Features of the psyche and behavior of different species of animals. Description of the psyche of animals and humans. Genetics and Behavior
Prepared
Second-year student gr. 92063/1
Naumenko Marina Alexandrovna
Introduction 3
The history of the development of ideas about animal intelligence. 5
Comparison of the psyche of animals and humans. 6
Conclusion 10
Bibliography. eleven
Introduction
To begin comparing the psyche of man and animals, you must first give a definition of this concept.
Mind - a combination of mental processes and phenomena (sensations, perceptions, emotions, memory, etc.); a specific aspect of the life of animals and humans in their interaction with the environment. It is in unity with somatic (bodily) processes and is characterized by activity, integrity, correlation with the world, development, self-regulation, communicativeness, adaptation, etc. It appears at a certain stage of biological evolution. The highest form of the psyche - consciousness - is inherent in man.
The psyche is a general concept that unites many subjective phenomena studied by psychology as a science. There are two different philosophical understandings of nature and manifestations of the psyche: materialistic and idealistic. According to the first understanding, psychic phenomena are a property of highly organized living matter of self-development and self-knowledge (reflection).
In accordance with the idealistic understanding of the psyche in the world, there is not one, but two principles: material and ideal. They are independent, eternal, not reducible and not derived from each other. Interacting in development, they, nevertheless, develop according to their own laws. At all stages of its development, the ideal is identified with the psychic.
According to a materialistic understanding, psychic phenomena have arisen as a result of the long biological evolution of living matter and now represent the highest result of development achieved by it.
Scholars prone to idealistic philosophy present things differently. According to them, the psyche is not a property of living matter and is not a product of its development. She, like matter, exists forever. Just as lower and higher forms can be distinguished in the transformation of the material over time (this is why this transformation is called development), in the evolution of the ideal (psychic) \u200b\u200bone can note one's elementary and simplest forms, define one's own laws and driving forces of development.
In a materialistic understanding, the psyche suddenly appears at a certain stage in the development of living matter, and this is the weakness of the materialist point of view.
At the same time, there are many facts that definitely testify to the relationship that exists between brain and psychological processes, material and ideal states. This indicates the strong bonds that exist between the ideal and the material.
Biological studies of the human body and animals have repeatedly demonstrated that human physiology is almost completely similar to that of some animal species (for example, primates). At the same time, from the point of view of the development of nature, man is a fundamentally new species compared to the animal kingdom. The uniqueness of man as a natural species is determined by his mental device, significantly different from the psyche of animals. Human consciousness and the phenomenon of human personality caused by it have no analogues in any animal species, even with the most developed intellect. In the apt expression of M. Scheler, a person "does not know what he is and knows that he does not know this."
The personality of an individual person is made up of the individual himself and his position in the society of other people. An individual is a biological body that arises and develops according to the laws of the development of nature. The development of his psyche and the social status of a person determined by him depend on the laws of development of society. In turn, social laws usually develop as traditions in relations between people and have a close relationship with the depths of the human psyche. Obviously, knowing its structure, its inherent causal relationships and the motives of human behavior caused by them, we can learn to successfully solve many psychological and social problems in everyday life.
But why are we humans sometimes so unreasonably cruel and aggressive? Why sometimes people who did not like to work with their hands, and did not know how, are drawn to the cottage, closer to fresh air and silence. And people are changing. And property instinct is one of the most painful for a person’s children. A child may be kind, not greedy, but if he has this instinct, he cannot but take away from others and not uphold what he considers his own. Perhaps man has not yet completely separated from nature, and the answers should be sought from the ancestors of people and from animals, our brothers, since we all came out of nature.
The history of the development of ideas about animal intelligence.
The ability of animals to think has been a subject of debate since ancient times. As early as the 5th century BC, Aristotle discovered the ability to learn in animals and even allowed the animals to have a mind. The beginning of a scientific study of the intellectual abilities of animals, like their psyche in general, was laid by Charles Darwin in his book “The Origin of Species and Natural Selection”.
