MINISTRY OF GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

KHABAROVSK STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Term paper on technical training

The history of the creation, development and general structure of the armored personnel carrier

Completed: student 32 platoon

Leshchuk O. V.

Head:

lieutenant Colonel Dudko A.

KHABAROVSK 2001

Introduction

2. The main types of armored vehicles

3. The layout of the armored personnel carrier

4. Armored Corps and accommodation calculation

Conclusion

Literature.

Introduction

Since mankind began to fight, people have tried to protect themselves and their vehicles. In antiquity, shields were mounted on war chariots. Vulnerabilities in Persian army elephants were also protected. About ten years ago, at an archaeological site in Mongolia, an armored wagon was found, probably belonging to Genghis Khan. By modern standards, her armor is rather thin, but she withstood arrows and spears perfectly. In the Middle Ages, soldiers and riders defended not only themselves, but also their horses with an iron shell.

With the outbreak of World War I, troops needed lightly armored vehicles, due to the fact that most of the infantry attacks were choked in machine gun fire. It was to support the infantry that the first armored vehicles were created. The armor protection of equipment of those years was designed for small arms. Wheel armored cars were carried out at the bases of cars and trucks and had pretty good characteristics. Tracked armored cars (ancestors of tanks and infantry fighting vehicles) were designed and built from scratch, and often inferior to wheeled vehicles in their characteristics (some models had track rollers made of wood).

The lessons of the Great Patriotic War showed that reliable protection is needed not only for infantry cover machines, but also for the infantry itself, especially when transporting it. At the beginning of the war, the USSR practically did not have well-armored equipment intended for transporting and covering infantry. And nobody wanted to engage in the production of such equipment, since the country needed heavy and medium tanks. However, the Red Army received similar equipment from America through land leasing (lease agreement). In particular, this is an M9A1 wheeled-tracked armored personnel carrier. This technique was especially effective in lightning attacks and raids in the rear of enemy units.

After the end of World War II, Soviet designers actively began to create various types of wheeled and tracked armored vehicles designed for transportation and cover of infantry, mortar and artillery calculations, communications and support troops.

Below, in my work, questions will be considered related to armored personnel carriers created in the period after the Great Patriotic War and until now.

1. Creation of the first domestic armored vehicles

  In 1900, the Russian inventor B.G. Lutskoy, the author of the first truck of domestic design, proposed to the Artillery Committee a car protected by armor plates and armed with machine guns. However, military officials were annoyed by the recent failure with a steam-powered armored tractor. With a hot hand they rejected Lutsky’s offer.

In Russia, the construction of armored cars began literally from the very beginning of the First World War. The base was domestic cars manufactured at the Russian-Baltic Carriage Works (RBVZ) in Riga - the M series trucks were running out of time, and I had to choose the simplest constructive solutions. We decided not to make rotating towers. This disadvantage was compensated by the installation of three machine guns: one in the front of the hull and two on the sides. In total, 15 armored vehicles were built (Fig. 1). They were manufactured by the Izhora plant in Kolpino (near St. Petersburg, renamed Petrograd at the beginning of the war).

  The troops also felt the need for a heavier type of armored vehicles armed with cannons. In the fall of 1914, the production of such machines was established at the Putilov factory. As the base used the American truck "Garford".

Staff Captain Mgebrov in 1915 booked a French Renault car (Fig. 2). All cars of this brand at that time had a radiator located behind the engine, and therefore they had a characteristic sharp nose. This circumstance was very well suited for Mgebrov to carry out his plan. He decided to build an armored car with a strongly slanted front part that resembled a wedge in shape. The security of the Mgebrov’s car sharply increased in comparison with other types of armored cars: a bullet piercing a vertical sheet of steel glided along the inclined planes of the Mgebrov’s car body.

  Another Russian officer, also headquarters captain, Poplavko developed an original armored car on the chassis of a four-wheel drive Jeffery truck (Fig. 3). The casing was designed in such a form that made it easy to destroy wire fences. In fact, it was a wheeled tank, which was supposed to go ahead of the advancing infantry and pave the way for it. In 1916, a division of such vehicles was sent to the front. However, for its intended purpose, it was not used there.

Protected with armor and trucks Pirless, Piers Arrow and others.

By mid-1917, the Russian army, despite the losses, there were about 300 armored vehicles, reduced to 13 armored divisions. They were most effectively used during periods of maneuvering hostilities, mainly during the offensive or retreat.

In the USSR in 1937, on the basis of the three-axle armored car BA-10, a 10-seater armored personnel carrier was designed to evacuate the wounded - BA-22. A little later, on the basis of the ZIS-5 truck, the BZ semi-tracked armored personnel carrier was created.

However, armored transporters for infantry gained true recognition and widespread only during the Second World War, when their release in all countries was tens of thousands. Most of these machines were built in the USA. They were of two types - wheeled and half-tracked. The wheel was a biaxial machine open from above.

In the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War, mainly in its second half, a certain number of American-made armored personnel carriers were used - both wheeled and half-tracked. They were supplied under Lend-Lease (rental agreement). Armored personnel carriers were used in the Red Army both as artillery tractors and as command vehicles.

2. The main types of armored vehicles

In the past, four main types of combat vehicles belonged to the ground forces' armored vehicles (equipment): tanks, armored vehicles (BA), self-propelled artillery installations (self-propelled guns) and armored personnel carriers (APCs).

Armored personnel carrier - a combat armored wheeled or tracked vehicle of high cross-country ability, designed to transport personnel of motorized rifle units and their fire support in battle.

