Field airfield. About design features

The latest best military aircraft of the Russian Air Force and the world photo, pictures, video about the value of a fighter aircraft as a military weapon capable of ensuring "air supremacy" was recognized by the military circles of all states by the spring of 1916. This required the creation of a military special aircraft that surpasses all others in speed, maneuverability, altitude and the use of offensive small arms. In November 1915, Newpore II Webe biplanes arrived at the front. This is the first aircraft built in France, which was intended for aerial combat.

The most modern domestic military aircraft of Russia and the world owe their appearance to the popularization and development of aviation in Russia, which was facilitated by the flights of Russian pilots M. Efimov, N. Popov, G. Alekhnovich, A. Shiukov, B. Rossiysky, S. Utochkin. The first domestic cars of designers Y. Gakkel, I. Sikorsky, D. Grigorovich, B. Slesarev, I. Steglau began to appear. In 1913, made the first flight of the heavy aircraft "Russian Knight". But one can not help but recall the first creator of the aircraft in the world - the captain of the 1st rank, Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaysky.

Soviet military aircraft of the USSR of the Great Patriotic War sought to hit enemy troops, their communications and other objects in the rear with air strikes, which led to the creation of bomber aircraft capable of carrying large bomb cargo over considerable distances. A variety of combat missions for bombing enemy forces in the tactical and operational depths of the fronts led to the understanding that their fulfillment should be commensurate with the tactical and technical capabilities of a particular aircraft. Therefore, the design teams should solve the issue of specialization of bomber aircraft, which led to the emergence of several classes of these machines.

Types and classification, the latest models of military aircraft of Russia and the world. It was obvious that it would take time to create a specialized fighter aircraft, so the first step in this direction was an attempt to equip existing aircraft with small-scale offensive weapons. The movable machine-gun installations, which began to equip the aircraft, required excessive effort from the pilots, since controlling the machine in maneuverable combat and simultaneously firing from unstable weapons reduced the effectiveness of shooting. Using a two-seater aircraft as a fighter, where one of the crew members acted as a shooter, also created certain problems, because an increase in the weight and drag of the aircraft led to a decrease in its flying qualities.

What are airplanes. In our years, aviation made a big qualitative leap, which resulted in a significant increase in flight speed. This was facilitated by progress in the field of aerodynamics, the creation of new, more powerful engines, structural materials, and electronic equipment. computerization of calculation methods, etc. Supersonic speeds have become the main flight modes of fighter jets. However, the race for speed also had its negative aspects - the takeoff and landing characteristics and aircraft maneuverability sharply worsened. During these years, the level of aircraft construction reached such a value that it was possible to proceed with the creation of aircraft with a variable sweep wing.

Combat aircraft of Russia for the further increase in the flight speeds of jet fighters exceeding the speed of sound, it was necessary to increase their power capacity, increase the specific characteristics of the turbojet engine, and also improve the aerodynamic forms of the aircraft. For this purpose, engines with an axial compressor were developed, which had smaller frontal dimensions, higher efficiency and better weight characteristics. For a significant increase in traction, and consequently, flight speed, afterburners were introduced into the engine design. Improving the aerodynamic forms of aircraft consisted in the use of wing and plumage with large sweep angles (in the transition to thin triangular wings), as well as supersonic air intakes.

The aviation industry is developing every year. Today, civilian and military pilots use models of liners of all kinds of configurations and varieties. Aircraft amaze with a variety and variations of purpose. We will briefly study the types of aircraft and their names in order to classify this type of equipment for themselves.

In the world there are several separate criteria by which aviation experts classify different sides. One of the important aspects of the systematization of technology is the function carried by the aircraft. Today they use military and civilian vessels. Moreover, each category is divided into special groups.

Also known and separation by speed characteristics of the liner. Here aviators list groups of subsonic, transonic, supersonic and hypersonic models. This section of the classification is based on the definition of liner acceleration relative to the speed of sound. Air equipment, which is used today for scientific and military purposes, although previously similar models worked for passenger transportation.

If we talk about the control method, here we can distinguish two main types - manned aircraft and drones. The second group was used by the military and scientists. Such machines are widely used for space exploration.

Considering the types and purpose of aircraft, aviators will name and classification by design features of the apparatus. Here we list the differences in the aerodynamic model, the number and type of wing, the shape of the tail portion, and the fuselage structure. The latter subgroup also includes varieties that relate to the types and mounting of the chassis.