The first to address this problem was Darwin's friend and associate, John Romanes (1848-1894), whose work Animal Intelligence (1882) gained great popularity. Idealistic critics sought to exploit the vulnerabilities of this book to accuse the author of anthropomorphizing the spiritual life of animals and cultivating the "method of anecdotes."
The weak position of Romanes in his approach to the psyche of animals was due to the unreliability of ideas about the human psyche, reflecting the influence of an introspective concept. If Darwin left this influence due to the fact that he focused on an objective study of bodily reactions with emotions, then Romanes could not avoid this. Objective criteria of intelligence did not exist. It remained to focus on its traditional interpretation in psychology (in England - associative psychology).
Romanes, fending off critics, in his subsequent works Mental Evolution in Animals (1883) and Mental Evolution in Humans (1887) accused them of an unacceptable trick: they come from the consciousness of a modern, civilized person and, comparing it with the psyche of animals immediately find many distinguishing features that give the impression of a qualitative dissimilarity. However, if you go down, comparing animals - the ancestors of man (anthropoid apes) and children, you will find that the difference between the children's psyche and more primitive phenomena in animals exists "in degree, but not in kind."
On the whole, Romanes acted as a naturalist who strove to affirm the continuity and unity of the psyche throughout the entire evolutionary process and did not at all ignore the differences between the individual cycles and variants of this process. He acutely felt the need to explain the gradual phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of consciousness. However, his own hypotheses were speculative in nature. They concerned intelligence as a combination of ideas - simple and complex, concrete and abstract. Only in the human mind do abstract "conceptual" ideas arise, which no other living being has. The historical limitations of Romanes's views consisted precisely in the fact that, as applied to the psyche, he defended evolution without Darwinism. He represented the work of intelligence in Lockovian, and not Darwinian, seeing in it a complication of the elements of consciousness, and not regulation of behavior in problematic life situations.
The wave of work in comparative psychology, raised by Darwinian teachings, has continuously increased. Of particular interest since the 80s are the "social" forms of invertebrate behavior, in which they saw a prototype of human relations. This includes the work of D. Lebbon "Ants, wasps and bees", the entomological works of J.A. Fabre, the research of August Trout, especially his "Experiments and critical remarks about the sensations of insects", etc.
Comparison of the psyche of animals and humans.
First, the activity of animals is instinctively biological, that is, not going beyond the natural conditions of their life. It can be carried out only in relation to objects of vital, biological needs or to the properties and things associated with their satisfaction. Because of this, the possibilities of mental reflection of the surrounding reality are limited by the range of biological needs.
The behavior of a person is characterized by the ability to abstract (be distracted) from this particular situation and anticipate the consequences that may arise in connection with this situation. A person is able to reflect not only the direct effects of the environment, but also those that await him. A person is able to act according to a known need, consciously.
Secondly, the language of animals is fundamentally different from the language of man. The language of animals is a complex system of signals with which they can transmit information about biologically significant events to each other. Its most important difference is the lack of a semantic function: the elements of the language of animals do not denote external objects, their properties and relationships - they are associated with a specific situation and serve specific biological purposes. Another difference in the language of animals is genetic fixation, as a result of which it is a closed system with a limited number of signals. Human language is an open system; it is constantly developing and enriching itself. Every animal from birth knows a language of its kind, a person learns his language throughout his life.
Thirdly, animals live according to biological laws. Many of them unite in communities in which quite complex forms of interaction between individuals are formed. A characteristic feature of animal communities is the hierarchy of their members. Individuals of higher ranks have greater "authority": they obey, imitate, etc. In some communities there is a clear distribution of functions, for example, in a bee family, specific duties are performed by the uterus, working bees and drones. However, all forms of group behavior of animals are subordinated exclusively to biological goals and laws, they were fixed by natural selection, during which only those forms were fixed that provided a solution to the basic biological problems: nutrition, self-preservation and reproduction. Man, both in individual and in public life, has come out of the power of biological laws and, from a certain moment in his development, has become subject to social laws.
