air currents (wind), changes in the Earth’s magnetic field. The movement of air relative to the earth is called by the wind.   Wind power is evaluated on a 12-point Beaufort scale (at a standard height of 100 meters above an open, flat surface).

Storm -long and very strong wind, the speed of which exceeds 20 m / s.

Hurricane -wind of great destructive power and considerable duration, the speed of which is 32 m / s (120 km / h). Hurricane-force wind, accompanied by heavy rainfall, is called typhoon in Southeast Asia.

Tornado -or tornado - an atmospheric whirlwind that occurs in a thundercloud and then spreads in the form of a dark sleeve or trunk towards the surface of the land or sea. The principle of action of a tornado resembles the operation of a vacuum cleaner.

The dangers   for people with such natural phenomena are the destruction of houses and structures, overhead power lines and communications, land pipelines, as well as the defeat of people by the debris of destroyed structures, glass fragments flying at high speed. During snow and dust storms, snow drifts and accumulations of dust on fields, roads and settlements, as well as water pollution, are dangerous. The movement of air is directed from high pressure to low. An area of \u200b\u200blow pressure is formed with a minimum in the center, which is called cyclone.The cyclone in diameter reaches several thousand kilometers. The weather at the cyclone is cloudy with increased wind. Meteosensitive people during the passage of the cyclone complain of poor health.

Very coldy -   characterized by a decrease in temperature over several days by 10 or more degrees below the average for this area.

Ice -   a layer of dense ice (several centimeters) formed on the surface of the earth, sidewalks, roadway of streets and on objects and buildings when freezing rain and drizzle (fog) freeze. Ice is observed at temperatures from 0 to 3 C. As an option - ice rain.

Sleet -it is a thin layer of ice on the surface of the earth, formed after a thaw or rain as a result of cooling, as well as freezing of wet snow and raindrops.

Dangers.The increase in the number of accidents and injuries among the population. Violation of vital functions during icing of power lines, contact electric transport networks, which can lead to electric injuries and fires.

Blizzard(blizzard, snowstorm) is a hydrometeorological disaster. Associated with heavy snowfall, with wind speeds above 15 m / s and snowfalls longer than 12 hours

The dangers for the population are drifting roads, settlements and individual buildings. The drift height can be more than 1 meter, and in mountainous areas up to 5-6 meters. It is possible to reduce visibility on roads to 20-50 meters, as well as the destruction of buildings and roofs, breaks in power transmission and communications.

Fog -the accumulation of small water droplets or ice crystals in the surface layer of the atmosphere, which reduces visibility on the roads.

The dangers. Reduced visibility on the roads disrupts the operation of transport, which leads to accidents and injuries among people.

Drought -long-term and significant lack of precipitation, often at elevated temperatures and low humidity.

Heatwave -characterized by an increase in average annual ambient temperature of 10 or more degrees over several days

Ministry of Education of the PMR

Transnistrian State University named after T. G. Shevchenko

Department of Life Safety and the basis of medical knowledge

Subject: "Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards"

Head:

Diagovets E.V.

Executor:

208 student group

Rudenko Eugene

tiraspol city

PLAN

Introduction

Chapter 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

1. Strong fogs

Snowstorms and Snowdrifts

Tender and icy crusts

Rules of conduct for snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

Chapter 2. Description of icing in Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Dubossary districts

Conclusion

List of references

fog snowstorm snowdrift elimination

Introduction

The spontaneous actions of the forces of nature, which are not yet fully subservient to man, cause enormous damage to the economy of the state and population.

Natural disasters are natural phenomena that cause extreme situations, disrupt the normal life of people and the work of objects.

Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snowdrifts, volcanic eruptions, landslides, droughts, hurricanes, storms, fires, especially massive, forest and peat. Dangerous disasters are, in addition, industrial accidents. Of particular danger are accidents at the enterprises of the oil, gas and chemical industries. . Natural disasters occur suddenly and are extraordinary. They can destroy buildings and structures, destroy values, disrupt production processes, cause the death of people and animals.

By the nature of their impact on objects, individual natural phenomena can be similar to the effects of some damaging factors of a nuclear explosion and other means of attack of the enemy.

Each natural disaster has its own characteristics, the nature of the defeat, the volume and scale of destruction, the magnitude of disasters and human casualties. Each in its own way leaves its mark on the environment.

Advance information makes it possible to carry out preventive work, alert forces and means, and explain to people the rules of conduct.

The entire population should be ready for action in extreme situations, to participate in disaster management efforts, be able to master the methods of providing first aid to victims.

Natural disasters are natural hazards or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such proportions that cause catastrophic situations characterized by a sudden disruption of the population’s vital activity, destruction and destruction of material assets, destruction and destruction of people and animals.

Natural disasters can occur both independently of each other, and in interconnection: one of them can entail the other. Some of them often arise as a result of not always reasonable human activities (for example, forest and peat fires, industrial explosions in the mountains, during the construction of dams, the laying (development) of quarries, which often leads to landslides, avalanches, avalanches, glaciers, etc. P.).

The true scourge of mankind is earthquakes, floods, extensive forest and peat fires, mudflows and landslides, storms and hurricanes, tornadoes, snowdrifts, icing. Over the past 20 years of the 20th century, more than 800 million people (over 40 million people a year) suffered from natural disasters in the world, more than 140 thousand people died, and annual material damage amounted to more than $ 100 billion.

Three natural disasters in 1995 can serve as good examples in San Angelo, Texas, USA, May 28, 1995: tornadoes and hail hit a city with a population of 90,000; damage caused is estimated at 120 million US dollars.

Accra, Ghana, July 4, 1995: Heavy rainfall over the past nearly 60 years caused severe flooding. About 200,000 residents lost all their property, more than 500,000 were unable to get into their homes, and 22 people died.

Kobe, Japan, January 17, 1995: An earthquake lasting only 20 seconds claimed the lives of thousands of people; tens of thousands were injured, and hundreds were left homeless.

Natural emergencies can be classified as follows:

1.Geophysical hazards:

2.Geological hazards:

.Marine hydrological hazards:

.Hydrological Hazards:

.Hydrogeological hazards:

.Natural fires:

.Infectious diseases of people:

.Infectious incidence of farm animals:

.The defeat of agricultural plants by diseases and pests.

.Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards:

storms (9 - 11 points);

hurricanes and storms (12 - 15 points);

tornadoes, tornadoes (a type of tornado as part of a thundercloud);

vertical vortices;

large hail;

heavy rain (rain);

heavy snow;

heavy ice;

severe frost;

strong blizzard;

heatwave;

heavy fog;

frosts.

CHAPTER 1. Metrological and agrometrological hazards

Dangerous hydrometeorological phenomenon (OA) is understood as a phenomenon that, in its intensity, duration or time of occurrence, poses a threat to human security and can also cause significant damage to sectors of the economy. At the same time, hydrometeorological phenomena are estimated as OA when critical values \u200b\u200bof hydrometeorological values \u200b\u200bare reached. Hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena have an adverse effect on the production and economic activities of society. According to the UN, in the last decade of 1991-2000. more than 90% of the victims of natural hazards have died from severe weather and hydrological events.

1. Strong fogs

Fog is generally an aerosol with a droplet-liquid dispersed phase. It is formed from supersaturated vapors as a result of condensation. Atmospheric fog is a suspension of small water droplets or even ice crystals in the surface layer. The predominant droplet size is 5-15 microns. Such droplets can be maintained in suspension by ascending air at a speed of 0.6 m / s. When the number of such droplets in 1 dm3 of air reaches 500 or more, horizontal visibility in the surface layer of the atmosphere drops to 1 km or lower. It was then that meteorologists talk about fog. The mass of water droplets in 1 m3 (this value is called water content) is small - hundredths of a gram. The thicker fog, of course, has a higher water content - up to 1.5 and 2 g per 1 m.

Fog Characteristics .   The indicator water content of the fog is used to characterize fogs, it indicates the total mass of water droplets per unit volume of fog. The water content of mists usually does not exceed 0.05-0.1 g / m3, but in individual dense fogs it can reach 1-1.5 g / m3. In addition to water content, the transparency of the fog is affected by the particle size of its generators. The radius of the mist droplets usually ranges from 1 to 60 microns. Most drops have a radius of 5-15 microns at a positive air temperature and 2-5 microns at a negative temperature.