Finally, consider and differences in the type, quantity and method of engine installation. Muscular, steam, air-jet, rocket, nuclear, and electric motors are distinguished here. In addition, ships are equipped with internal combustion engines (piston modifications of power plants) or they combine several variations. Of course, in one review it is difficult to consider in detail the full classification of aircraft, so we dwell on a brief description of the main categories.

Functionality Technology

As indicated above, airliners are divided into two main groups: aircraft for civilian and military aircraft. In addition, experimental devices are distinguished here as a separate variety. Each category here involves a division into variations in the type of purpose and functionality of the liner. Let's start with the study of aircraft that are used for "peaceful" purposes.

Civilian side

We will determine in more detail which planes are, the names and subspecies of the aircraft modifications. Here aviators talk about four versions of the models. We list the categories in this list:

• passenger liners;
• cargo sides;
• training airbuses;
• special purpose aircraft.

Note that modifications for passenger traffic are separately divided into groups that determine the flight range. Here they call trunk vessels and local airliners.

Aircraft classification

• neighbors who overcome distances of up to 2,000 km;
• medium capable of flying 4,000 km;
• long-distance flights operating at a distance of up to 11,000 km.

In addition, the maximum capacity indicator determines such criteria for local airliners:

• heavy aircraft with 100 or more seats;
• medium modifications that lift up to 50 people;
• light liners carrying a maximum of 20 passengers.

Among the examples local aircraft  list modifications Saab , Erj , Dash-8 , ATR . Interestingly, on certain types of liners of the local category, power plants of different classes are equipped. Here there are models with jet engines and aircraft with turboprop types of motor.

Considering long-haul aircraftlet's call the passengers familiar to the passengers Boeing   and Airbus . Boeing is being built by an American corporation, and Airbus is being designed by a European holding. Both companies compete among themselves, constantly developing and modernizing liners. So, today the Airbus A380 is considered the heaviest aircraft, although up to the release of such a modification, American developments were leading 747 800 .

The 747 models are the first wide-body class aircraft to operate today. In addition, the best carriers in Russia and the world use such flying equipment.

However, Europeans are not far behind their main competitor. Modifications gained popularity and recognition of pilots   , Airbus A300  and   A350 XWB. Model   A300  - The world's first wide-bodied board, which is equipped with two engines. As you can see, the likely variations in the classification of liners cannot be described in one review. But knowing what planes are and who created them, the reader will decide on personal preferences and find out the basics of aviation business.

Military aircraft

Now briefly examine the typology of ships used by law enforcement agencies. Among these aircraft there are manned airliners and drones, modifications with various types of engines, including rocket subspecies of the engine. However, we will consider the division of these species according to relevant criteria.

Military transport board IL-76

Here, as in the civil classification, there is transport linerscarrying out transportation of personnel. it IL-76,  An-12, 26  and 124 . In the USA, these functions are models Boeing C-17, 97  and Douglas YC-15. In addition, the military also uses auxiliary equipment  - ambulance aircraft, communication liners, spotters. However, the military development of the aircraft also uses several categories of vehicles that are found only here. Their list is as follows:

As you can see, the category of military aircraft is quite extensive and deserves serious study. We only briefly described the main criteria for the systematization of such a group. However, aviation experts prefer to classify the sides using a comprehensive study, which includes a full description of the design of the sides. Let us dwell on this issue.

About design features

Belonging to a specific category of the liner is determined by five signs. Here, designers talk about the number and method of attaching the wings, a variety of the fuselage, the location of the plumage and the appearance of the chassis. In addition, the quantity, location of fixation and types of motor are important. Find out the known variations in the design of the sides.

Differences in design features - an important criterion in the systematization of airliners

If we consider the classification of the wing, then the liners are divided into polyplanes, biplanes and monoplans. Moreover, in the latter category, three more subspecies are distinguished: low, medium and high sides. This criterion determines the relative position and fixation of the fuselage and wings. As for the typology of the fuselage, here aviators distinguish single-fuselage and two-beam modifications. There are also such varieties: a gondola, a boat carrying a fuselage and combinations of these types.

Aerodynamic performance is an important classification criterion because it affects. Here the designers call the types of the normal circuit, "duck", "tailless" and "flying wing." In addition, the “tandem", "longitudinal triplane" and a convertible circuit are known.

The chassis of airliners is systematized according to the design and method of fixing the supports. These elements are divided into roller, float, caterpillar, combined types and chassis on an air support. Engines are equipped on the wing or in the fuselage. Moreover, the liners are equipped with one engine or a large number of engines. In addition, the type of power plant plays a decisive role in the systematization of the side class.