Currently, one of the main types of weapons of the Ground Forces is still armored weapons and equipment.

The following vehicles belong to armored weapons: tanks, infantry fighting vehicles (BMP), airborne combat vehicles (BMD), armored personnel carriers (BTR), combat reconnaissance vehicles (BRM and BRDM), as well as bases for these vehicles for installing (mounting) other types of weapons and equipment (missile, engineering, chemical and other troops).

Armored vehicles include: tank tractors (TT), armored repair and recovery vehicles (BREM), technical assistance vehicles (MTP), mobile means of repair and maintenance of armored vehicles and equipment (MTO), motorcycles.

The experience of using the first post-war wheeled armored personnel carriers in the troops showed that they do not have sufficient maneuverability. In this regard, new eight-wheeled armored personnel carriers were created, not inferior in cross-country ability to tracked vehicles.

In the early 60s, the first floating armored personnel carriers BTR-60P were already issued. Then they underwent modernization: BTR-60PA with a roof were released, BTR-60PB - with a tower, BTR-70.

Armored personnel carrier BTR-40

  The BTR-40 armored personnel carrier (Fig. 4) was created at the Gorky Design Bureau under the guidance of V.A. Dedkova and adopted by the 1950s. Serial production of machines was carried out in 1950-58. at the Gorky Automobile Plant.

The car was developed using units and assemblies of a GAZ-63 off-road truck. She had a layout with a front engine-transmission compartment and aft landing. The power frame was replaced by the bearing frame of the machine, to which all components and assemblies were attached. This reduced the overall height. The case had two side doors for the commander and driver and one rear for the landing.

The BTR was armed with a 7.62 mm SGM Goryunov machine gun, which could be mounted on the side brackets, aft, or on a tubular rod, increasing the rigidity of the hull. The welded hull, open at the top, was made of armor plates with a thickness of 6-8 mm.

In the mid-1950s, it became clear that the classic three-axle chassis with continuous axles and a spring-balance suspension of the rear bogie as a basis for an armored personnel carrier had exhausted its capabilities. After mastering the tires of large sections with adjustable pressure, all other measures, except perhaps the work on self-locking cross-axle differentials, did little. New, very high requirements for armored personnel carriers of the second post-war generation could be realized only in fundamentally different, much more complex, but also more efficient schemes, solutions, and specific units. These included: an expanded “tank” track; even or close to it arrangement of six or eight wheels on the base with four wheels being steered; sharply increased total power of power units in order to obtain a specific power of the machine of at least 18 - 20 hp / t; multistage transmissions with large power ranges; self-locking cross-axle differentials; wheel reducers that increase clearance up to 450 - 500 mm; independent suspensions of all wheels with big moves; power steering; tight brakes; closed cases with smooth bottoms that can keep the car afloat; water propulsion; tower installation of light and heavy machine guns with the ability to conduct anti-aircraft fire; armored corps with a large slope of thickened (up to 15 - 20 mm) frontal and side sheets; anti-nuclear defense of the crew and landing; the possibility of air transportation.

Appendix to the magazine "MODELIST-DESIGNER"

In the early 1980s, after successful factory and state tests on the armament of the Soviet Army, the BTR-80 armored personnel carrier was developed, developed at the GAZ Design Bureau under the leadership of I.S. Mukhin and E.M. Murashkin. The manufacturer was identified AMZ - Arzamas Engineering Plant. The first production BTR-80 left the factory floor on February 24, 1984.

The BTR-80 (GAZ-5903) is a modernized version of its predecessor, the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier. The layout of the machine, the design of the hull, armament, and the undercarriage did not undergo major changes. The dimensions of the car remained almost the same. By the way, when evaluating them, the correctness of the comparison is necessary. So, in some directories, the height of the BTR-70 is indicated by 2235 mm, and the BTR-80 - 2460 mm. In the first case, this is the height of the machine with full weight on the roof of the tower, in the second, the height of the empty machine on the TNPT-1 device. The height of the armored personnel carriers at full weight according to the indicated observation device is 2320 and 2350 mm, respectively. The noticeable external differences of the BTR-80 include double-wing doors for landing and landing on the sides of the hull and seven hatches with ball bearings for firing personal weapons in the front and side sheets. The hatches above the airborne compartment are located in a different way, in the covers of which there are hatches for shooting from machine guns at highly located targets.

All serial armored personnel carriers BTR-80 are equipped with an autonomous turret machine-gun mount BPU-1, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The BPU-1 is equipped with a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. The largest aiming range when firing a KPVT machine gun at ground targets is 2000 m, from a PKT - 1500 m, at air from a KPVT - 1000 m. The KPVT ammunition consists of 500 rounds in tapes in 10 boxes, and the PKT - from 2000 rounds in tapes in 8 boxes. Aiming machine guns vertically is possible in the range from -4 ° to + 60 °, horizontally - 360 °. Guidance mechanisms - manual. For shooting, the 1PZ-2 sight is used, which ensures the defeat of both ground and air targets. To the left of the sight, the TNP-205 surveillance device is located in the wall of the turret machine gun installation, and the TNPT-1 device is located in the roof, designed for the tower shooter to observe the road and the terrain located in the rear sector of the review. On the aft wall of the tower there are 6 launchers ZD6 system 902V "Cloud" to launch 81-mm smoke grenades. The curb weight of BPU-1 is 540 kg.

The most important and fundamental changes in the design of the BTR-80 remained invisible to the eye. Unlike the BTR-70, the power plant on this machine consists of one diesel engine, an 8-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke liquid-cooled engine KamAZ-7403 with a turbo-supercharger with a capacity of 260 hp. at 2600 rpm./min, displacement 10 850 cm 3.