Fogs are a more frequent occurrence in the coastal regions of the seas and oceans, especially on elevated shores.

Where do water droplets come from in the air? They are formed from water vapor. When the earth's surface is cooled by thermal radiation (thermal radiation), the adjacent air layer is also cooled. The content of water vapor in the air may be higher than the limit for a given temperature. In other words, the relative humidity becomes 100%, and the excess moisture condenses in the form of drops. The fog formed by this (by the way, the most common) mechanism is called radiation. Radiation fog is most often formed in the second half of the night; in the first half of the day it dissipates and sometimes passes into a thin layer of low layered clouds, the height of which does not exceed 100-200 m. Radiation fogs are especially common in lowlands and wetlands.

Advective fog is formed by horizontal movement (advection) of warm, moist air over a chilled surface. Such fogs are frequent in oceanic areas with cold currents, for example, near Vancouver Island, as well as off the coast of Peru and Chile; You are in the Bering Strait and along the ridge of the Aleutian Islands; off the west coast of South Africa "over the Bengal, cold flow and in the Newfoundland region, where the Gulf Stream meets the cold Labrador current; on the eastern coast of Kamchatka over the Kamchatka cold current and northeast of Japan, where the cold Kuril current and the warm Kuroshio current meet. Similar fogs are often observed on land, when warm and humid oceanic or sea air invades the chilled territory of a continent or a large island.

Mists of ascension appear in warm and humid air when it rises along the slopes of the mountains. (As you know, in the mountains - the higher the colder.) An example is Madeira Island. At sea level, there are practically no fogs. The higher the mountains, the greater the average annual number of foggy days. At an altitude of 1610 m above sea level, there are already 233 such days. True, in the mountains, fogs are practically inseparable from low clouds. Therefore, on average, there are much more fogs on mountain weather stations than on the plains. At El Paso Station in Colombia, at an altitude of 3624 m above sea level, there are an average of 359 foggy days per year. On Elbrus at an altitude of 4250 m, on average, there are 234 days with fog on average, and 237 days on the top of Taganai Mountain in the Southern Urals. Among stations close to sea level, the largest average number of days with fog per year (251) is observed in the US state of Washington - on the island of Tatush, and in our country - on the Sakhalin cape Terpeniya (121) and on the Kamchatka cape Lopatka (115). One of the largest centers of fogging is in the Republic of Zaire. There are many swamps on its territory, the equatorial-tropical climate prevailing here is characterized by high temperatures and humidity, the country is located in a vast hollow with weakened air circulation in the surface layers of the atmosphere. Thanks to such conditions, in the southwestern part of the republic there are 200 or more days with fog annually. Of course, when they talk about a foggy day, this does not mean that the fog is held around the clock. The longest average fog duration is observed in our country at Cape Terpeniya and amounts to 11.5 hours. But if we introduce another indicator of “nebula” - the average annual number of hours with fog, then the Fichtelberg Mountain Weather Station (GDR) holds a record of 3881 hours. This is a little less than half the number of hours per year. The longest was a three-month dry fog over Europe in 1783, caused by the intense activity of Icelandic volcanoes. In 1932, wet fog at the US Cincinnati airport at an altitude of 170 m above sea level lasted 38 days. Fogs can become more frequent in certain months of the year. In July, m Patience can be up to 29 days with fog, in August on the Kuril Islands. - up to 28 days, in January-February on the mountain peaks of the Crimea and the Urals - up to 24 days.

Fogs significantly complicate transport communication due to a decrease in horizontal visibility, which is why this atmospheric phenomenon particularly worries airport controllers, sea and river port workers, pilots, ship captains, and car drivers. Over the past 50 years on Earth, 7,000 people have died from the activities of fogs.

Difficulties associated with aviation and flights.

The wind speed during radiation fog does not exceed 3 m / s. The vertical power of the fog can range from several meters to several tens of meters; rivers, large landmarks and lights are clearly visible through it. Visibility near the ground can deteriorate to 100 or less. Flight visibility deteriorates sharply when entering the fog layer at landing. Flying above the radiation fog does not present any particular difficulties, since in most cases it is spotted and makes it possible to conduct visual orientation. However, in the cold season, such mists can occupy significant areas and, merging with the overlying layered clouds, persist for several days. In this case, the fog can be a serious obstacle to flying.

Flying at low altitudes through the front at which the fog has formed is rather complicated, especially if the layer of fog merges with: overlying frontal clouds and the fog zone is wide. In the presence of fog at the front, it is more expedient to perform a flight above the upper boundary of the fog.

Fogs in mountainous areas arise as a result of rising and cooling air along the windward slopes or when clouds formed in another area approach and close the hills. In the absence of cloudiness over the ridge, flying above such a fog does not present serious difficulties.

Frosty mists   - A frequent occurrence at aerodromes, where they occur during take-off and landing, during taxiing of aircraft, during the operation of vehicles. In these cases, visibility on the runway may deteriorate to several hundred meters, while excellent visibility is maintained around the airfield at this time.

It is customary to call fog when the range of horizontal visibility does not exceed 1 km. With a visibility range of 1 to 10 km, the accumulation of the smallest drops of water or ice crystals in the surface layer of air should be called not fog but haze. When flying over a layer of darkness, the pilot may not see the earth, while an airplane from the ground is clearly visible. With a thinner layer of haze, the pilot will see the earth directly below him, but when he falls and gets into the haze layer, he may not see the airfield, especially when flying against the sun. In light winds, it is best to land in such a direction that the sun remains behind. The upper boundary of the haze in the presence of a retaining layer (inversion, isotherm) is usually sharply defined and can sometimes be perceived as a second horizon.

Cancellation of flights due to heavy fogs. An unprecedented fog occurred in Moscow on November 22, 2006. Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports were in such a dense veil that the controllers had to redirect two dozen airliners to alternate aerodromes.

Difficulties on the roads.

Fogs, as you know, when they occur, create a thick veil above the surface of the earth, interfering with road and rail traffic. In this case, there is difficulty in movement, a slowdown in movement, as well as car accidents in which many people die.

Examples of road accidents. A major traffic accident occurred on September 11, 2006 at the entrance to Krasnodar. Due to heavy fog at the entrance to the city from the direction of Rostov-on-Don, 62 cars collided. As a result of a car accident, one person died, 42 people were hospitalized with injuries of varying severity.

In Istanbul on November 17, 2006, more than a hundred cars collided due to fog. 33 people were injured, doctors fear for the life of at least two of the victims. A major accident happened on the highway leading from Istanbul to the city of Edirne, which is located near the Bulgarian border.

Difficulties in maritime navigation.

With low fog, visibility decreases to 1 km, with moderate fog up to hundreds of meters, and with strong fog up to several tens of meters. And then the ships temporarily anchor, the lighthouse sirens turn on. Sometimes, due to fog, ships come across rocks, or icebergs. So maybe

Example. The Turkish Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits are closed for shipping due to thickened fog, visibility in the straits has decreased to 200 meters.

The most famous tragedy at sea associated with fog. Titus ́ nickname - an Olympic-class English liner, the largest passenger steamer in the world at the time of its construction, owned by the White Star Line company. During the first flight on April 14, 1912, he collided with an iceberg because of thick fog and sank after 2 hours 40 minutes. Of the 2223 passengers and crew members, 706 survived. The Titanic disaster became legendary and was one of the largest in the history of shipwrecks.

Sea fog protection. The navigation system for small vessels is intended for navigation of small vessels in conditions of limited optical visibility (night, fog, snow, rain, high smoke, etc.) or its absence when operating and navigating by visual inspection, or according to other optical or IR -sensors, difficult or impossible.

Harm to agriculture.

Fogs adversely affect crop development. With fog, relative humidity reaches 100%, so frequent fogs in the warm season favor the propagation of plant pests, the appearance of bacteria, fungal diseases, etc. When harvesting grain, the fog contributes to the accumulation of moisture in grain and straw; damp straw is wound on the working parts of the combine, the grain is poorly threshed and a significant part of it goes into the chaff. Wet grain needs a longer drying time, otherwise it may germinate. Frequent fogs in late summer and autumn make it difficult to harvest potatoes, as the tubers dry slowly. In winter, mists “eat up” the snow, and if after that a sharp cooling occurs, an ice crust forms.