Unmanned aerial vehicles found application in the scientific and military field

  Modern aviation has several types of aircraft, which are classified according to various criteria.
  By designation, the aircraft are divided into civilian, military and experimental sides
  Aircraft classification
  Airbus A380 - a giant in the world of passenger liners
  Aircraft Boeing - the main competitor in the field of passenger traffic of the European holding company, which produces Airbus

Any state at all times needed loyal people who would be ready to come forward to defend it at any moment. After all, humanity throughout its history has used violence to conquer the weaker. Therefore, martial art has become an integral type of activity in every state. In this case, it should be noted that people engaged in such a craft have always enjoyed honor and respect in society. This fact is not surprising, because they have always been at risk. The work of such people was associated with the performance of dangerous tasks. To date, the essence of military craft has changed somewhat. However, the status of military personnel is the same. This sector of human activity is highly developed in many modern states. Speaking specifically about the Russian Federation, this country has one of the most combat-ready armies in the whole world. The Armed Forces consist of several composed of professionals. Against the background of the entire structure of the Russian army, military aviation stands out. This sector of the armed forces plays a significant role. At the same time, most citizens of the Russian Federation tend to serve in the aviation industry, which leads to the existence of many educational institutions that graduate specialists in this field.

Air Force Concept

The objectives of military aviation

Any combat type unit exists to perform certain tasks. Modern military aviation in Russia in this case is no exception. This functional element of the armed forces entails a large number of different lines of activity. Given this fact, we can distinguish the most urgent tasks of military aviation in Russia, for example:

• protection of airspace over the territory of the state;
• defeat of enemy manpower from the air;
• the implementation of the transportation of personnel, weapons, provisions;
• conducting intelligence activities;
• defeat of the enemy air fleet;
• combat assistance to ground forces.

It should be noted that the modern military aviation of Russia is constantly evolving. This leads to the expansion of its functional tasks. In addition, other duties may be assigned to aviation under applicable law.

Combat crew

The new military aviation of Russia, that is, the formation of an independent RF, is represented by a large number of different equipment. Today, in the composition of this sector of the armed forces there are aircraft of various technical characteristics. All of them are suitable for combat missions of any kind and complexity. It should be noted that the military aviation equipment belongs to the domestic manufacturer in full. Thus, the following devices are used in the activities of military aviation:

There is also a special aviation sector, which includes devices used to implement atypical tasks. These include refueling aircraft, air command posts, reconnaissance aircraft, as well as aircraft guidance and radio detection systems.

Promising innovation

The arming of the state is effective only if it is constantly evolving. To do this, it is necessary to invent new technologies that will help in the implementation of the tasks of the military sector. In the aviation industry today, there are several innovative developments. For example, the family of fighters will soon be replenished with new aircraft of the 5th and 4th generation, which include the T-50 (PAK FA) and MiG - 35. Transport aircraft did not stand aside. Soon, new aircraft will appear in the fleet of this kind of aircraft: IL-112 and 214.

Education in the relevant sector

One should be aware of the fact that the military aviation of Russia consists not only of airplanes, but also of people, personnel, which directly performs the functional tasks of the represented sphere of the armed forces. Therefore, the availability of qualified personnel is simply necessary. In order to train specialists in the mentioned field, Russian military aviation schools operate in our country. In such educational institutions, they train qualified professionals for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Qualities required for admission to specialized educational institutions

Aviation schools of the Russian military aviation are special places of education. In other words, for entering a institution of this kind, a person must possess a number of certain qualities. First of all, you need to have excellent health. After all, control of aircraft is associated with heavy loads on the body. Therefore, any deviations from the norm will put an end to the pilot's career. In addition, those wishing to article by pilots should have the following characterizing aspects:

• have a high level of performance in subjects of a general educational nature;
• possess high stress resistance;
• the person must be ready for team work;

In this case, all the presented moments are not inherent in all people. However, the military sphere is a rather specific type of activity that requires employees with a special character. If a person in a future profession is attracted only by the uniform of a pilot of the military aviation of Russia, then he clearly should not work in this area.

List of schools

For everyone who wants to join the ranks of the professionals of the military aviation of the Russian Federation, special educational institutions operate in the territory of the state. It should be noted that for admission to such places, it is necessary to have all the qualities listed above, to pass a competition and a number of test exams. Each year, the requirements for applicants to specific military aviation schools change. As for the choice of a particular university, it is quite large. To date, the following specialized schools operate in Russia:

Thus, everyone who wants to connect their lives with flying in the sky can safely enter the schools presented, which subsequently will make it possible to do what they love.