1 - wave reflection shield; 2.11 and 12 - loopholes for shooting from machine guns; 3 - inspection hatches of the commander and driver; 4 - covers of inspection hatches; 5 - socket monitoring device TKN-3; 6 - socket monitoring device TNPO-115; 7 - hatch tower installation; 8 and 9 - handrails; 10 - loophole for machine gun firing; 13 - upper leaf of the side hatch door; 14 - cover of the hatch of the FVU filter; 15 and 20 - towing hooks; 16 and 18 - steps; 17 - lower leaf of the side hatch door; 19 - a protection of a headlight; 21 - a hatch cover for issuing a winch cable; 22 - front buffer

1 - a socket of a back lamp; 2 - protective shields of the air outlet; 3 - hatch tower installation; 4 - loophole for machine gun firing: 5 and 6 - handrails; 7.9 and 11 - loopholes for shooting from machine guns; 8 and 14 - steps; 10 - upper leaf of the side hatch door; 12 - lower leaf of the side hatch door; 13 - a cover of a niche for storage batteries; 15 - output channel reversing afloat; 16 - pin towing device; 17 - shutter of the water-jet propulsion: 18 - visor of the discharge branch pipe of the water-pumping electric pump; 19 - a cover of a refueling mouth of a fuel tank; 20 - rear buffer

Placement of one engine instead of two entailed changes in the design of transmission units. It includes a dry double-disc clutch, a five-speed gearbox with synchronizers in 2, 3, 4th and 5th gears, and a cardan gear. Instead of two transfer boxes, one two-stage interaxle is installed with differential torque distribution into two flows (on the 1st - 3rd and on the 2nd - 4th axles) and forced differential lock. Locking devices provide the inclusion of a downshift and the locking of the center differential only when the front axles are on. In order to exclude breakdowns when overloading transmission elements (when the differential is locked), there is a friction clutch in the transfer case - clutch of maximum torque. On the transfer case, a power take-off is mounted on a water-jet propulsion and a winch. The main gears of the driving axles are equipped with cam differentials of limited friction. Wheel gears - single-stage, with helical gears. Wheels with detachable rims and with tubeless bulletproof pneumatic tires KI-80 or KI-126 with sizes 13.00-18. The air pressure in the tires is adjustable from 0.5 to 3 kg / cm 2.

1 - console clamp; 2 - console; 3 - input window cover; 4 - sight; 5 - pull spring KPVT reloading mechanism; 6 - monitoring device TNPT-1; 7 - roller; 8 - cable; 9 - launcher system 902V; 10 - cradle stopper bracket in a marching manner; 11 - spring; 12 - cradle stopper; 13 - sleeve cartridge; 14 - handle buffer; 15 - handle recharge mechanism KPVT; 16 - linker; 17 - mask seal plug; 18 - balancing mechanism; 19 - rotation mechanism; 20 - flame arrester; 21 - strap stopper cradle

CO-commander of the department; MV - driver mechanic: SN- gunner-gunner BPU-1; SP - machine gunners with machine guns PC; CA - automatic gunners with AKMS (AKS-74); SG - shooter-grenade thrower; PG - shooter assistant grenade thrower; AA - loopholes for firing an AKMS (LKS-74) assault rifle; AP - loopholes for firing a machine gun PC

The lever-torsion bar suspension is independent, the shock absorbers are hydraulic, telescopic, double-acting, two each at the wheels of the 1st and 4th axles and one at a time at the wheels of the 2nd and 3rd axles, the wheels of the 1st and 2nd axles - managed.

The power plant allows a combat vehicle weighing 13.6 tons to develop a maximum speed on the highway of at least 80 km / h. Cruising on the highway - 600 km.

Water movement is ensured by the operation of a single-stage water-jet propulsion with a four-blade impeller with a diameter of 425 mm. The exit window of the water cannon when moving on land is closed by an armored shutter. When moving through water, closing the damper leads to the direction of water into the reverse channels. The maximum speed afloat is at least 9 km / h. Cruising range afloat at average operating conditions of the engine (1800 - 2200 rpm) - 12 hours

After a fire at the KamAZ engine plant in April 1993, a YaMZ-238M2 diesel engine with a capacity of 240 hp was installed on an armored personnel carrier, which almost did not affect the vehicle’s mobility.

On machines of early releases, radio stations R-123M and TPU R-124 were installed, later replaced by R-163-50U and R-174.

In 1994, the armored personnel carrier BTR-80A (GAZ-59029) was adopted. Work on the creation of this machine was carried out by GAZ JSC under the leadership of A.Masyagin. The main difference between the new modification and the BTR-80 is the turret cannon-machine gun installation, designed to combat ground and low-flying air targets. The installation contains a 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun and a PKT machine gun coaxial with it. Vertical pointing angles from -5 ° to + 70 °. Ammunition - 300 rounds and 2,000 rounds. All weapons are placed on the carriage, taken outside the inhabited compartment, which reduces its gas contamination when firing. The BTR-80A has a 1PZ-9 day sight and a TPN-3-42 “Crystal” tank night sight, which allows to hit targets at night up to 900 m at night. The combat weight of the vehicle has increased to 14.5 tons.

Simultaneously with the BTR-80A, the BTR-80S was developed - an option for the internal troops. Instead of a 30-mm gun, a large-caliber machine gun KPVT was installed on it. True, due to the lack of photographs of this combat vehicle, it is difficult to say whether it is produced in series.