. Snowstorms and Snowdrifts

A blizzard (blizzard) is the transfer of snow by a strong wind above the surface of the earth. The amount of snow carried is determined by the wind speed, and the areas of snow accumulation are determined by its direction. During snowstorm, snow moves parallel to the surface of the earth. Moreover, its bulk is transported in a layer with a height of less than 1.5 m. Loose snow rises and is carried by the wind at a speed of 3-5 m / s or more (at a height of 0.2 m).

There are lower (in the absence of snowfall), higher (with-wind only in a free atmosphere) and general snowstorms, as well as saturated snowstorms, i.e., those carrying the maximum amount of snow possible at a given wind speed, and unsaturated. The latter are observed with a lack of snow or with a large snow cover. The solid flow rate of a saturated lower blizzard is proportional to the third degree of wind speed, and the upper blizzard to its first degree. At a wind speed of up to 20 m / s, blizzards are weak and ordinary, at a speed of 20-30 m / s - strong, at high speed - very strong and superstrong (in fact, these are storms and hurricanes). Weak and ordinary snowstorms last up to several days, stronger ones - up to several hours.

Snow accumulation during snow transport is many times higher than snow accumulation, which is observed as a result of snowfalls in calm weather.

Snow deposition occurs as a result of a decrease in wind speed near ground obstacles. The shape and size of stocks are determined by the shape and size of the obstacles and their orientation with respect to the direction of the wind.

In Russia, snowy regions are primarily affected by the snowy regions of the Arctic, Siberia, the Urals, the Far East and the North of the European part. In the Arctic, snow cover lasts up to 240 days a year and reaches 60 cm, in Siberia, respectively, up to 240 days and 90 cm, in the Urals - up to 200 days and 90 cm, in the Far East - up to 240 days and 50 cm, in the north European part of Russia - up to 160 days and 50 cm.

An additional negative effect during snow drifts occurs due to severe frost, strong wind during snowstorms and icing. The consequences of snow drifts can be quite severe. They are able to paralyze the work of most modes of transport, stopping the transportation of people and goods. Wheeled vehicles cannot usually drive on smooth snowy roads if the snow cover is more than half the diameter of the wheel. People who are isolated on the ground due to snow drifts are at risk of frostbite and death, and in the conditions of snowstorms they lose their orientation. With strong drifts, small settlements can be completely cut off from supply communications. Complicated work of utilities and energy enterprises. If drifts are accompanied by severe frosts and winds, systems of power supply, heat supply, and communication may fail. Accumulation of snow on the roofs of buildings and structures over excessive loads leads to their collapse.

In snowy areas, the design and construction of buildings, structures and communications, especially roads, should be carried out taking into account the reduction of their snow cover.

To prevent drifts, snow-protection barriers from pre-prepared structures or in the form of snow walls, shafts, etc. are used. Barriers are built in snow-hazardous directions, especially along railways and important highways. At the same time, they are installed at a distance of at least 20 m from the edge of the road.

A preventive measure is the notification of authorities, organizations and the public about the forecast for snowfalls and snowstorms.

To orient pedestrians and drivers of vehicles caught in the snowstorm, milestones and other signs are installed along the roads. In mountainous and northern regions, rope stretching is practiced on dangerous sections of trails, roads, from building to building. Holding on to them, in the conditions of a snowstorm people are guided along the route.

In anticipation of the snowstorm, construction of boom cranes and other structures that are not protected from the effects of wind are made at construction and industrial sites. Stop work in open areas and at heights. Strengthen the mooring of ships in ports. Minimize access to transport routes.

Upon receipt of a threatening forecast, the forces and means intended to combat drifts and carry out emergency recovery operations shall be alerted.

The main measure to combat snow drifts is the clearing of roads and territories. First of all, railways and highways, runways of airfields, railway lines of railway stations are cleared of drifts, and they also help motor vehicles caught in a disaster along the way.

In the most severe cases, which paralyze the life of entire settlements, the entire able-bodied population is involved in clearing the snow.

Along with clearing the drifts, they organize continuous meteorological surveillance, search and release from snow captivity of people and vehicles, providing assistance to victims, regulating traffic and wiring vehicles, protecting and restoring life support systems, delivering emergency cargo with special snow-covered vehicles to blocked settlements, protecting livestock facilities . If necessary, they conduct a partial evacuation of the population and organize special public transport routes in columns, as well as stop the work of educational institutions and institutions.

Snowstorms and the snow drifts they create every few decades are possible in the subtropics of Asia, North Africa, the United States, but are especially common in areas of stable snow cover. Here, the volume of snow transport during the winter through one meter of the front of a snowstorm is usually measured in tens, and in places, in thousands of cubic meters; the thickness of drifts on the roads of Scandinavia, Canada, the north of the United States exceeds 5 m.

In the European part of Russia, the average number of days with a snowstorm is 30–40, the average duration of a snowstorm is 6–9 hours. Dangerous snowstorms make up about 25%, especially dangerous ones — about 10% of their total number. On the territory of the whole country, on average 5-6 strong storms occur annually, which can paralyze railways and roads, cut off communication and power lines, etc.

3. Snow and ice crusts

Snow and ice crusts form when snow sticks and freezes water drops on various surfaces. The accumulation of wet snow, the most dangerous for communication lines and power transmission, occurs during snowfalls and air temperatures in the range from 0 ° to + 3 ° C, especially at a temperature of +1 -3 ° C and a wind of 10-20 m / s. The diameter of snow deposits on the wires reaches 20 cm, the weight is 2-4 kg per 1 m. The wires are torn not so much under the weight of the snow as from the wind load. In such conditions, a slippery snow roll forms on the roadbed, paralyzing the movement in much the same way as an icy crust. Such phenomena are characteristic of coastal regions with mild, wet winters (western Europe, Japan, Sakhalin, etc.), but are also common in inland areas at the beginning and end of winter.

When rain falls on the frozen ground and when it becomes wet and subsequently freezes, the surface of the snow cover forms ice crusts called ice. It is dangerous for pasture animals, for example, in Chukotka in the early 80s, sleet caused massive deer death. The icing of moorings, offshore platforms, ships due to the freezing of water splashes during a storm is a type of ice. Icing is especially dangerous for small vessels, the deck and superstructures of which are not raised high above the water. Such a vessel can gain an ice load of critical magnitude in a matter of hours. Annually around ten fishing vessels die from this in the world, hundreds are in a perilous situation. The spray ice on the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan reaches a thickness of 3-4 m, greatly interfering with economic activity in the coastal strip.

When freezing drops of mist freeze on various objects, icy and frosty crusts form, the first at an air temperature range from 0 to -5 ° C, less often to -20 ° C, the second at a temperature of -10-30 ° C, less often up to -40 ° C.

The weight of ice crusts can exceed 10 kg / m (up to 35 kg / m in Sakhalin, up to 86 kg / m in the Urals). Such a load is destructive for most wire lines and for many masts. Repeatability of ice is highest where fog is frequent at air temperatures from 0 to -5 ° C. In Russia, it reaches dozens of days a year in places.

The impact of ice on the economy is most noticeable in Western Europe, the USA, Canada, Japan, in the southern regions of the former USSR and is mostly depressing. Emergencies are often created. For example, in February 1984 in the Stavropol Territory, ice with wind paralyzed roads and caused accidents on 175 high-voltage lines; their normal work resumed only after 4 days. With ice in Moscow, the number of car accidents increases threefold.

4. The rules of conduct for snow drifts and actions to eliminate their consequences

The winter manifestation of the elemental forces of nature is often expressed by snow drifts as a result of snowfalls and blizzards.

Snowfalls, the duration of which can be from 16 to 24 hours, greatly affect the economic activity of the population, especially in rural areas. The negative impact of this phenomenon is exacerbated by blizzards (snowstorm, snowstorms) in which visibility sharply worsens, interrupted transport links, as well as intercity. Snow falling with rain at a low temperature and a hurricane wind creates a condition for icing of power lines, communications, contact networks, electric vehicles, the roof of buildings, various types of supports and structures, causing their destruction.