Fourth, animals use tools, they even make and perfect them, but no matter how highly organized the animals are, they are not able to make tools from another tool. The manufacture of tools with the help of another object meant the separation of action from a biological motive and thereby the emergence of a new type of activity - labor, which implied a further division of labor. None of the above are common to animals. They use tools only for biological purposes and in specific situations and never enter into a relationship with each other about the use of these tools. Thus, in animals there is no consolidation, accumulation and transfer of the experience of generations in materially fixed form.
It was collective labor that made possible the origin of human consciousness. All labor involves the use and manufacture of tools, as well as the division of labor. Different members of the team begin to perform different operations, while some operations immediately lead to a biologically useful result, while others do not give such a result, that is, they are biologically meaningless. There is a separation of the subject of activity and its motive, the unifying factor in this case is the joint activity and the relations between people that take shape in it. Thus, the basis of human activity is social relations and patterns.
Sabaқtyң zhospary
Lesson plan
The plan of the lesson
Күні / Date / Date:
Top / Group / Group: B - 12
Mon / Subject: Psychology
Sabaқtyң taқyryby / Theme of the lesson / Theme: Psyche of animals
Sabaқtyң үlgіsі / A type classes/ Type of the lesson : Lecture
Sabaқtyң tүrі / Type of activity / Kind of the lesson : Lecture talk
Masatsats / Objectives of the lesson / Objectives:
білімдік / educational / educational: to form students' knowledge about the development and functioning of the animal psyche
damytushylyқ / developing / developing : Develop students' desire to acquire new knowledge
tәrbielіk / educational / bringing-up: cultivate a desire for self-development when acquiring new knowledge
Kөrnekі Uraldar / Equipment / Resources: lecture presentation
Sabaқtyң barysy / lesson plan / Plan
Organizing time
Control of the initial level of knowledge
New material presentation
Fastening
Homework explanation
Class progress
Greeting in three languages: Hello, Сәлематсіз бе, Good morning.
Organizing time.Who is the duty officer? Name the absent. What is today's date?Is God Blessing? What date is it today? Who is absent today? Бүгін кім жоқ?
Knowledge control in the form of testing.
Goal setting: video clip “Spider”.
While watching this video, you highlighted how to hunt using various devices, eating a spider. Do you think spider behavior is instinctive or conscious? (opinion of students)
We will find the answer to this question and others during the lecture.
Message on the topic of the goal and lesson plan. Lecture.
Жаңа Sabaқty tүsіndіru
Plan:
Sensitivity. Instinctive behavior of animals.
Skills Intellectual behavior of animals.
Bekіtu
1. What is instinctive behavior?
2. What are the main stages in the development of the psyche and behavior of animals.
3. What are the distinctive characteristics of the intellectual behavior of animals.
Reflection « ASSESSING YOUR RESPONSES»
«+»
« - «
"P"
"N"
"ABOUT"
“+” - answered on his own initiative, the answer is correct;
“-” - answered on his own initiative, but the answer is incorrect;
“P” - answered at the request of the teacher, the answer is correct;
“N” - answered at the request of the teacher, but the answer is incorrect;
"0" - did not answer
Тy tapsyrmasy
1. Know the content of the lecture
Биdebiet / Literature / Literature :
1. Maklakova A.G. "General Psychology"
2. Internet resources
Lecture.
Plan:
1. Sensitivity. Instinctive behavior of animals.
3. Skills. Intellectual behavior of animals.
In Russian psychology, the opinion that animal behavior is inherently instinctive behavior has long been established. Instincts are associated with those forms of behavior that are acquired by a particular animal in the process of its life.
Instinctive behavior is a species behavior that is equally directed in all representatives of the same animal species. As a rule, instinctive behavior is determined by biological expediency and consists in ensuring the existence (survival) of a particular representative or species as a whole. But it would not be entirely true to say that the behavior of an animal is only genetically determined and does not change during its life.