Since 1990, the self-propelled artillery gun (SAO) 2S23 Nona-SVK entered the troops.

The chassis of the BTR-80 was used as a base for its creation. The 120A 2A60 rifled gun was mounted in a conical welded turret made of aluminum alloy. The angle of horizontal guidance is 70 ° (35 ° to the side). Vertical guidance is possible in the range from -4 ° to + 80 °. The maximum rate of fire is 10 rds / min. Shooting from the Northern Administrative Okrug can be conducted only from a place both from closed firing positions, and direct fire with 120-mm rounds with high-explosive shells and 120-mm rounds with high-explosive shells, lighting, smoke and incendiary mines. The maximum firing range of a high explosive fragmentation shell - ZVOF54 - 8700 m, high-explosive fragmentation mine - 7100 m. The tower is equipped with a commander’s turret, on the roof of which a PKT machine gun designed for self-defense is installed. The machine gun is connected by traction to the TKN-ZA device, which allows for targeted shooting, controlling fire from the turret. The machine is equipped with a system for staging 902V smoke clouds.

As for other modifications of the BTR-80, the first thing worth mentioning is the BTR-80K commander armored personnel carrier, designed for the commander of a motorized rifle battalion. For work of officers three workplaces are equipped. The machine has two R-163-50U radios, an 11th telescopic mast, TNA-4-6 navigation equipment with an indicator tablet, and two remote R-159 VHF radios.

The BMM-80 (GAZ-59039) Symphony armored medical vehicle deserves mention. In addition to the crew, it is possible to transport 7 wounded in the medical department and 2 on the roof on a stretcher. Depending on the composition of the medical and sanitary-economic property, BMM can be used to evacuate the wounded from the battlefield (BMM-1), as a battalion's first-aid post (BMM-2) and a mobile dressing room with a medical team and the AP-2 auto-dressing complex (BMM-3 )

In addition, the BTR80KSh command vehicle (GAZ-59032), the BREM-K armored repair and recovery vehicle (GAZ-59033), the radiation and chemical reconnaissance vehicle RXM-4 (RXM-4-01), were created on the BTR-80 chassis; unified chassis K1Sh1, short-wave radio station of the operational-tactical command link R-165B, mobile control points PU-12M6 and PU-12M7 air defense missile systems, mobile command and observation post PKNP "Kushetka-B", satellite communications station and broadcasting station.

BTR-80 armored personnel carriers began to enter service with motorized rifle units of the Soviet Army, Navy marines, border and internal troops in the mid-1980s. For the first time at a military parade in Moscow, they were shown on November 7, 1987.

BTR-80 was used by Soviet troops in Afghanistan, used in almost all the "hot spots" in the territory and the CIS. BTR-80 armored personnel carriers of various modifications are used by the Russian Army in Chechnya and Tajikistan. They were in service with Russian contingents of UN forces in Bosnia and Kosovo.

BTR-80s are in service in almost all CIS countries, as well as in Estonia (20 units), Hungary (245), Turkey (100), Indonesia (12 BTR-80A), Bangladesh (78) and Sierra Leone. According to unverified data, 60 cars were delivered to Algeria and 10 to the DPRK.

Steps to modernize the BTR-80 are being taken abroad. In particular, in Ukraine the BTR-94 armored personnel carrier armed with two 23-mm cannons (according to other sources, 14.5-mm KPVT machine guns) in the original tower installation is mass-produced (or converted from BTR-80). The armed forces of Ukraine received 90 of these machines, another 50 in 2003 were sold to Jordan. True, Jordan recently handed over all these APCs to Iraq, possibly due to their poor quality, which was reported in the press.

The Guardian armored personnel carrier turned out to be a more successful design - the BTR-80 version equipped with a 326 hp Deutz BF6M1015 diesel engine. and automatic transmission Allison MD3066.

The vehicle contains the Flurry combat module with a 30mm 2A72 automatic gun, a PKT machine gun, an AGS-17 Flame automatic grenade launcher, and two ATGMs. The United Arab Emirates received 90 such vehicles.

BTR-80 - the latest production version of an extensive family of domestic armored personnel carriers. Unfortunately, we must admit that little has changed in its design since the creation of the BTR-60. After more than 40 years, a machine comes into service with the Russian Army, not much different from the BTR-60PB. Fundamental changes affected only the engine-transmission unit, everything else was modernized, of course, but, by and large, it remained the same. The car, of course, is reliable, maneuverable, with excellent cross-country ability, and also floating.

But what most, according to the author, needed to be reviewed - the layout - remained unchanged. The so-called "active landing", of course, has many advantages, but this arrangement is more suitable for an infantry fighting vehicle, which has a slightly different range of tasks.

As follows from the Treaty on the Limitation of Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed in Vienna in 1990, the term “armored personnel carrier” means “armored fighting vehicle designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry compartment, which is usually armed with integrated or standard mounted weapons of caliber less than 20 mm. " So - for transportation, and not for fighting without dismounting. The latter refers to the term "infantry fighting vehicle", which "usually provides the landing party the ability to fire from the machine under the cover of armor." But it is precisely the desire to provide this possibility that can be clearly seen in the design of the considered Soviet armored personnel carriers, reaching the climax of the BTR-80 with ball mounts for firing from machine guns, in addition, located so that the fire is concentrated in the front hemisphere. When signing the CFE Treaty, the BTR-80 did not fall into the category of infantry fighting vehicles solely because of its armament, whose caliber was less than 20 mm, but the BTR-80A already falls.