With the announcement of a storm warning warning about possible snow drifts, it is necessary to limit movement, especially in rural areas, to create at home the necessary supply of food, water and fuel. In some areas, with the onset of the winter period, it is necessary to pull ropes along the streets between houses, helping pedestrians to navigate in a strong snowstorm and overcome a strong wind.

Snow drifts are particularly dangerous for people caught in a journey far from human habitation. Snow-covered roads, loss of visibility cause a complete disorientation of the terrain. When following the road, one should not try to overcome the snow drifts, it is necessary to stop, completely close the blinds of the car, cover the engine from the radiator. If possible, the car must be installed with the engine in the windy direction. From time to time you need to get out of the car, scoop up snow, so as not to be buried under it. In addition, a car not covered by snow is a good guide for a search group. The engine of the car must be periodically warmed up in order to avoid its "freezing". When warming up the car, it is important to prevent the exhaust gases from flowing into the cab (body, interior), for this purpose it is important to ensure that the exhaust pipe does not fill up with snow. If there are several people on the road together (on several cars), it is advisable to get everyone together and use one car as a shelter; from the engines of other cars it is necessary to drain the water. In no case should you leave the shelter-car: in heavy snow (blizzard), the landmarks at first glance, it would seem reliable, can be lost after several tens of meters. In rural areas, with the receipt of a storm warning, it is necessary to prepare in the required amount of food and water for animals kept on farms. Cattle kept on the pasture pastures are urgently transported to the nearest shelters, previously equipped in the folds of the terrain or to stationary camps.

With the formation of ice, the scale of the disaster increases. Glazed formations on the roads make it difficult, but on very rough terrain they completely stop the operation of road transport. The movement of pedestrians is hindered, and the collapse of various structures and objects under load become a real danger. Under these conditions, it is necessary to avoid being in dilapidated buildings, under power and communication lines and near their poles, under trees.

In mountainous regions, after heavy snowfalls, the risk of avalanches disappears. The population is informed about this danger by various warning signals installed in places of possible avalanches and possible snowfalls. These warnings should not be neglected; their recommendations should be strictly followed. To combat snowdrifts and icing, civil defense units and services are involved, as well as the entire able-bodied population of the area, and, if necessary, neighboring areas. Snow removal works in cities are primarily carried out on the main highways, the work of life-supporting energy, heat, and water supply facilities is being restored. Snow is removed from the roadway in the leeward side. Widely use engineering equipment, located on the equipment of the formations, as well as snow removal equipment facilities. All cash transport, loading equipment and the population are involved in the work.

CHAPTER 2. Description of icing in Kamensky, Rybnitsky and Dubossary districts

Over three thousand settlements of Ukraine, especially the Vinitsa region, as well as northern Transnistria, suddenly lost light, heat and communications as a result of the violence of the elements on the night of November 26-27. Trees, poles, wires wet from lingering rains as a result of a sudden cooling instantly became overgrown with a thick layer of ice and collapsed from the severity and gusts of wind 18-20 meters per second. Even some antenna masts of the Transnistrian television and radio center Mayak have not survived.

According to preliminary estimates, about 25% of all forests of the PMR, which were cultivated for decades, died. The raging elements spared the city of Dubossary itself. Literally a few meters from the head station supplying the whole city, it froze, otherwise Dubossary would have lost heat and light for a long time.

Otherwise, the picture is on a regional scale. Destroyed 370 pylons of high-voltage power lines, 80 low-voltage. Damaged 12 transformers. According to preliminary data, the damage caused only to the enterprises of the district power grids amounted to 826 billion rubles. At 72.7 billion rubles, the material losses of Telecom TG are estimated. Total - almost 900 billion rubles.

Kamensky district, as the northernmost, suffered most from natural disasters. About 2.5 thousand hectares of the state forest fund were damaged by the elements. This makes up from 50% to 70% of forests. Over 150 km disabled. power lines, littered with 2880 electric poles. The gardens were badly damaged. For several days, the district center was left without heat and light. A day and a half without water.

In the village "Mayak" of the Grigoriopol district, the elements swept concrete poles of power lines like matches. The radio antenna, which propped up clouds in cloudy weather, collapsed. For its repair, approximately 400 thousand conventional units are needed

The village of Mayak, the villages of Gyrton, Glinnoe, Kamarovo, Kolosovo, Makarovka, Kotovka, Pobeda, Krasnaya, Bessarabia, Frunzovka, Merry, and Kipka were left without electricity.

The heavy anticyclone left the element at the approaches to Tiraspol.

CONCLUSION

There are serious reasons to believe that the scale of the impact of disasters and catastrophes on the social, economic, political and other processes of modern society and their drama have already exceeded the level that made it possible to regard them as local failures in the measured functioning of state and public structures. That threshold of systemic adaptation, which allows the system (in this case, society) to absorb the deviations from the acceptable parameters of life and at the same time preserve its quality content, is apparently passed in the twentieth century.

Before man and society in the XXI century. a new goal looms ever more clearly - global security. Achieving this goal requires a change in the person’s worldview, value system, individual and social culture. New postulates are needed in preserving civilization, ensuring its sustainable development, fundamentally new approaches to achieving integrated security. Moreover, it is very important that there should not be dominant problems in ensuring security, since their consistent solution cannot lead to success. Security problems can only be resolved comprehensively.

The surface of the Earth will continuously change under the influence of natural processes. Landslides will occur on unstable mountain slopes, large and low water in the rivers will still alternate, and storm tides will, from time to time, flood the sea coasts, will not do without fires. Man is powerless to prevent the natural processes themselves, but in his power to avoid sacrifices and damage.

It is not enough to know the laws governing the development of catastrophic processes, predict crises, and create mechanisms for disaster prevention. It is necessary to ensure that these measures are understood by people, demanded by them, transferred to everyday life, being reflected in human politics, production, and psychological attitudes. Otherwise, the state and society will encounter the “Cassandra effect”, which is almost always mentioned by eyewitnesses to the largest disasters: many people do not follow warnings, ignore warnings about danger, or take steps to save (or commit erroneous actions).

LIST OF REFERENCES

1.Kryuchek N.A., Latchuk V.N., Mironov S.K. Safety and protection of the population in emergency situations. M .: SC EIAS, 2000

.S.P. Khromov "Meteorology and Climatology": - St. Petersburg, Gidrometeoizdat, 1983

.Shilov I.A. Ecology M .: Higher School, 2000.

.The newspaper "Transnistria". Release from 10.30.00 - 12.30.00

Similar works on - Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards

Hazardous atmospheric phenomena (signs of approach, damaging factors, warning measures and protective measures)

Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards

Meteorological and agrometeorological hazards are divided into:

storms (9-11 points):

hurricanes (12-15 points):

tornadoes, tornadoes;

vertical vortices;

large hail;

heavy rain (rain);

heavy snow;

heavy ice;

severe frost;

strong blizzard;

heatwave;

heavy fog;

frosts.

Fog is the concentration of small drops of water or ice crystals in the surface layer of the atmosphere from air saturated with water vapor during its cooling. In fogs, horizontal visibility decreases to 100 m or less. Depending on the horizontal range of visibility, heavy fog (visibility up to 50 m), moderate fog (visibility less than 500 m) and weak fog (visibility is 500 to 1000 m) are distinguished.

Slight clouding of the air with horizontal visibility for 1 to 10 km is called a veil. The veil is strong (visibility 1-2 km), moderate (up to 4 km) and weak (up to 10 km). There are fogs by origin: advective and radiation. The deterioration of visibility complicates the work of transport - flights are interrupted, the schedule and speed of ground transport are changing. Drops of fog, settling to the surface or ground objects under the action of gravity or air flow, moisturize them. Repeatedly, cases of overlapping insulators of high-voltage power lines as a result of the settling of droplets of fog and dew on them were noted. Drops of fog, like dew drops, are a source of additional moisture for field plants. Settling on them, the drops maintain high relative humidity around them. On the other hand, droplets of fog settling on plants contribute to the development of decay.

At night, mists protect the vegetation due to excessive cooling due to radiation, weaken the harmful effects of frost. During the day, fogs protect the vegetation from solar overheating. The settling of droplets of fog on the surface of machine parts leads to damage to their coatings and corrosion.