1.Sensitivity
A characteristic sign of a mental reaction is the body's sensitivity to indifferent stimuli, which under certain conditions (their coincidence with biologically important stimuli) signal the possibility or necessity of satisfying the biological needs of the body.
Sensitivity arises from irritability.. Sensitivity, A. Leontiev believes, genetically is nothing more than irritability to influences that orient the body in the environment, performing a signaling function.
The irritability inherent in organic nature in general. Thanks to her, innate reactions occur in the plant world, which are called tropisms.
Tropism - these are automatic movements in a certain direction of plants and simple organisms, which are predetermined by the dissimilarity of physicochemical processes in the symmetrical parts of the body, which are caused by unilateral influences of stimuli on the body.
The theory of animal tropisms was developed by J. Loeb. However, these animal reactions are not mechanical, as J. Loeb believed, - under the influence of experience they gain plasticity and variability.
According to the types of energy that act on organisms in the conditions of their existence, they distinguish between phototropisms, chemotropisms, heliotropisms, galvanotropisms, etc. For example, sunflower moves under the influence of photos and thermotropisms; in the direction of root and stem germination, in the behavior of worms and some insects that burrow into the ground or crawl to the tops of plants, the action of geo-, photo- or thermo-tropisms occurs.
There are the following main stages of development of the psyche of animals:
Elementary sensory psyche;
Perceptual psyche;
Intelligence.
Stage of elementary sensory psyche
A characteristic feature of this stage of the development of the psyche is that the behavior of animals is determined by the action on the body of the individual properties of objects in the environment of which animals live - chemical, light, temperature, etc.
This stage is characteristic mainly of invertebrates and those vertebrates that live in water, amphibians and reptiles, which have no objective perception. At this stage, differentiation of sensitivity to light, touch, smell, motor sensitivity occurs, as a result of which analyzers arise and develop - tangent, visual, sense of smell and auditory.
The level of development of analyzers and their receptor part depends on the characteristics of the living conditions of living things. Yes, spiders and insects have well developed tangential sensitivity (on tentacles, wings). Chemical sensitivity is developed in spiders and other invertebrates. It differentiates into olfactory and taste sensitivity in them.
At a khrushchch there are 50 thousand smelling organs, and at a drone - more than 30 thousand. Insects are sensitive to very slight odors. A bee distinguishes the smell of an orange peel from 43 essential odors. Bees react to smell, do not accept other people's bees.
Insects are topochemical creatures, that is, those that have zones in the body that are sensitive to chemical irritations.
The well-known sensitivity of insects to temperature changes, visual sensitivity. Bees distinguish colors and shapes of flowers, but not geometric shapes. Most insects are deaf. Only those of them have hearing, which with their own movements (wings) cause quite intense vibrations of sound waves.
For instance: as soon as the insect enters the web, the spider runs to it and entangles it with its thread. What causes this spider behavior? In special experiments, it was found that such a behavior of the spider is due to the vibration of the web, transmitting the vibration of the wings of the insect. As soon as the vibration stops, the spider stops moving towards its victim, but it is worth resuming the vibration, as the spider starts to move again. The fact that the vibration of the web determines the behavior of the spider is proved by the following experiment: the vibrating tuning fork brought to the web causes the spider to move, while the vibration of the wings of a fly caught by tweezers and brought directly to the spider makes the spider flee. So, indeed, the movement of the spider to the victim is due to the vibration of the web.
Involuntarily several questions arise. Firstly, what explains the stimulating effect of certain properties of objects and, secondly, why is any behavior of animals possible at all? The answer to the first question is simple: the vibration of the web is stably connected in the spider with the absorption and assimilation of food - an insect caught in the web. Therefore, such animal behavior has a biological meaning, since it is associated with the satisfaction of biological needs, in this case, with the absorption of food.