The design provides that the BTR-80 can continue to move with the complete failure of one or even two wheels.

The BTR-80 was developed according to the same structural scheme as its predecessors BTR-60 and BTR-70: in the front part, and there is a control compartment, behind it the airborne compartment and in the aft part of the hull there is a motor-transmission compartment.

The sealed, fully enclosed body of the armored personnel carrier is welded from rolled steel armor plates located with large angles of inclination to the vertical. It protects the crew and paratroopers from 7.62mm caliber handguns and frontal armor from 12.7mm caliber bullets.

The driver’s compartment and the commander’s car are equipped in the control department. At their disposal are periscope observation devices. On the right side of the frontal sheet is equipped with a ball joint for firing from an automatic machine. Access to the control compartment is through two hatches in the roof of the housing. Behind the places of the driver and commander, single seats of one of the paratroopers and: gunner of the machine gun tower are installed. The main armament of the BTR-80 consists of a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun coaxial with it. Machine guns are mounted in a conical tower with 360 ° horizontal angles and from -4 ° to + 60 ° vertically.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS BTR-80

BATTLE WEIGHT, t.
CREW, pers .:
Overall dimensions, mm:	length - 7650, width - 2900, height - 2350, base - 4400, gauge -2410, ground clearance - 475.
WEAPONS-	14.5mm KPVT machine gun, 7.62mm PKT machine gun, 6 launchers for 81mm smoke grenades.
Ammunition;	500 rounds of caliber 14.5mm, 2000 rounds of caliber 7.62mm.
AIM INSTRUMENTS:	sight 1PZ-2.
RESERVATION, mm:	hull forehead - 10, side - 7 ... 9, feed - 7, tower - 7.
ENGINE:	KamAZ-7403, eight-cylinder, diesel, four-stroke, V-shaped, with turbocharger supercharging, liquid cooling, power - 260 h.p. at 2600 rpm, working volume - 10 850 cm3.
TRANSMISSION:	dry two-plate clutch, five-speed gearbox with synchronizers in 2, 3,4 and 5th gears, cardan gear, two-speed transfer case with differential torque distribution into two streams (on 1-3rd and 2-4th axles) and differential lock, but the transfer case has a power take-off mounted on a water-jet propulsion and a winch, 4 main gears, 4 differentials, 8 wheel gearboxes.
CHASSIS:	8x8 wheel arrangement, tire size 13.00-18 ", tire pressure adjustable from 0.5 to 3 kg / cm2 independent torsion bar suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers, telescopic, double-acting, two each on wheels 1 and 4 axles and one at the wheels of the 2nd and 3rd axles, the wheels of the 1st and 2nd axles are steered.
SPEED MAX, km / h;	by land - 80, afloat - 9.
POWER RESERVE:	by land - 600 km, afloat - 12 hours.
OVERCOMING OBSTACLES:	angle of rise, hail. - thirty; the width of the moat, m - 2; wall height, m \u200b\u200b- 0.5.
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION:	p-163-50y radio and telephone r-174 device.

To illuminate targets when shooting at night, an IR illuminator is mounted on the console of the machine gun installation. Smoke grenade launchers of the 902V Tucha system are installed on the aft wall of the tower, and the TNPT-1 device is installed in the roof, designed for the tower shooter to monitor the road and terrain located in the rear viewing sector. The main part of the landing - six fully equipped infantrymen - is located facing the sides on two seats mounted in the landing compartment along the longitudinal axis of the hull. For the paratroopers firing on the sides of the hull there are seven embrasures made with a turn at the rate, two of which are intended for firing machine guns. The embrasures are equipped with ball bearings, allowing you to shoot without depressurization of the airborne squad in the infected area. There is one embrasure for shooting upwards in both armored hatches of the roof of the airborne squad. In addition to two hatches in the roof of the hull, for folding and dismounting the landing, double doors are used in both sides of the armored personnel carrier. One door leaf leans up and the other falls down and forms a footboard, due to which, if necessary, landing and dismounting of the landing can be done when the machine is moving.

1 The BTR-80 power plant consists of one diesel engine, an 8-cylinder V-shaped four-stroke liquid-cooled engine KamAZ-7403 with a turbo-supercharger with a capacity of 260 h.p. at 2600 rpm./min, working volume - 10 850 cm2. Placement of one engine instead of two entailed changes in the design of transmission units. It includes a dry double-disc clutch, a five-speed gearbox with synchronizers in 2,3,4 and 5th gears, and a cardan gear. Instead of two transfer boxes, there is one interaxle two-stage transfer case with differential torque distribution into two flows (on the 1-3rd and 2-4th axles) and differential differential lock. Locking devices provide the inclusion of a downshift and the locking of the center differential only when the front axles are on. In order to exclude breakdowns when overloading transmission elements (when the differential is locked), there is a friction clutch in the transfer case - clutch of maximum torque. On the transfer case, a power take-off is mounted on a water-jet propulsion and a winch.

2 Main gears of driving axles - with cam differential of limited slip. Wheel gears - single-stage, with helical gears. Wheels with detachable rims and with KI-80 or KI-126 tubeless bulletproof pneumatic tires of size 3.00-/8 ". The air pressure in the tires is adjustable from 0.5 to 3 kg / cm2, the lever is torsion-independent suspension, hydraulic shock absorbers, telescopic double action, two each at the wheels of the 1st and 4th axles and one at the wheels of the 2nd and 3rd axles, the wheels of the 1st and 2nd axles are controllable.The centralized system for regulating the air pressure in the tires allows the driver Depending on the driving conditions, set the appropriate tire pressure, thereby ensuring low specific pressure on the ground and thereby high off-road patency comparable to tracked vehicles.In addition, the BTR-80 can continue to move when one or even two wheels are completely out of order.The car is not damaged when it hits an anti-personnel mine, and when undermining an anti-tank mine retains mobility, since the energy of the explosion damages, as a rule, one of the eight wheels.