Conclusion

Thus, in the Russian Federation today the flight sector of the armed forces is quite well developed, which is supported by the corresponding photo. Russian military aviation is experiencing a moment of technical evolution. This means that in a few years we will see completely new aircraft in the sky. In addition, the state does not spare funds for training specialists in the relevant field of military art.

The military-industrial complex of Russia is one of the most modern in the world, therefore the military aviation of Russia is also one of the most modern on the planet.

The Russian military-industrial complex is capable of producing almost any type of modern military aircraft, including fifth-generation fighters.

Russian military aviation consists of:

• Russian bombers
• Russian fighters
• Russian attack aircraft
• Aircraft AWACS of Russia
• Flying tankers (refuelers) of Russia
• Military transport aircraft of Russia
• Russian military transport helicopters
• Attack Helicopters of Russia

The main manufacturers of military aviation equipment in Russia are the companies PJSC Sukhoi Company, RSK MiG JSC, the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M. L. Mil, Kamov OJSC and others.

You can see photos and product descriptions of some companies using the links:

Let's look at each class of military aircraft with descriptions and photos.

Russian bombers

What exactly is a bomber? Wikipedia will very accurately explain to us: Bomber is a military aircraft designed to destroy ground, underground, surface, underwater objects using bombing and / or missile weapons. .

Russian long-range bombers

Long-range bombers in Russia are developed and produced by the Tupolev Design Bureau.

Long-range bomber Tu-160

The Tu-160, unofficially called the White Swan, is the fastest and heaviest long-range bomber in the world. Tu-160 "White Swan" is able to develop supersonic speed, not every fighter is able to keep up with him.

Long-range bomber Tu-95

Tu-95 is a veteran of long-range aviation in Russia. Developed back in 1955, having gone through many modernizations, the Tu-95 is still the main long-range bomber in Russia.

Long-range bomber Tu-22M

Tu-22M - another long-range bomber of the Russian Air Force. It has wings of variable sweep, like the Tu-160, but its size is smaller.

Frontline bombers of Russia

Front-line bombers in Russia are developed and manufactured by PJSC Sukhoi Company.

Front-line bomber Su-34

Su-34 is a 4 ++ generation combat aircraft, a fighter-bomber, although it is more precisely called a front-line bomber.

Front-line bomber Su-24

Su-24 is a front-line bomber, the development of which began in the USSR in the early 60s of the last century. Currently, the Su-34 is replacing it.

Russian fighters

Fighters in Russia are developed and produced by two companies: PJSC Sukhoi Company and MiG RSK JSC.

Su Fighters

PJSC Sukhoi Company supplies the troops with such modern combat vehicles as the fifth-generation fighter Su-50 (PAK FA), Su-35, front-line bomber Su-34, carrier-based fighter Su-33, Su-30, heavy fighter Su- 27, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-24M3 front-line bomber.

Fifth generation fighter PAK FA (T-50)

PAK FA (T-50 or Su-50) is a fifth-generation fighter developed by PJSC Sukhoi Company for the Russian Aerospace Forces since 2002. As of the end of 2016, tests are being completed and the aircraft is preparing for transfer to regular units.

Photo PAK FA (T-50).

Su-35 - fighter fighter generation 4 ++.

Photo Su-35.

Deck fighter Su-33

Su-33 - generation 4 ++ carrier-based fighter. Several of these aircraft are in service with the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier.

Su-27 fighter

Su-27 - the main combat fighter of the Russian Air Force. On its basis, the Su-34, Su-35, Su-33 and several other fighters were developed.

Su-27 in flight

MiG fighters

RSK MiG JSC today supplies the troops with the MiG-31 fighter-interceptor and the MiG-29 fighter.

MiG-31 fighter interceptor

MiG-31 - fighter-interceptor, designed to perform tasks at any time of the day and in any weather. MiG-31 is a very fast aircraft.

MiG-29 fighter

MiG-29 - is one of the main combat fighters of the Russian Aerospace Forces. There is a deck version - MiG-29K.

Attack aircraft

The only attack aircraft in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces is the Su-25 attack aircraft.

Attack aircraft Su-25

Su-25 - armored subsonic attack aircraft. The machine made its first flight in 1975 since then, having gone through many modernizations, it reliably performs its tasks.

Russian military helicopters

Helicopters for the army are produced by the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after ML Mil and Kamov OJSC.