It should be noted that the biological meaning of the impact of objects that excite and direct the behavior of the animal is not constant, but changes and develops depending on the specific living conditions of the animal and the characteristics of the environment. If, for example, you start to feed a hungry toad with worms, and then put a match and a lump of moss in front of it, then it will grab a match, which, like worms, has an elongated shape. But if you pre-feed the toad with spiders, then it will not pay attention to the match and grab the moss. Rounded forms now acquired the meaning of food for her.
Stage of perceptual psyche
On its basis, the perceptual stage of the activity of animals develops.
This stage is characterized by the display of objects as a whole, rather than their individual properties, as is observed at the sensory stage of development of the psyche.
For instance, if the male is protected from food, then he will respond not only to the subject where his activity is directed (to food), but also to the conditions under which this activity occurs, that is, to try to overcome the obstacle.At the sensory stage, such a reaction to the conditions under which the vital activity of animals does not occur.
The stage of perceptual psyche is characteristic of mammals. It is determined by significant anatomical and physiological changes in the body: the development of the cerebral hemispheres, and especially their cortex and distant analyzers (visual, auditory), and the intensification of the integration activity of the cortex.
The conditioned-reflex activity of the cerebral cortex at the level of perceptual mental activity is the basis for the formation of imagination. The duration of storage of memory images increases with the evolution of vertebrates. So, with a single excitement, figurative memory acts: in a rat - for 10-20 seconds, in a dog - up to 10 minutes, in a monkey - up to 16 - 48 hours.
The duration of storage of images of memory is a valuable feature of the perceptual level of development of the psyche. This feature is an important prerequisite for the emergence of intelligent animal behavior.
At the stage of the perceptual psyche, complex changes occur in the processes of distinguishing and generalizing representations. Differentiation and generalization of the images of objects arise. These generalizations are not the sum of individual sensations caused by the simultaneous action of the effects, properties of various objects, but their unity, a kind of integration, which is the basis for transferring an operation from one specific situation to another, objectively similar to it, which significantly complicates the behavior of animals at this stage mental development.
The success of differentiation and generalization depends not so much on the degree of similarity as on the biological role of what affects the animal. The development of generalization at the stage of the perceptual psyche is associated with the development of integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, which combine movements into a holistic operation (motor fields), sensations into a holistic image (sensory fields).
3. Stage of intelligence
The psyche of most mammals remains at the perceptual stage. But in anthropoids - humanoid monkeys - reflective activity rises one more stage of its development. This highest level is called the stage of intelligence, or "manual thinking" (A. Leontyev).
Studies have shown that monkeys, especially chimpanzees, are characterized by elementary mental activity, the beginnings of visual-active thinking. Monkeys are faster than other animals, learn and relearn, show greater mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition.
I. Pavlov noted that the analytical and synthetic activity of the dog’s cerebral cortex is concrete, elementary thinking. However, mental activity, animal intelligence - this is not at all what the human mind. There are very big differences between them.
The stage of intelligence is characterized by the solution of problems. Under experimental conditions, a monkey (chimpanzee) could not directly get food (banana, orange, etc.). In the cage where she was, lay a stick with which you could get food.
The task was posed: whether the monkey would "guess" to use a stick to get hold of food. First, the chimpanzee tries to get food by hand, but fails. Failure for a while distracts the monkey from food. She, seeing a stick, manipulates it. If the stick and food fall into the same field of vision, the monkey directs the staff to the food and takes possession of it, palming it to itself.
Such studies were carried out in different variations. Monkeys successfully solved the tasks assigned to her in the experiment. The most difficult of them were two-phase tasks, which consisted in the fact that food could be reached with a long stick, but at first this long stick had to be reached with a short one, which was within immediate reach. Monkeys also solved this task. Monkeys are able to combine in one act two actions of a sequential operation, of which the first is preparatory for the second, decisive operation (two-phase tasks).