3 Water movement is ensured by the operation of a single-stage water-jet propulsion with a four-blade impeller with a diameter of 425 mm. The exit window of the water cannon when moving on land is closed by an armored shutter. When moving through water, closing the damper leads to the direction of water into the reverse channels. The maximum speed afloat is at least 9 km / h. Cruising range afloat with average operating conditions of the engine (1800-2200) - 12 hours.

4 On machines of early releases, radio stations P-I23M and TPU R-124 were installed, later replaced by P-163-50U and R-114.

Information taken from the magazines Russian Tanks and Equipment and Armament

It is the most popular armored personnel carrier in the Russian army. This wheeled vehicle was created taking into account the experience of previous military conflicts. BTR-80 forces small water obstacles, quickly picks up speed, has good cross-country ability, coupled with weapons, armor for the engine and crew. There is also fire fighting equipment and radiation protection - a tribute to the capabilities of modern weapons. The main objective of the machine is to quickly deliver troops to the battlefield and provide cover. In the case of the organization of defense, an armored personnel carrier is dug into the ground, and a tower with a machine gun turns into a pillbox.

What troops is used

The scope of the APC is quite wide. If we talk about the BTR-80, the technical characteristics allow the use of this vehicle in a variety of troops. It is mainly used by motorized gunners. In any tactics textbook, you can find combat schemes in various situations with a motorized rifle platoon and three armored personnel carriers.

High speed and throughput make the BTR-80 an ideal technique for landing units. The ability to force water barriers and the possibility of transportation on landing ships allow it to be used in marine operations. Eight-wheeled vehicles easily slide down ramps directly into the water, within a few minutes, under cover of artillery, reach the shore and proceed to storm the land, while the "black berets" are waiting in the wings.

It is also possible the dumping of equipment from aircraft, after landing, an armored personnel carrier immediately enters the battle. Modern parachute systems allow you to drop tanks and armored personnel carriers immediately with the crew, with minimal risk to people.

The BTR-80 was used as the main vehicle in the wars in the North Caucasus. The landing was carried directly on the roof of the transport carrier. In the event of a military clash en route, the soldiers jumped and hid behind the armored sides.

For foreigners, a Russian soldier is associated not only with a Kalashnikov assault rifle, but also with an BTR-80. Technical characteristics allow the efficient use of equipment in anti-terrorist operations. This is the most popular wheeled vehicle in the Russian army; modifications based on the BTR-80 are used by assault units, communications units, artillery, and also as a mobile first-aid post.

Appearance

Many combat vehicles have about the same appearance as the BTR-80. The photo below is presented for a better perception of information. The body is made of armored steel, welded rigidly and reliably. The main elements are the bow, feed, sides, roof and bottom. The transport carrier has a whole collection of hatches: for the winch in the bow, there are also inspection hatches, for the FVU, the hatches of the driver and the commander, the fighting compartment and the hatch over the power plant. Also in front there is a reflective shield.

The tower is made in the form of a truncated cone, has loopholes for the installation of coaxial machine guns. Welded from armored steel.

BTR-80. User's manual

The armored personnel carrier is controlled like a regular car, there is a steering wheel, pedals and a gear lever. On new models there is even an automatic transmission. The review for the driver is not enough, but this is not a race car. The main thing is to see everything that is ahead, but what is on the side, the BTR-80 with its mass and power will not even notice. It does not have such cross-country ability as a tracked vehicle, but in battles on flat terrain it is indispensable. The rapid movement of the landing will allow you to create a numerical and fire advantage at the desired points. Block the streets and certain areas of the city, force the river, press the enemy infantry with machine-gun fire - the BTR-80 was created to perform just such tasks.

Technical changes in the engine

In the 80s, the designers of the Gorky Automobile Plant were tasked with creating an armored personnel carrier, eliminating the shortcomings of the BTR-70. The BTR-80 device is very different from its predecessor. First of all, instead of two carburetor engines, they delivered one diesel from a KamAZ car - a 4-stroke 8-cylinder liquid-cooled diesel engine. Such an engine is less likely to explode, and its volume is 30 percent higher than the volume of its predecessor. A turbocharger is installed to increase power. As a result, the BTR-80 has 260 hp, accelerates to 100 km / h. It is in ideal conditions. On the highway - 80 km / h, on a dirt road - from 20 to 40 km / h. It can force water barriers at a speed of 9 km / h.

Using one engine pulled other changes. In the transmission, mechanical force through a dry friction double-disc clutch with a hydraulic drive is transmitted to a 5-speed gearbox. All transmissions except the first are equipped with synchronizers.

Increased patency through differential lock

The BTR-80 differential has been improved over the BTR-70. From the gearbox, the moment is transmitted to the two-stage transfer case. Differential distribution is made in two streams: to the first-third and second-fourth bridges of the BTR-80. The center differential lock is forced, it works in difficult road conditions. In this case, the differential lock only occurs when the front axles are on. In order to increase the service life and avoid breakdowns during overloads, a clutch limiting the maximum torque is provided in the transfer case.

Vitality BTR-80

The armored personnel carrier has bulletproof tires with adjustable pressure. After all, it depends on mobility how much this equipment will live on the battlefield. The BTR-80 device is such that failure of one or two wheels does not stop it. The technical characteristics are even such that the energy of the explosion will damage only one wheel, and anti-personnel armored personnel carriers of this model are not at all scary.