Helicopters Kamov

Kamov OJSC specializes in the production of coaxial helicopters.

Helicopter Ka-52

The Ka-52 Alligator is a two-seater helicopter capable of performing both attack and reconnaissance functions.

Deck helicopter Ka-31

Ka-31 - a deck helicopter equipped with a complex of long-range radio detection and guidance, are in service with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Deck helicopter Ka-27

Ka-27 is a multi-purpose carrier-based helicopter. The main modifications are anti-submarine and rescue.

Photo Ka-27PL Russian Navy

Helicopters Mile

Mi helicopters are developing the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M.L. Mil.

Mi-28 helicopter

Mi-28 - attack helicopter used by the Soviet army of Russia.

Mi-24 helicopter

Mi-24 - the world famous attack helicopter, created in the 1970s in the USSR.

Mi-26 helicopter

Mi-24 is a heavy transport helicopter, also developed back in Soviet times. It is currently the largest helicopter in the world.

One of the most essential conditions for successful combat operations of aviation is a well-developed network of field airfields.

In wartime, temporary airfields are organized in the war zone to conduct flight operations.

Temporary airfields do not have any specially constructed facilities.

Aerodromes are called operational if they contain aircraft units. Otherwise, they are inactive or spare.

Aerodrome; allowing in size only episodic flight work of single aircraft or. regardless of size, used only for occasional landings and take-offs of single aircraft, called the landing pad.

Depending on the nature of the combat use, airfields (sites) are divided into forward and rear.

The aerodromes (sites) are called advanced, from which combat sorties are directly carried out. They are located as close to the front as possible depending on the situation (type and type of aircraft, its combat missions, nature of the terrain, availability of communication lines, communications, etc.).

Advanced airfields, depending on their importance, are divided into main and auxiliary.

The main airfield is the technical basis for the flight operation of a unit or compound. At this airfield, the headquarters of the unit and all services are usually located.

Auxiliary airfields to one degree or another contribute to the combat work of aviation.

Auxiliary aerodromes include: a) alternate ones, where preparatory work is carried out in the event of the transfer of air units from the main aerodromes in case of danger of air attacks (when the enemy determines the location of this part), as well as in the destruction of military airfields; b) false, organized to disguise the true; false airfields can often serve as alternate ones.

Rear are called airdromes (sites), intended for the rest of aviation in the period between combat flight work, for viewing and repairing material parts.

Rear aerodromes are located at a distance that provides them from the attack by enemy fighter aircraft.

Several aerodromes occupied by an aviation unit or compound, false and alternate aerodromes, take-off platforms (for quick expansion in the event of a bombing and chemical attack), a communication and surveillance system, checkpoints, lighting equipment for night operations and air defense systems form an aerodrome assembly.

The removal of airfields from each other should not be less than 10 km.

Basic requirements for the location of aerodromes

1.   Military aviation. According to their location, military aviation airports must meet the following conditions:

a) be out of reach of enemy artillery;

b) have the shortest possible lines of communication with the serviced military units, and even better, allow personal communication between military and aviation commanders and their headquarters;

c) provide the best conditions for the placement of the material part and minor repairs;

d) have good ways to transport everything you need;

e) provide the most favorable conditions for recreation to personnel;

e) have a good disguise;

g) to enable the organization of direct defense against both air and ground enemies.

The commander and headquarters are at the airfield from which the combat work is being conducted. Landing sites at the headquarters of the divisions are intended in case of need for personal communication between the crew and the division commander or his chief

headquarters. Near the headquarters of the units for direct communication with them, landing sites are designed for the reception and operation of single aircraft.

The communication of airfields with the combined-arms headquarters served by the aviation part is carried out by means of the latter.

The main airfield and the headquarters of the military unit are connected by wire connection.

2.   Army reconnaissance aircraft. The working conditions of the army reconnaissance aircraft do not impose special requirements on airfields. In the case of a quick movement of the field headquarters of a serviced operational unit, one often has to resort to work from the front airfield, which could be the airfield of any part of the military aviation.

3. Fighter aircraft. Army fighter aircraft, in addition to its main airfields, should make extensive use of the entire available network of airfields and areas of the army area. This ensures a successful struggle for air supremacy, making it possible to quickly concentrate fighters in various sectors of the front.

The use of fighter aircraft requires, first of all, a well-established communication, why all fighter aviation airfields should have direct wire or radio communication with the command at their disposal, as well as with other aviation headquarters (aerodromes), with air defense points and near the main air posts communication and observation.