In the life of animals it is easy to notice their mutual relations. These relationships manifest themselves in peculiar movements, poses, and acoustic signals. At different stages of the development of living beings, these ways of relations and mutual influence are gaining varying complexity. With their help, animals signal danger, food, anger, fear, transmit this or that information. But these varieties of relationships, this "language" of animals is instinctive, is the identification of emotional states. Unlike the human language, the "language" of animals is not a means of transmitting individual experience to other animals.
The intellectual behavior of anthropoids is associated with the development of the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes and their frontal zones. If a monkey destroys part of these zones, then their solution to two-phase problems becomes impossible.
The stage of intelligence, which is characteristic of higher mammals and has reached the highest level of development in anthropoid apes, is the prehistory of the emergence and development of human consciousness.
All stages of the mental development of animals are characterized by fixedness and individual variability of behavior. The fixed forms of behavior that are inherited are instinctive forms of behavior.
Instincts
- these are acts of the organism’s interaction with the environment, the mechanism of which is a system of unconditioned reflexes.
Instinctively, activities often embrace tropism mechanisms. C. Darwin (1809-1882) gave a scientific explanation of the origin of instincts, proving that the structure of animal behavior is an organic unity and is the result of natural selection, those changes in physical organization and behavior that were caused by external conditions and were fixed in the body as a result of expediency them for the life of organisms. There are instincts of nutrition, reproduction, self-preservation and other forms of generic or species adaptation to the environment.
Instinctive behaviors
- this is a great motive for the body. Depending on the living conditions and the state of the organism, these or other acts of behavior, reproduction, protection, acts related to nutrition arise, alternating, etc.
In the individual adaptation of animals to living conditions, instincts seem to be meaningful actions, but if you break this chain of instinctive actions, animals still continue to carry out the following acts, instinctively acting in a chain, although this action does not ensure success.
So, the chicken continues to sit on the deposits, even if you remove the eggs from under it, and the bee, starting to pollinate honeycombs filled with honey, will continue to do this even if honey is released from the honeycombs. So, instinctive actions are unconscious, mechanical actions.
Instinctive actions in the individual life of animals may vary. For example, you can achieve the "peaceful" coexistence of fox and chicken, cat and mouse. However, such an individual change in instinct is not inherited.
Variability in fixed forms of behavior is manifested in the acquisition of new skills and methods of action that arise as a result of multiple natural expedient execution of movements and actions or in the process of training.
- the internal subjective world of the animal, covering the whole complex of subjectively experienced processes and conditions: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of mental experience as sensations, images, ideas and emotions. About P. f., Unlike the human psyche, it is impossible to obtain information based on reports of introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with behavior and physiological processes are built by analogy with our ideas about the human psychic world. P. f. from antiquity it aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful research began at the end of the 19th century. with the advent of zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying P. f., Which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, divided the zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Proponents of such a study stated that P. it is quite possible to draw scientific conclusions based on observations of animal behavior and data on their physiology. Rejecting any variants of anthropomorphism, adherents of the objectivist approach considered P. inaccessible to a truly scientific study and called to confine ourselves to the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. the objectivist trend became dominant, the study of P. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. of our century. At present, the study of P. f. turned into a new actively developing scientific field, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less commonly psychoetology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. f. considered simultaneously in the natural sciences, psychological and philosophical terms.
See more words in
The psyche of animals About P. f., Unlike the human psyche, it is impossible to obtain information based on reports of introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with behavior and physiological processes are built by analogy with our representations about the mental world of man. P. f. from antiquity it aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful research began at the end of the 19th century. with the advent of zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying P. f., Which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, divided the zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Proponents of such a study stated that P. it is quite possible to draw scientific conclusions based on observations of animal behavior and data on their physiology. Rejecting any options anthropomorphism, adherents of the objectivist approach considered P. inaccessible to a truly scientific study and called to confine ourselves to the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. the objectivist trend became dominant, the study of P. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. of our century. At present, the study of P. f. turned into a new actively developing scientific field, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less often psychoetology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. f. considered simultaneously in the natural sciences, psychological and philosophical terms.