By the number of days with fog, Russia can be divided into three parts: mountainous regions, the central elevated part and low-lying areas. The frequency of fog increases from south to north. A slight increase in the number of days with fog is observed in the spring. Fogs of all types can be observed both at negative and at positive soil surface temperature (from 0 to 5 ° С).

Glaze is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs as a result of freezing drops of supercooled rain or fog on the surface of the earth and objects. It is a layer of dense ice, transparent or opaque, which grows on the windward side.

The most significant glaciers are observed during the passage of southern cyclones. During the movement of cyclones from the Mediterranean Sea to the east and their filling over the Black Sea, glaze is observed in the south of Russia.

The duration of the ice is different - from parts of an hour to 24 hours or more. The educated ice is held on objects for a long time. As a rule, ice is formed at night at negative air temperatures (here 0 ° to - 3 ° C). Glaze ice with a strong wind causes significant damage to the household: wires tear under the weight of icing, telegraph poles fall, trees die, traffic stops, etc.

Rime is an atmospheric phenomenon, which is the deposition of ice on thin long objects (tree branches, wires). There are two types of hoarfrost - crystalline and granular. The conditions for their formation are different. Crystalline frost is formed during fog as a result of sublimation (the formation of ice crystals immediately from water vapor without its transition to a liquid state or upon rapid cooling below 0 ° C) of water vapor consists of ice crystals. Their growth occurs on the windward side of objects with a weak wind and a temperature below - 15 ° C. The length of the crystals does not exceed, as a rule, 1 cm, but can reach several centimeters. Granular hoarfrost is snow-like loose ice that builds up on objects in foggy, mostly windy, weather.

It has sufficient strength. The thickness of this hoar frost can reach many centimeters. Most often, crystalline hoarfrost occurs in the central part of the anticyclone with high relative humidity below the inversion layer. Granular hoarfrost is close to black ice under the conditions of formation. Hoarfrost is observed throughout Russia, but is distributed unevenly, as local conditions influence its formation - the height of the terrain, the shape of the terrain, the exposure of the slopes, protection from the prevailing moisture-bearing flow, etc.

Due to the low density of hoarfrost (bulk density from 0.01 to 0.4), the latter to a greater extent causes only increased vibration and sagging wires of power transmission and communication, but can also cause them to break. The greatest danger to communication lines is frost during strong winds, since the wind creates an additional load on the wires, which sag under the weight of the deposits, and the risk of breakage increases.

Snowstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon, which is the transfer of snow by the wind above the surface of the earth with a decrease in visibility. There are snowstorms such as blowing snow, when most snowflakes rise a few centimeters above the snow cover; blowing snow if snowflakes rise to 2 m and above. These two types of blizzards occur without snow falling from the clouds. And, in the end, a common, or upper, blizzard - snowfall in strong winds. Snowstorms reduce visibility on roads, interfere with the operation of transport.

Thunderstorm is a complex atmospheric phenomenon in which electric discharges (lightning) occur in large rain clouds and between clouds and the earth, which are accompanied by a sound phenomenon - thunder, winds and rainfall, often hail. Lightning strikes damage ground objects, power lines, and communications. The flurries and showers that accompany the thunderstorm, floods and hail are damaging to agriculture and some areas of industry. There are intra-thunderstorms and thunderstorms that occur in zones of atmospheric fronts. Intra-mass thunderstorms are usually short-term and occupy a smaller area than frontal ones. They arise due to strong heating of the underlying surface. Thunderstorms in the zone of the atmospheric front are distinguished by the fact that they often arise in the form of chains of thunderstorm cells that move parallel to each other, covering a significant territory.

They arise on cold fronts, occlusion fronts, as well as on warm fronts in warm, humid, as usual tropical air. The frontal thunderstorm zone has a width of tens of kilometers with a front length of hundreds of kilometers. Approximately 74% of thunderstorms are observed in the front zone, other thunderstorms are intra-mass.

During a thunderstorm, you should:

take refuge in a forest among low trees with dense crowns;

in the mountains and in the open, hide in a pit, ditch or ravine;

put all large metal objects 15-20 m away from you;

hiding from a thunderstorm, sit down, bend your legs beneath you and lower your head to your legs bent at the knees, put your feet together;

underneath, lay a plastic bag, branches or spruce branches, stones, clothes, etc. isolating from the soil;

on the way the group disperse, walk one at a time, slowly;

in the shelter, change into dry clothes, in extreme cases, squeeze out the wet thoroughly.

During a thunderstorm, you must not:

take cover near lonely trees or trees protruding above others;

lean against or touch rocks and sheer walls;

dwell on the edges of the forest, large glades;

go or stop near water bodies and in places where water flows;

hide under rocky canopies;

run, fuss, move in a dense group;

to be in wet clothes and shoes;

to stay on the hills;

located near streams, in crevices and cracks.

blizzard

A blizzard is one of the varieties of a hurricane, characterized by significant wind speeds, which contributes to the movement of huge masses of snow through the air, has a relatively narrow range of action (up to several tens of kilometers). During a storm, visibility drastically deteriorates, intercity and intercity transport links may be interrupted. The duration of the storm varies from several hours to several days.

Blizzard, blizzard, blizzard are accompanied by sudden changes in temperature and snowfall with strong gusts of wind. Temperature differences, snow and rain at low temperatures and strong winds create conditions for icing. Power lines, communication lines, roofs of buildings, various supports and structures, roads and bridges are covered with ice or wet snow, which often causes their destruction. Glazed formations on the roads make it difficult, and sometimes completely hinder the work of road transport. Pedestrian traffic will be difficult.

Snow drifts occur as a result of heavy snowfalls and blizzards, which can last from several hours to several days. They cause a violation of transport communication, damage to communication lines and power lines, negatively affect economic activity. Snow drifts are especially dangerous when snow avalanches descend from the mountains.

The main damaging factor of such natural disasters is the effect of low temperature on the human body, causing frostbite, and sometimes freezing.

In the event of an immediate threat, a warning is organized for the population, the necessary forces and means, road and utilities are alerted.

A blizzard, a snowstorm or a blizzard can last several days, so it is recommended to create a supply of food, water, fuel in advance in the house, and prepare emergency lighting. You can leave the room only in exceptional cases and not alone. Limit movement, especially in rural areas.

By car, you should only move along the main roads. In the event of a sharp increase in wind, it is advisable to wait out bad weather in or near the village. When a machine breaks down, do not move away from it beyond sight. If it is impossible to move further, you should mark the parking lot, stop (with the engine upwind), cover the engine from the radiator side. In case of heavy snowfall, make sure that the car is not covered with snow, i.e. rake snow as needed. The car’s engine needs to be periodically warmed up to prevent it from “thawing", while avoiding exhaust gases entering the cab (body, interior), to this end, make sure that the exhaust pipe is not blocked by snow. If there are several cars, it is best to use one car as a shelter, it is necessary to drain the water from the engines of other cars.

In no case should you leave the shelter (car); in heavy snow, landmarks after several tens of meters can be lost.

A blizzard, snowstorm or blizzard can be waited in a shelter equipped with snow. Shelter is recommended to be built only in open areas where snowdrifts are excluded. Before taking cover, you need to find landmarks in the direction of the nearest housing and remember their location.

Periodically, it is necessary to control the thickness of the snow cover by piercing the ceiling of the shelter, and to clear the entrance and the ventilation hole.

You can find an elevated, stable-standing object in open and snowless terrain, take cover behind it and constantly throw away and trample the incoming snow mass with your feet.

In critical situations, it is permissible to completely bury in dry snow, for which to put on all the warm clothes, sit with your back to the wind, cover yourself with plastic wrap or a sleeping bag, pick up a long stick and let the snow sweep itself. Constantly clear the ventilation hole with a stick and expand the volume of the formed snow capsule in order to be able to get out of the snow drift. Inside the formed shelter should lay out the arrow-landmark.

Remember that snowstorm due to snow drifts of many meters and snowdrifts can significantly change the appearance of the terrain.

The main types of work in snow drifts, blizzards, snowstorms or blizzards are:

the search for missing people and the provision of, if necessary, first aid to them;

clearing roads and territories around buildings;

technical assistance for stuck drivers;

elimination of accidents on utility networks.