4.   Assault and bomber aircraft are deployed at airfields in accordance with the general tactical situation.

The need for frequent repeated flights requires the approach of advanced airfields to the front line with a wide dispersal of squadrons (squads) across individual aerodromes.

5.   Zone of airdromes of military and light combat aircraft. The area of \u200b\u200bmilitary aviation aerodromes covers a strip, the front edge of which is 10-20 km from the contact line with the enemy, and the rear edge is 30-50 km. Typically, the main airfields of military aviation units are located at a depth of 1-1% of transitions from the enemy, and the landing sites are advanced forward, possibly closer to the parking place of the headquarters of the corps and divisions.

The front edge of the light combat airdrome zone is 100 km from the line of contact with the enemy. With advanced basing, the location of combat light aviation airfields will be in a strip from 100 to 200 I / m in depth, and when located at rear airfields from 200 km and deeper.

Defense of the airfield from a ground enemy

The following enemy ground forces may threaten an airfield: a) motorized units; b) cavalry; c) airborne troops; d) sabotage groups.

Given that the actions of large enemy forces equally threaten both airfields and the entire tactical and operational rear of the troops, the defense of airfields cannot be considered in isolation from the general defense of the entire rear area.

Responsible for organizing the defense of the military rear area is the commander of the formations to which this rear area belongs; The organization of defense within the army rear, according to its division, is directly controlled by the headquarters of the army or the chiefs of the corresponding rear bodies located in the area.

When organizing the defense of the rear, they proceed from the importance of one or another object, and the defense is organized in the directions leading to one or another object or group of them. At the same time, the topographic conditions of the terrain are widely used and their reinforcement is practiced with engineering, and sometimes chemical, means of struggle (blocking blockages, notches, gouges, trenches, minefields and preparing for chemical contamination) using local improvised tools and labor.

The aviation units and rear units located in the area receive for defense certain areas and areas indicated by the relevant order or decree of the chief organizing the general defense, and organize the defense in accordance with the statutory provisions, and the aircraft must be ready for action from the air.

Organization of PVCO aerodrome

In the struggle for air supremacy, the Air Force will seek to destroy enemy aircraft at its airfields during preparation for a combat mission, rest or arrival after completing a mission, inflict the greatest defeat on personnel and render the airfield unusable.

The relative vastness of the target allows you to use any type of aircraft for attack from various heights.

Attack aircraft can fulfill all three tasks using: a) machine-gun fire, fragmentation and incendiary bombs to destroy the material part; b) high-explosive large-caliber bombs with moderators from tenths of a second to several hours to destroy the airfield; c) machine-gun fire, small fragmentation bombs and explosives to destroy personnel.

Bomber aircraft operates over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe airfield, destroying the airfield and hitting everything on the airfield. Its main means are bombs of all types and calibers.

The possibility of attacking aerodromes of various types of aircraft with action at different altitudes and with the use of various means of destruction makes it necessary to use all means of PVCO for defense.

AZO funds

Aviation. In order to cover the location of a large junction of various types of aviation at the airfield hub, guarding by means of the air junction is organized using its own means, and a fighter unit can also be allocated. In the latter case, the aerodromes of the aviation compound are connected with the aerodrome of the fighter unit.

Flak. The defense of airfields from enemy aircraft attacking from high altitudes (more than 1,000) can be carried out using anti-aircraft artillery.

For the successful defense of the airfield, at least one anti-aircraft artillery battalion (3-4 batteries) is required. The idea of \u200b\u200bdefense is that enemy planes reaching the target, entering the anti-aircraft artillery shelling zone, immediately fall on probable approaches under two-layer fire (fire of 2 batteries), and approaching the center, they are fired by three-, four-layer fire (3-4 batteries).

In case of insufficient anti-aircraft artillery and the inability to cover the entire airfield unit, the main airfield is primarily covered.

Anti-aircraft machine guns. When defending an airfield, anti-aircraft machine guns are deployed in groups of at least two machine guns. Machine-gun defense has the following tasks: a) to prevent aircraft from approaching a vulnerable part of the airfield, and b) to prevent shelling or bombardment of the target with impunity.

Non-hostile aircraft can approach the target from any direction, but their approach from a closed or rough terrain is most likely. Therefore, machine-gun groups are positioned so as to fire at enemy planes, from whatever side they appear; in the most probable directions, the fire of machine-gun groups should be sealed by the interaction of at least two groups; above the target (vulnerable area), machine-gun group fire should be the most dense, since here machine guns will have the greatest possibility of destruction.