Brief psychological dictionary. - Rostov-on-Don: "PHOENIX". L.A. Karpenko, A.V. Petrovsky, M. G. Yaroshevsky. 1998 .
See what "animal psyche" is in other dictionaries:
Psyche of animals - [Greek psychikos spiritual] inner world of the animal, covering the whole complex of supposed subjectively experienced processes and conditions: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of mental experience, ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
PSYCHE - (from Greek psyche soul). Your understanding. P. Soviet psychology builds on the basis of the development of the theoretical legacy of Marx Engels Lenin, the works of Stalin. Marx pointed out that "consciousness can never be anything else but conscious ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia
The highest form of the relationship of living beings with the objective world, expressed in their ability to realize their motives and act on the basis of information about him. At the human level, P. acquires a qualitatively new character, due to the fact that it ... ...
PSYCHE - (Greek). The area of \u200b\u200bmental strength and ability of the individual. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. MENTAL PHYSICS area of \u200b\u200bmental phenomena, area of \u200b\u200bfeeling. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
PSYCHE - (from Greek psychic psychic) \u200b\u200ba specific way of functioning of the soul. Traditionally, psychic reality is contrasted, on the one hand, with the physiology of the body, understood biochemically, with the other concept of “soul,” perceived as ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
PSYCHE - (from Greek psychic psychic) \u200b\u200bthe totality of mental processes and phenomena (sensations, perceptions, emotions, memory, etc.); a specific aspect of the life of animals and humans in their interaction with the environment. It is in unity with ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
According to it, a person has a special kind of mental functions, higher mental functions that are completely absent in animals. Author L.S. Vygotsky. At least two of its fundamental provisions remain valid today. This provision is about ... ... Big psychological encyclopedia
Psyche - The request "Theory of the psyche" is redirected here. A separate article is needed on this topic ... Wikipedia
Psyche - (gr. soul) is a concept that characterizes the inner world of man and higher animals. The human psyche differs from the psyche of animals in its ability to operate with sign structures of a social nature. The psyche is defined as one of the forms ... ... Concepts of modern science. Glossary of basic terms
psyche - and; g. [from Greek psychikos sincere] 1. The totality of processes and phenomena associated with the higher nervous activity of humans and animals. Sensations, perceptions, emotions, memory are integral elements of the psyche. 2. Mental organization, mental warehouse; ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Psyche and mental processes (the system of concepts of general psychology), Natalia Ivanovna Chuprikova, The book substantiates the legitimacy of the understanding of the psyche that has developed in Russian psychology as a reflection of reality and the regulator on this basis of behavior and activity. As an answer ... Category: Psychology Series: Reasonable Behavior and Language Publisher: Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic Culture, Manufacturer: Languages \u200b\u200bof Slavic culture, Buy for 1201 UAH (Ukraine only)
- The brain and psyche of animals. The influence of experimental neuroses on the salivation of dogs, Chilingaryan Liliya Ivanovna, Monograph L.I. Chilingaryan is devoted to one of the most interesting aspects of modern biological science - brain research. Continuing the development of the conditioned reflex theory of the great Pavlov and ... Category: Zoology Series: Psychological Technology Publisher:
Psyche of animals - the property of the brain to perceive the surrounding reality and reflect it in the form of regulated functions of the nervous system, the internal subjective world of the animal, covering the whole complex of subjectively experienced processes and conditions: perception, memory, thinking, intentions, dreams, etc., and including such elements of the mental experiences like sensations, images, perceptions and emotions.