The desire to protect the crew is understandable, but the thicker the armor, the heavier the car and the slower it moves. The description of the BTR-80 makes it possible to recognize the features of the BTR-70 in it, the differences in appearance are insignificant, especially for indiscriminate military equipment. The BTR-80 has a longer body and slightly improved armor. Even in this case, the mass increased by 18 percent - up to 13,600 kg. Thanks to changes in the hodovka and in the engine mobility remained the same. The power reserve, thanks to the diesel engine, increased to 600 km along the highway.

Increased firepower of equipment at the expense of the crew. Shooting ports on the sides of the hull are deployed in the direction of the front hemisphere, an embrasure has also appeared, allowing the commander to fire.

Water movement

An amphibious car is easily distinguished by a bulging nose - such as that of the BTR-80. The photo above shows the process of landing from the ship. A second car is floating in the background, and the first has already climbed ashore. The operation of the BTR-80 when forcing a water barrier is simple. The design provides one water cannon with an axial pump located in the aft. Motion control on the water is carried out using the steering wheel. In addition to the two front axles, which also move on land, water helps to turn the water rudders and the damper. An armored personnel carrier is a heavy car, and it could not have done without it.

Initially, the BTR-80 was conceived without a water jet, but the command of the Navy needed a machine capable of landing from ships and adapted to the needs of the marine corps. Marine units — from assault troops to command communications — all sit on the BTR-80.

Equipment BTR-80

The technical characteristics of the BTR-70 needed to be expanded to adapt to the conditions of modern warfare. On the BTR-80, a BPU-1 machine gun turret was installed, the vertical pointing angle of which is 60 degrees. Together with 1PZ-2, it allows for anti-aircraft fire. Like the ninja from the films, the BTR-80 can create a smoke screen and hide: for this, the 902V system, which consists of six grenade launchers, is installed on the roof.

Initially, the armored personnel carrier, like its predecessor, was armed with a KPVT paired with PKT.

During the creation of this technique, Afghanistan was the main training ground for use, nevertheless, the designers took care of the conduct of the battle in cold climates. At a temperature of from -5 to -25 ° C, a pre-heater is arranged based on the principle of an electric torch device. When the engine warms up, a flame is formed from the combustion of the diesel engine, which also raises the temperature.

Initially, the R-123 radio station available in the BTR was replaced with the newer and more efficient R-163-50U.

BTR-80 with an automatic gun

In 1994, a modification of the BTR-80A armored personnel carrier was put into service. The machine for the landing was first equipped with a 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun, an ammunition load of 300 shells. A similar cannon is used on and landing, as well as on helicopters Ka-50, Ka-52 and Mi-28. A 120 mm tank armor can penetrate a line of eight shells from such a BTR-80 cannon.

The technical characteristics of the new tower allow you to hit targets with a large elevation angle - up to 70 degrees. Shot range - up to 4 km. The same FCT of 7.62 caliber with 2000 rounds is paired with the cannon. All weapons are located outside the habitable compartment so that powder gases do not enter the premises. For firing at night, the TPN-3-42 “Crystal” night vision sight was installed, the range of targeted shooting with its use was up to 900 m.

Other modifications of the BTR-80

The characteristics of the armored personnel carrier allow its further improvement. For the needs of the internal troops, the BTR-80S was developed, which had a 14.5 mm KPVT instead of an automatic gun. In the photographs of the departments of OCHNAZ this technique is always depicted.

BTR-80M was developed after a fire at the Gorky Automobile Plant. No one expected that production and equipment would be restored in less than a year, so they used the weaker YaMZ-238 engine, but the KI-128 tires were more resistant to damage.

For field command posts, several variations of command and staff vehicles were developed, for example, the BTR-80K, equipped with an additional communication device. Also, machines were created for controlling artillery and establishing communications, having instead of armaments large-sized antennas. There is even a self-propelled howitzer with a 120 mm gun.

Cumulative anti-tank shells - a real scourge for armored vehicles. As a result, armored personnel carriers began to equip with mesh screens, which also protect against large-caliber bullets. There is experience in installing dynamic protection on the BTR-80, and the chassis are beginning to be covered with screens from the T-72.

Modifications based on the BTR-80 are also being created in other countries.

In the first half of the 80s. the design bureau of the Gorky Automobile Plant, led by chief designer A. Masyagin, led the development of a new armored personnel carrier GAZ-5903, which continued the BTR-60 - BTR-70 structural series. This armored personnel carrier was adopted by the Soviet Army in 1986 and in the same year was put into serial production at the Arzamas Engineering Plant under the designation BTR-80.

The BTR-80 was developed according to the same layout scheme as its predecessors: in the front of the hull there is a control compartment, behind it the airborne compartment and in the aft of the hull there is a motor-transmission compartment.

Specifications
  Combat weight: 13.6 t
  Crew: 3 people
  Troopers: 8 people

Dimensions:
  Case length 7650 mm
  Case width 2900 mm
  Height 2350mm
  Base 4400 mm
  Track 2410 mm
  Ground clearance 475 mm

Reservation:
  Armor Type: Rolled Steel
  Case forehead: 10 mm / city.
  Board of the case: 7-9 mm / hail.
  Housing feed: 7 mm / city.
  Tower forehead: 7 mm / city.
  Board towers: 7 mm / city.
  Tower feed: 7 mm / city.