Castle is an atmospheric phenomenon associated with the passage of cold fronts. It occurs with strong ascending air currents in the warm seasons of the year. Water droplets, falling to a great height with streams of air, freeze, and ice crystals begin to grow on them in layers. Drops grow heavier and begin to fall down. When falling, they increase in size from the confluence with drops of supercooled water. Sometimes hail can reach the size of a chicken egg. Typically, hail falls from large rain clouds during a thunderstorm or rain. It can cover the earth with a layer of up to 20-30 cm. The number of days with hail increases in mountainous regions, on highlands, in areas with very rough terrain. Hail falls mainly in the afternoon in relatively small areas of several kilometers. The hail usually lasts from a few minutes to a quarter of an hour. City causes significant material damage. It destroys crops, vineyards, knocks flowers and fruits from plants. If the hailstones are large, this can cause destruction of buildings and death. At the present time, methods have been developed for determining hail clouds, a hail control service has been created. Dangerous clouds are "shot" with special chemicals.

Dry wind - a hot and dry wind with a speed of 3 m / s or more, with a high air temperature of up to 25 ° C and low relative humidity of up to 30%. Dry winds are observed in cloudy weather. Most often, they occur in the steppes along the periphery of anticyclones that form over the North Caucasus and Kazakhstan.

The highest dry wind speeds were observed during the day, the lowest - at night. Dry winds cause great damage to agriculture: they increase the water balance of plants, especially when there is a lack of moisture in the soil, since intensive evaporation cannot be compensated by the flow of moisture through the root system. With the prolonged action of the dry winds, the ground part of the plants turns yellow, the foliage twists, their withering and even the death of field crops occur.

Dust, or black, storms - the transfer of large amounts of dust or sand by a strong wind. They occur during dry weather due to the spread of sprayed soils over great distances. The occurrence, repeatability and intensity of dust storms are greatly influenced by orography, soil character, forest cover and other terrain features.

Most often, dust storms occur from March to September. The most intense and dangerous spring dust storms during a prolonged absence of rain, when the soil dries up and the plants are still underdeveloped and do not form a continuous cover. At this time, storms blow the soil over vast areas. Horizontal visibility is reduced. S.G. Popruzhenko investigated a dust storm in 1892 in the south of Ukraine. Here is how he described it: “A dry, strong east wind for several days tore the ground and drove masses of sand and dust. Crops that turned yellow from dry air were cut under the root like a sickle, but the roots could not survive. The earth was torn down up to 17 cm depth. Channels filled up to 1.5 m.

Hurricane

A hurricane is a wind of destructive power and of considerable duration. A hurricane occurs suddenly in areas with a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure. The speed of the hurricane reaches 30 m / s or more. By its detrimental effects, a hurricane can be compared with an earthquake. This is due to the fact that hurricanes carry enormous energy in themselves, its amount released by a medium-sized hurricane for one hour can be compared with the energy of a nuclear explosion.

A hurricane can capture territory up to several hundred kilometers in diameter and can travel thousands of kilometers. At the same time, a hurricane wind destroys strong and demolishes light buildings, devastates sown fields, breaks wires and knocks down poles of power lines and communications, damages highways and bridges, destroys trees and breaks roots, damages and drowns ships, causes accidents on utility networks . There were times when a gale-force wind drove trains off the rails and felled factory pipes. Often, hurricanes are accompanied by torrential rains that cause flooding.

A storm is a kind of hurricane. The wind speed during a storm is not much less than the speed of a hurricane (up to 25-30 m / s). Losses and destruction from storms are significantly less than from hurricanes. Sometimes a violent storm is called a storm.

A tornado is a strong small-scale atmospheric vortex with a diameter of up to 1000 m, in which air rotates at a speed of up to 100 m / s, which has great destructive force (in the USA it is called a tornado).

On the territory of Russia, tornadoes are noted in the Central region, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Transbaikalia, and the Caucasus coast.

A tornado is an ascending vortex consisting of extremely rapidly rotating air mixed with particles and moisture, sand, dust and other suspensions. On the ground, he moves in the form of a dark column of rotating air with a diameter of several tens to several hundred meters.

In the inner cavity of a tornado, the pressure is always lowered, so any objects caught in its path are sucked in there. The average speed of the tornado is 50-60 km / h, when it approaches, a deafening hum is heard.

Strong tornadoes go dozens of kilometers and tear down roofs, tear up trees with roots, raise cars into the air, scatter telegraph poles, and destroy houses. Alert about the threat is carried out by sending a signal "Attention to all" siren and subsequent voice information.

Actions when receiving information about an impending hurricane, storm or tornado - you should carefully listen to the instructions of the governing body for civil emergency situations, which will inform you of the estimated time, strength of the hurricane and recommendations on the rules of conduct.

Upon receipt of a storm warning, it is necessary to immediately begin carrying out preventive work:

strengthen insufficiently strong structures, close doors, dormer holes and attic rooms, sheathe windows with boards or close shields, and seal glass with strips of paper or cloth, or, if possible, remove it;

in order to balance the external and internal pressure in the building, doors and windows on the leeward side, it is advisable to open and fix them in this position;

from roofs, balconies, loggias and window sills, it is necessary to remove things that, if dropped, can cause injury to people. Items located in the yards must be fixed or brought into the room;

it is also advisable to take care of emergency lights - electric lights, kerosene lamps, candles. It is also recommended to stockpile water, food and medicine, especially dressings;

extinguish the fire in stoves, check the condition of electrical switches, gas and water taps;

take pre-prepared places in buildings and shelters (in case of tornadoes - only in basements and in underground structures). In the room you need to choose the safest place - in the middle of the house, in the corridors, on the ground floor. To protect against wounds by glass fragments, it is recommended to use built-in wardrobes, durable furniture and mattresses.

The safest places during storms, hurricanes or tornadoes are shelters, cellars and cellars.

If a hurricane or tornado caught you in an open area - it is best to find any natural depression in the ground (a ditch, pit, ravine or any excavation), lie on the bottom of the depression and snuggle firmly to the ground. Leave the vehicle (no matter where you are in) and take refuge in the nearest basement, shelter or indentation. Take measures to protect from rainfall and large hail, as hurricanes are often accompanied by them.

to be on bridges, as well as in close proximity to objects that use poisonous, potent and flammable substances in their production;

take shelter under separate trees, poles, come close to the supports of power lines;

to be near buildings from which wind blows off tiles, slate and other objects;

After receiving a message about stabilization of the situation, you should leave the house carefully, you need to look around - are there any overhanging objects and parts of structures, broken electrical wires? the possibility that they are energized is not excluded.

Without emergency, do not go into damaged buildings, but if such a need arose, you must do this carefully, making sure that there are no significant damage to the stairs, floors and walls, fires, breaks in electrical wires, you can not use elevators.

Fire cannot be ignited until there is confidence that there has been no gas leak. On the street, stay away from buildings, poles, high fences, etc.

The main thing in these conditions is not to succumb to panic, to act competently, confidently and reasonably, not to allow yourself and to keep others from unreasonable acts, to provide assistance to the victims.

The main types of damage to people during hurricanes, storms and tornadoes are closed injuries of various areas of the body, bruises, fractures, concussions, injuries accompanied by bleeding.

Theme of the lecture: "Natural hazards and protection against them."

Plan.

General patterns and classification of natural hazards.

Geological hazards.

Meteorological hazards.

Hydrological hazards.

Natural fires.

Cosmic hazards.

1. TO natural hazardsinclude natural phenomena that pose a direct threat to the life and health of people (for example, floods, earthquakes, etc.).

Natural hazards threaten the inhabitants of the Earth from the beginning of civilization.

Despite the profound differences, all natural hazards are subject to some general patterns:

Each type of hazard is characterized by a certain spatial confinement.

It has been established that the greater the intensity (power) of a hazard, the less often it happens.

Each type of hazard is preceded by some specific signs (precursors).

With all the unexpectedness of the natural hazard, its manifestation can be predicted and protective measures provided.

There is a relationship between natural hazards (one phenomenon may be the cause of another).

Man-made impacts may lead to increased hazardous effects.