It is most advisable to put machine guns in high places (buildings, trees), eliminating dead spaces that are inevitable when installing them directly on the ground. For the installation of machine guns on buildings and trees, the corresponding sites are prepared that allow round-robin fire.

Temporarily inactive turret machine guns of aircraft can be involved in the fight against the enemy, and the defense of the airfield itself is assigned to them.

Air communications and surveillance posts. Timely warning of airdromes about an attack by an air enemy is provided by a network of air communications and observation posts of combined arms units and rear agencies located along the outer ring from airfields at a distance of 15-20 km.

The posts of aviation units and formations are part of the general air defense system of the area and serve on a common basis.

In the presence of anti-aircraft artillery covering the airfield, the service of air communication posts can be assigned to observation posts of anti-aircraft batteries. Each battery provides three observation points that continuously monitor the air situation. To prevent the airfield, the command post of the division commander, and whenever possible each battery, must be connected to the central post of the airfield.

Aerodrome warning is also carried out using battery shots.

Local funds

Disguise. The disguise of airfields breaks up into a disguise of: a) the airfield; b) material part; c) personnel; d) signs of life of the airfield.

The masking of existing airfields is complemented by a false airdrome device.

To mask the airfield airfield are widely used: field decoration and paint-masking - these tools allow you to give the existing airfield the appearance of a site completely unsuitable for flying (pitted with ditches, pits, with fake, easily tolerated buildings: stacks, heaps, stumps, etc. .); in winter - sweeping tracks left by aircraft skis.

Masking of the material part (aircraft) can be achieved by using natural shelters (trees, bushes, terrain), camouflage painting of airplanes, protective paint to match the tone of the terrain (in the green meadow, in the sand yellow, in winter white, etc.) and finally, through special coatings (masksets). It is especially important to cover the shiny parts that give the plane the most.

Disguising personnel located outside the aerodrome does not present any particular difficulties, since it is easy to find any natural closures near the aerodrome. It is much more difficult to disguise personnel at the airport. To do this, it is necessary to allocate to each unit an assembly place, if possible covered (by trees, bushes, etc.). If there are no such shelters, they are created artificially.

To mask the signs of life of the airfield, it is necessary to give it the appearance of a site unsuitable for flights, as indicated above. It is especially important to eliminate crutches from the airport and mask access roads to the airfield.

Similarly, it is necessary to mask the air defense firing points, personnel premises outside the aerodrome and rear facilities airdrome (fuel, lubricants, bombs, vehicles, etc.). Masking these objects is not very difficult, since they are relatively small ?! they can always be placed in sheltered places.

Selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites

The selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites for military and light army military aviation in most cases, the interaction of aviation with ground forces are the responsibility of the command of these troops.

The chief executive officer for the selection of advanced airfields and landing sites will be the headquarters of the combined arms formation, in collaboration with which or as part of which aviation works.

The technical executor will be one of the commanders of the headquarters or the commander of the engineering troops of this compound.

The preparation of field airfields is carried out by the sapper units of this compound using the military and working units or local residents as the labor force.

Places for airdromes are preliminarily selected based on military-geographical and aerographic descriptions of the area and large-scale maps. Then, these maps and aerographic descriptions are clarified by reconnaissance from airplanes, and special reconnaissance groups are sent to the airfield to finally resolve the issue of the suitability of this site.

Aerodrome Requirements

The following general requirements apply to an aerodrome:

a) sufficient size;

b) sufficient surface preparation of the aerodrome;

c) the presence of free approaches from the air in the direction of landing or take-off, i.e., the absence of any vertical obstacles (houses, trees, high factory pipes, etc.) in the path of an airplane making a landing or take-off.

The direction of take-off and landing of the aircraft depends on the direction of the wind. For each area there are prevailing winds (repeating in direction), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

The linear dimensions of airfields. The linear dimensions of airfields depend on the number and type of aircraft and the nature of the flight operation of the aircraft and parts using the airfield or landing site.

Relief. The surface of the aerodrome should be as horizontal as possible. Slopes, without steps and jumps, slopes of 0.01-0.02 with a length of at least 100 m are allowed; more frequent and abrupt surface changes are dangerous at high airplane speeds.

Local obstacles (hillocks, hollows, ditches, boundaries, grooves, bumps, pits, individual stones, shrubs, stumps, poles) should be eliminated.

It is advisable to avoid lowlands and hollows for. location of the aerodrome (subsoil water).

Soil and vegetation. Soil should be dense, but elastic and well absorbing moisture.