On the psyche of animals, unlike the human psyche, it is impossible to obtain information based on reports of introspection. All ideas about the existence of subjective experience in animals, about its content and about its connection with behavior and physiological processes are built by analogy with our ideas about the human psychic world. P. f. from antiquity it aroused deep interest among philosophers and naturalists, but its systematic purposeful research began at the end of the 19th century. with the advent zoopsychology. Disputes about the possibility of studying P. f., Which is fundamentally inaccessible to observation, divided the zoopsychologists into two opposite scientific camps. Proponents of such a study stated that P. it is quite possible to draw scientific conclusions based on observations of animal behavior and data on their physiology. Rejecting any anthropomorphism adherents of the objectivist approach considered P. inaccessible to a truly scientific study and urged to confine ourselves to the study of only objectively observed phenomena of behavior and physiology. By the mid 30s. the objectivist trend became dominant, the study of P. with some exceptions, it practically stopped and resumed only at the turn of the 70s. of our century. At present, the study of P. f. has turned into a new actively developing scientific field, which is most often called cognitive ethology, less often psychoetology or cognitive comparative psychology. Within the framework of cognitive ethology, the problem of P. f. considered simultaneously in the natural sciences, psychological and philosophical plan.
Animal behavior - a reflection of environmental reality regulated by the psyche, interaction with the environment inherent in living beings, mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity. The term “behavior” is applicable both to individual individuals, individuals, and to their aggregates (behavior of a biological species, social group). The first attempts to scientifically understand P. arose on the basis of mechanistic determinism, in the categories of which P. was interpreted according to the type of interaction of physical bodies. Evolutionary doctrine in biology (C. Darwin) made it possible to explain the expediency of living creatures by stimulating the development of objective methods for studying behavior in the unity of its external and internal manifestations. On the basis of biological determinism, a doctrine was developed on the higher nervous activity of animals, a synonym of which IP Pavlov considered behavior. Behaviorism opposed P. consciousness, believing that the subject of psychology is only behavior, which was reduced to a combination of motor reactions to external stimuli. Subsequently, advocates of behaviorism made adjustments to this scheme (Neo-behaviorism). The identity of an individual's P. depends on the nature of his relationship with the groups of which he is a member, on group norms, value orientations, and role prescriptions.
A complete set of all manifestations of the behavior and psyche of animals aimed at establishing the vital connections of the body with the environment is mental activity of animals - the process of mental reflection of reality as a product and manifestation of the activity of the animal in the world. Of decisive importance are the increasing activity, initiative, lability, variability, sovereignty (with respect to environmental conditions) of motor activity and the corresponding morphofunctional transformations during phylogenesis, especially in the effector-sensory sphere (the primacy of behavior in mental reflection). The aromorphous or idio-adaptive changes in the structure and function of organisms that occur in this process determine the evolutionary transformation of the mental activity of animals, which, in turn, provides the possibility of further evolution. In higher animals (at the level of the perceptual psyche), the orientational component of mental activity is carried out on the basis of the formation of generalized mental images, and at higher phylogenetic levels - on the basis of integral images of the entire environment. This ensures the most adequate, complete and biologically maximally adaptive control, adjustment and improvement of the external activity of the animal, as a result of which it becomes possible to establish optimal relations for the body with a biologically significant component of the environment. In the process of evolution (already at the lower stages of phylogenesis) two directions of the mental activity of animals emerged and developed: locomotion and manipulation (according to K. E. Fabry).
So, it becomes clear that the psyche and behavior in animals are inseparable. Therefore, the psyche in combination with all modes and attributes of behavior can be considered as two sides of the adaptation process.
From the general biological and neurobiological points of view, all representatives of the animal world can be arranged in the form of a series (s), where the order will be dictated by the increasing complexity and diversity of their external activity. The most famous is the classification scheme for behavior, which distinguishes five types of adaptive reactions: taxis, reflexes, instincts, rational activity (sometimes insight (intuition) is also referred to here), and various forms of learning. This list represents five ways to solve the problems of animal welfare. Each of these active response methods is clearly defined by the principle of organizing systems that control behavior. That is, behind each of these types of behavior there is a certain type of device of the nervous system. This series is consistent with the evolutionary theory of progress.