A prerequisite for successful protection against natural hazards is the study of their causes and mechanisms. Knowing the essence of processes, we can predict them. A timely and accurate forecast is an important prerequisite for effective protection.

According to localization, natural hazards are conditionally divided into groups:

geological (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, mudflows, avalanches);

meteorological (storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, showers, frosts, hail);

hydrological (floods, tsunamis);

natural fires (forest fires, steppe and grain massif fires, peat, underground fires of combustible minerals);

space (fall of meteorites).

2. Earthquakes   - These are tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or upper part of the mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations.

Earthquake Science - seismology.

Earthquake source   - this is a certain volume in the thickness of the Earth, within which energy is released. The center of the focus is a conditional point called hypocenter. The projection of the hypocenter on the surface of the Earth - epicenteraround which the greatest destruction occurs.

Every year, hundreds of thousands of earthquakes are recorded on the globe. After approximately every 30 seconds, one earthquake occurs. Most of them are weak, and we do not notice them.

The strength of earthquakes is estimated a) by seismic energy and b) by the intensity of damage on the Earth's surface.

In 1935, C. Richter (professor at the California Institute of Technology) proposed estimating earthquake energy magnitude. Richter proposed a 9-magnitude scale (Japan uses a 7-magnitude scale). The magnitude value is determined from observations at seismic stations. Oscillations of the soil are recorded by special instruments - seismographs.

According to the international scale MSK-64 (Medvedev-Sponheyer-Kernik), the strength of earthquakes is estimated in points depending on the intensity of the damage occurring on the Earth's surface (12-point scale). This scale is accepted in Russia.

Magnitude is indicated in Arabic numerals and intensity in Roman numerals (for example, the intensity of the earthquake that occurred on 12/7/1988 in Spitak was rated IX-X points).

Earthquakes are very unevenly distributed across the earth's surface. An analysis of seismic and geographic data allows us to outline the areas where earthquakes should be expected in the future and evaluate their intensity. A seismic zoning map is an official document that should guide design organizations. In areas subject to earthquakes, earthquake-resistant or anti-seismic construction is carried out.

Currently, two seismic belts are known:

Mediterranean-Asian (Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Iran, North India)

Pacific (Sakhalin, Kuril ridge).

In Russia, the most dangerous areas are in the Baikal region, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands, in southern Siberia and the North Caucasus.

Antiseismic activities:

A) preventive, preventive, carried out before a possible earthquake — studying the nature of earthquakes, the mechanism, the identification of precursors (the growth of weak shocks, rising water in wells, increasing levels of radiation, restless behavior of animals); development of forecast methods, population training, earthquake-resistant or anti-seismic construction, preparation of rescue services;

B) activities carried out immediately before, during and after the earthquake, i.e. emergency actions - rescue operations.

Earthquake populations

Do not panic, act calmly and prudently.

Get away from tall buildings and power lines.

With the onset of the earthquake, people in homes must urgently leave the premises (in 25-30 seconds) and go out into the open ( do not use the elevator!).

If it is impossible to leave the building, stand in the doorway of the main interior wall. Turn off gas, light, water. After the cessation of tremors leave the room.

Get involved in saving people.

Volcanic activity.

Volcanic activity arises as a result of constant active processes occurring in the depths of the Earth. About 200 million people live dangerously close to active volcanoes.

The totality of phenomena associated with the movement of magma in the earth's crust and on its surface is called volcanism.

Magma- this is a molten mass of predominantly silicate composition, which is formed in the deep zones of the Earth. Reaching the earth's surface, magma erupts in the form of lava. Lavadiffers from magma in the absence of gases that escape during the eruption. Volcanoes represent geological formations that arise over channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which magma erupts onto the earth's surface. Magma chambers are located in the mantle at a depth of 50-70 km.

Volcanoes are divided into:

Acting;

Asleep;

Extinct.

TO asleepvolcanoes include eruptions of which there is no information, but they have retained their shape and local earthquakes occur under them.

Extinct- These are volcanoes without any volcanic activity.

Volcanic eruptions are long and short-lived.

There is a relationship between volcanic activity and earthquakes. Seismic shocks usually indicate the beginning of an eruption. The danger is lava fountains, hot lava flows, hot gases. Explosions of volcanoes can initiate landslides, avalanches, landslides, on the seas and oceans - tsunamis.

Preventive actions.

Activities include changing the nature of land use, building dams that divert lava flows, bombing the lava flow to mix the lava with the ground and turn it into a less liquid mass.

At the beginning of volcanic activity, which can be predicted with the help of modern equipment, it is necessary to evacuate the nearby population.

Landslide - this is a sliding displacement down the slope under the influence of gravity of soil masses forming the slopes of hills, mountains, river, lake and sea terraces. Motors of landslide processes - earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, construction work, precipitation, weathering, etc. The danger of landslides is that huge masses of soil, suddenly shifting, can lead to the destruction of buildings and structures and large casualties.

The most tragic landslide was in 1920 in China. After the strongest earthquake in the mountains, thousands of cubic meters of forest covered the valleys, covered cities and villages, which led to the deaths of 200 thousand people

Protection measures:

installation of engineering structures (retaining walls);

security and restrictive measures (prohibition of construction, blasting, etc.).

In hazardous places, a system for monitoring and warning the population, as well as emergency rescue services, is provided.

Sat down - Short-term stormy floods on mountain rivers, having the character of mud-stone flows. Mudflows can be caused by earthquakes, heavy snowfalls, heavy rains, and heavy snowmelt. The main danger is the huge kinetic energy of the mud flows, the speed of which can reach 15 km / h.

Mudflows occur suddenly, quickly increase and usually last from 1 to 3 hours, sometimes 6-8 hours. Mudflows are forecasted based on the results of observations over the past years and weather forecasts.

TO preventive anti-mudflow measuresinclude: the construction of hydraulic structures (mudflow retaining and self-releasing), meltwater drainage, planting, regulation of logging, etc.

In mudflow hazardous areas, automatic mudflow warning systems are being created and appropriate action plans are being developed.

snow avalanche - This is a snowfall, a mass of snow falling or sliding from the mountain slopes under the influence of any influence and captivating new masses of snow on its way. Snow avalanches are common in mountainous areas. The danger of an avalanche lies in the great kinetic energy of an avalanche mass, which has tremendous destructive power. The avalanche velocity can reach 100 m / s, an average of 20-30 m / s.

Security methods: the use of snow shields, forest planting, the artificial provocation of an avalanche at a predetermined time and subject to safety measures (directional explosions, strong sources of sound), etc.

3. Meteorological hazards:

strong wind (including storm, hurricane, tornado);

heavy rain (with a rainfall of 50 mm or more for 12 hours or more);

heavy snowfall (with rainfall of 20 mm or more in 12 hours);

heavy snowstorms (with a wind speed of 15 m / s or more);

large hail (hailstones diameter of 20 mm or more);

• frosts (with a decrease in air temperature during the growing season on the soil surface below 0 0 C);

  severe frosts or extreme heat;

Wind- this is the movement of air relative to the earth. The movement of air is directed from high pressure to low. The region of low pressure in the atmosphere with a minimum in the center is a cyclone. The weather at the cyclone is more cloudy, with strong winds. An anticyclone is an area of \u200b\u200bhigh pressure with a maximum in the center. The anticyclone is characterized by cloudy, dry weather and light winds.

To assess the strength of the wind in points on its effect on ground objects or on sea waves, the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1805 developed a conditional scale, which, after changes and refinements in 1963, was adopted by the World Meteorological Organization and is widely used in synoptic practice (12-point scale). On this scale, 0 b. - calm, wind speed 0-0.2 m / s.

9 b - storm or severe storm, wind speed 20, 8-24.4 m / s, wind tearing down tiles, slight damage.

12 b - a hurricane, wind speed of 32.7 m / s or more, wind of great destructive power.

Squalls- short-term wind speed amplifications up to 20-30 m / s.

Typhoons- hurricanes that arise over the Pacific Ocean. The average duration of 9-12 days.

Tornado- This is an atmospheric whirlwind that occurs in a thundercloud and spreads in the form of a dark sleeve or trunk towards the surface of the land or sea. The upper part has a funnel-shaped extension merging with the clouds. Like hurricanes, tornadoes are identified by weather satellites. Often occur suddenly, they are difficult to predict.