Unsuitable: marshy and very rocky.

Undesirable: sandy and clay.

Desirable: meadow areas with sandy and podzolic soil, with grassy, \u200b\u200brootous vegetation that protects from erosion, thinning and dust, but does not interfere with the density and height of the aircraft. It is possible to use the bread fields provided that the bread that has reached a height of 30 cm is removed and the soil density is appropriate.

Aerodrome rules

The airfield should not be swamped with water (atmospheric and groundwater). The general condition of the cover is<5очей площади полевого аэродрома должно допускать продвижение груженого полуторатонного автомобиля со скоростью 30- 40 км в час. Гусеничный трактор должен проходить без осадки почвы.

In winter, the airfield should have a flat surface with a slight snow cover for take-off and landing on wheels, or a thicker and more even snow cover without snowdrifts for aircraft to ski. In winter they can also be used to base airplanes on skiing lakes or rivers. In the latter cases, time allowing for such basing is taken into account.

Sources of water. At each airfield, water is needed for various needs (water for radiators, for washing aircraft, for household needs, to extinguish a fire). Water pipe, well or reservoir is desirable. For the landing site, you can limit yourself to a source of water at a distance of no more than 1% km from the aircraft parking lot.

Water quality should be close to rain or boiled (lack of precipitation and heavy salts).

Driveways and communications. Transportation of air cargo by road requires good access roads from the nearest railway stations, settlements and marinas. The conditions for the base of aviation units at the airfield hub, combat work in conjunction with the troops, the need for constant weather information, timely transportation of the necessary cargo - all this requires a well-developed communication network (telephone, telegraph and radio), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

Placement of material parts, stocks, material and technical means and personnel. The material part, stocks of military and material-technical means and facilities at field airfields are dispersed but using the surrounding area, lighting conditions and camouflage means. Aircraft are dispersed along the border of the aerodrome using adjacent forest groups or shrubs at a distance of 150-200 m from each other. Ammunition and fuel supplies are hidden outside the aerodrome. Flight and technical personnel are located from the airfield at a distance of 3-6 km. Transport, which is mainly intended for internal transportation at the aerodrome, is located in the storage area of \u200b\u200bthe aerodrome. During flights at the airport there is an on-duty vehicle with a service staff, the sanitary unit itself is located in the area of \u200b\u200blocation, personnel.

Breakdown of the airfield. The airfield (working area) for take-off and landing of the aircraft should correspond in size to the needs of this type of aviation.

The strip of approaches surrounding the airfield from all sides, or in any case from at least two sides (in the direction of the prevailing winds), must be of appropriate width.

Preparation of the working area of \u200b\u200bthe airfield

Without preparation of the surface of the airfield, the operation of the airfield and landing pad is impossible.

Preparation consists in planning (eliminating irregularities) and in surface treatment as necessary (plowing, harrowing, seeding, rolling and other works).

Large irregularities are cut off, hollows fall asleep, small irregularities are leveled, sometimes the whole surface is slightly loosened, shrubs, stumps and individual trees are uprooted, stones are removed, and the entire area is often rolled away, and if there is time and need, it is sown and strengthened with grass cover.

In addition, some airfields will require drainage to control groundwater.

Description of the sites. When searching for airfields, it is required to answer the following questions:

1) the name of the nearest settlement (distance in kilometers);

2) the nearest railway station or marina (in which direction in relation to the countries of the world, how many kilometers, on which road or river);

3) communication lines leading to the railway station (or wharf) and the nearest settlement; their condition;

4) the size of the site and its outline (linear dimensions - in meters, areal - in hectares);

6) the nature of the surface (soil, hillyness);

7) obstacles on the territory of the site and approaches to it (trees, shrubs, stones, stumps, ditches, humps, buildings, telegraph poles, etc.);

8) the presence of water bodies (natural and artificial), the quality and quantity of water in them;

9) the nature of the surrounding area (vegetation, surface features, water spaces);

10) the availability and capacity of the nearest settlements for the needs of the Air Force;

11) the dependence of the site on rains, river spills and snowmelt and for what period;

12) permanent communication (radio, postal and telegraph office, railway, telegraph, telephone); distance from the site to the nearest communication point;

13) the presence of enterprises and workshops in the area of \u200b\u200bthe site (within a radius of 5 km);

14) the availability of labor and building materials in the surrounding area;

15) the availability and condition of vehicles in the local population;

16) local medical and veterinary centers;

17) a list of works necessary to adapt the site under the airfield;

18) other information (political, sanitary).