In the USA, tornadoes over land are called tornado.

4. Flood - this is a significant flooding of the area with water as a result of rising water levels in a river, lake or sea, caused by various reasons. Flooding is the most common natural hazard.

For reasons of flood occurrence:

high water; - flood; - storm; - mash; - shy; - mudflows; - surge; - in case of accidents at hydraulic structures.

High water- a relatively long increase in river water content, which is repeated annually in the same season, accompanied by an increase in water level. It arises due to spring melting of snow, ice in the mountains.

High water- a relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in water level. It occurs due to rains, winter thaws with wet snow.

Flooding is often caused by cluttering the channel with large pieces of ice during ice drift - congestion(it happens at the end of winter or spring.) or by blocking the channel with loose loose ice under a motionless ice cover and the formation of an ice plug - zeal(happens at the beginning of winter).

Sometimes floods occur under the influence of winds, forcing water from the sea and causing an increase in the level due to the delay in the mouth of the water brought by the river - surge floods.

Tsunami- These are gravitational waves of a very long length, arising as a result of a shift up or down of extended sections of the bottom during strong underwater earthquakes (less often volcanic eruptions).

Flood actions

The most effective way of protection is evacuation. Before evacuation, you need to turn off electricity, gas, water in the houses; take a stock of food, medicine, documents and go down the specified route. In case of a sudden flood, it is urgent to leave the house and take the nearest safe, elevated place, hanging a signal white or colored panel.

After a drop in water when returning home, you must observe safety measures: do not come into contact with the wiring, do not use food that has fallen into the water. At the entrance to the house, aerate. It is forbidden to include gas and electricity.

5 . Among natural firesdistinguish:

• fires of steppe and grain massifs;

  peat;

  underground fires of fossil fuels.

In 90-97 cases out of 100, the perpetrators of the fire are people who do not exercise due caution when using fire in places of work and rest. Lightning fires account for 2% of the total.

Forestfires - this is uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest territory. Large forest fires develop during a period of extreme danger in the forest, with prolonged and severe drought. Their development is facilitated by windy weather and cluttered forests.

Depending on the nature of the fire and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, upper, and soil fires. Almost all fires at the beginning of their development are of a grassroots nature and, if certain conditions are created, go into highlands and soils. According to the speed of spread of fire, the lower and upper fires are divided into stable and fluent from 0.02 m / s to 2 m / s. The intensity of combustion depends on the state of the supply of combustible materials, the incline of the area, the time of day, and especially the strength of the wind.

Runaway ground fires are characterized by rapid advancement of the edge of the fire when dry grass and fallen leaves are burning. They occur more often in spring, usually they do not damage adult trees, but they often pose a threat of riding a fire. In case of sustained ground fires, the edge moves slowly, a lot of smoke is formed, which indicates a heterogeneous nature of combustion. They are typical for the second half of summer.

Peat(underground) fire - when it burns a peat layer of swampy and bog soils. The speed of distribution is 1-3 m / min. A characteristic feature is the flameless burning of peat with the release of a large amount of heat. They come from lightning, spontaneous combustion of peat under adverse weather conditions (high air temperature, drought).

6 . Among the serious dangers that threaten man and all life on Earth, we should single out those associated with collisions of the planet with cosmic bodies: asteroids, comets, meteorites.

Asteroids- These are small planets orbiting the Sun, the diameter of which varies between 1-1000 km.

Comet- a relatively small, compared with an asteroid, celestial body. Most comets move around the Sun in elongated ellipses: when approaching the Sun under the influence of its heat, they emit gases forming a luminous shell around the nucleus - the head of the comet, and develop a tail directed in the opposite direction from the Sun. As the comet moves away from the Sun, the tail gradually dissipates in outer space.

Meteorite- a small solid body, flying at a speed of tens of km / s into the Earth’s atmosphere and not having time to completely evaporate or disperse in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Car- a very bright meteor with a long luminous tail; a car’s flight is sometimes accompanied by a strong sound and ends with a meteorite falling onto the earth’s surface.

Currently, about 300 cosmic bodies are known that can cross the Earth’s orbit. In total, according to the forecasts of astronomers in space, there are ≈ 300 thousand asteroids and comets. The encounter of the Earth with such celestial bodies is a serious threat to the entire biosphere. According to calculations, the impact of an asteroid with a diameter of about 1 km is accompanied by the release of energy, tens of times higher than the entire nuclear potential available on Earth.

The main means of control is nuclear missile technology. It is proposed to develop a planetary protection system from asteroids and comets, which is based on changing the trajectory of a dangerous space object or destroying it into several parts. For this purpose, it is proposed to use intercontinental ballistic missiles with a nuclear warhead.

Lecture "Biological and social emergencies"

Biological emergencies include epidemics, epizootics, and epiphytotics.

Epidemic - a widespread infectious disease among people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually recorded in a given territory.

A pandemic is an unusually high prevalence of morbidity, both in level and in extent of spread, covering a number of countries, entire continents, and even the globe.

Infectious diseases are divided into:

infections of internal organs (viral hepatitis (Botkin's disease), brucellosis, typhoid fever, dysentery, salmonellosis);

respiratory tract infections (tuberculosis, various pneumoconioses);

blood or vector-borne (HIV);

infections of the external integument (dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, fungal diseases).

The general biological classification of infectious diseases is based on their division, first of all, in accordance with the characteristics of the pathogen (anthroponoses, zoonoses), as well as the division into vector-borne and non-vector-borne ones. Infectious diseases by the type of pathogen - viral diseases, rickettsioses, bacterial infections, protozoal diseases, helminthiases, tropical mycoses, diseases of the blood system.

Epizootics are infectious diseases of animals. These diseases have such signs as the presence of a specific pathogen, the cyclical development, the ability to be transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and to accept an epizootic spread.

Epizootic focus - the location of the source of the pathogen in a specific area, where in this situation the transmission of pathogens to susceptible animals is possible.

In terms of breadth, the epizootic process occurs in three forms: sporadic incidence, epizootic, panzootia.

Sporadia - single, accidental manifestations of an infectious disease that are not related to each other by a single source of the causative agent of infections (the lowest degree of disease intensity).

With epizootics, an average degree of disease intensity is observed, which is accompanied by the spread of diseases in the economy, region, region. Such diseases are characterized by a common source of the causative agent of the infection, simultaneous damage, periodicity, seasonality.

According to the epizootic classification, all infectious diseases of animals are divided into 5 groups:

Group 1 - nutritional infections, transmitted through soil, food, water. Digestive organs are mainly affected. The causative agent is transmitted through infected feed, manure, soil (anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, foot and mouth disease, glanders, brucellosis).

Group 2 - respiratory infections (aerogenic) damage to the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and lungs. The main route of transmission is airborne (bird flu, exotic pneumonia, smallpox of sheep and goats, carnivore plague).

Group 3 - vector-borne infections, transmitted through blood-sucking arthropods (encephalomyelitis, tularemia, equine infectious anemia).

Group 4 - infections transmitted through the outer integument without the participation of carriers (tetanus, rabies, smallpox cows).

5 group - infectious diseases with unknown pathways of infection.

Panzootia - the highest degree of development of epizootics, is characterized by an unusually wide spread of the disease, covering one state, several countries, the mainland.

To assess the scale of plant diseases, concepts such as epiphytotia and panfitotia are used.

Epiphytotia - the spread of plant infectious diseases over significant distances over a certain period of time.

Panfitotia - mass diseases covering several countries or continents.

The most dangerous diseases are stem rust of cereals and late blight of potatoes.

Plant diseases are classified according to the following criteria:

The place or phase of development in plants (disease of seeds, seedlings, seedlings, mature plants);

Place of occurrence (local, local, general);

Course (acute, chronic);

Affected culture;

The cause of the occurrence (infectious or not).

All pathological changes in plants are manifested in various forms: rot, mummification, wilting, raids, growths.

Meteorological hazard

natural processes and phenomena that occur in the atmosphere under the influence of various natural factors or their combinations, which have or may have a damaging effect on people, farm animals and plants, objects of the economy and the environment (hurricane, storm, rain, etc.).

EdwART MES Glossary, 2010

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