Armament:
  Sights: telescopic 1PZ-2
  14.5 mm KPVT 500 rounds
  7.62 mm PKT 2000 rounds

Engine:
  Brand / type KamAZ-7403 / diesel

Power: 260 HP
  Top speed on land: 80 km / h
  Maximum speed afloat: 10 km / h
  Cruising range: 600 km
  Specific Power: 19.1 L s / t
  Wheel formula 8 × 8
  Suspension type: individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers

Obstacles:
  Gradeability: 30 degrees.
  The overcome wall: 0,5 m
  Width of the overcome ditch: 2 m
  Crossing ford: swims

Armored personnel carrier BTR-80

BTR-80 - Soviet armored personnel carrier. It was created in the early 1980s as a further development of the BTR-70 armored personnel carrier, taking into account the shortcomings of the latter revealed in the Afghan war, and was intended to be replaced in the motorized rifle troops. The BTR-80 entered mass production in 1984, and, having been repeatedly upgraded, as of 2008 is still in production. The latest modifications of the BTR-80, equipped with enhanced weapons, are classified by many experts as wheeled infantry fighting vehicles. It was used by Soviet troops in the Afghan war, and since the 1990s it has been the main armored personnel carrier of the Armed Forces of Russia and several other former Soviet republics and has been used in almost all major armed conflicts in the post-Soviet space. Actively supplied and exported, in total, as of 2007, the BTR-80 is in service with approximately 26 states.

History of creation

The main armored personnel carrier of the USSR by the beginning of the 1980s was the BTR-70 launched in mass production in 1976. The experience of their operation soon showed that despite considerable improvements compared to the earlier BTR-60, most of the main disadvantages of the predecessor passed to it almost unchanged. One of them was the relatively complex and unreliable design of the power plant made of twin carburetor engines, which also featured increased fuel consumption and a number of other disadvantages compared to a diesel engine. The unsatisfactory landing and landing of the troops and crew, which only slightly improved compared to the BTR-60, remained a no less serious problem. Unsatisfactory, as the Afghan war showed, remained the security of the machine. To all this, the BTR-70 was supplemented by problems with a new-design water-jet propulsion device, which often clogged afloat with algae, peat slurry, and the like.

To correct these shortcomings, the GAZ-5903 armored personnel carrier was designed in the design bureau of the Gorky Automobile Plant under the leadership of I. Mukhin and E. Murashkin in the early 1980s. While maintaining the unchanged layout of the BTR-70, the new machine differed from it in a number of changes. Instead of pairing carburetor engines, a single diesel engine of higher power was installed, and large double-wing hatches in the sides of the hull were introduced for landing and disembarking the crew. The body itself became 115 mm taller and longer, and 100 mm wider, although the overall height of the machine increased by only 30 mm. Further development was the desire to provide the crew with the possibility of firing from under the protection of armor, for which the rifle ports on the sides of the hull were replaced by ball mounts deployed in the direction of the front hemisphere. Armored personnel carrier booking was only slightly strengthened, but even so, the weight of the GAZ-5903 increased by 18% compared to the BTR-70, from 11.5 to 13.6 tons, although the mobility of the vehicle as a whole remained unchanged, and the cruising range only increased. After successful state tests, the GAZ-5903 was adopted in 1986 by the Soviet Army under the designation BTR-80.

Design description

BTR-80 has a layout with the location of the control compartment in the frontal, combined landing and combat - in the middle, and the motor-transmission - in the rear of the machine. The BTR-80 full-time crew consists of two people, a car commander and a driver, in addition to them, an armored personnel carrier can carry 8 troops, one of which also serves as a tower gunner.

Armored Corps and Tower

BTR-80 has a slightly differentiated bulletproof armor protection. The armored body of the conveyor is assembled by welding from rolled sheets of homogeneous armor steel with a thickness of 5 to 9 mm. Most of the vertical armor sheets BTR-80, with the exception of the lower side and stern, are installed with significant tilt angles. The armored hull of all BTR-80s has a streamlined shape that improves its navigational qualities and is equipped with a folding wave-reflective shield that fits in the stowed position on the middle frontal sheet of the hull, thereby slightly increasing its protection.

In the frontal part of the hull there is a control compartment, in which, on the left and right, respectively, are the driver and armored personnel carrier commander. Behind it is the landing squad combined with the military. Six paratroopers in the aft of the landing squad are located in it on two longitudinal plastic seats in the center, sitting facing the board. In the front part, immediately behind the seats of the driver and the commander, there are two single seats for the remaining members of the assault force, while the right seat is deployed along the course of the car to provide the possibility of firing, and the left one occupied by a member of the assault force becomes a tower gunner in combat , turned back to the board. Near the seats of all the members of the landing, except for the tower shooter, there are eight ball mounts on the sides with horizontal aiming angles from ± 15 to ± 25 ° for firing from personal weapons. Ball installations are deployed in the direction of the front hemisphere, as a result of which the rear hemisphere is a dead zone for paratroopers, there is a small dead zone in front of the left. Also, two more hatches for shelling the upper hemisphere, without ball mounts, are available in the landing hatches in the roof.

The BTR-80, like its predecessors, has two rectangular landing hatch in the roof, however, the main means of landing and landing on it are large double-wing side doors located immediately behind the tower. The top cover of the side door leans forward in the direction of the vehicle, and the bottom opens down, becoming a footboard, which, unlike its predecessors, allowed landing and landing from the BTR-80 on the move. The driver and commander, as on previous models of armored personnel carriers, have two individual semicircular hatches above their workplaces. In addition, in the body of the BTR-80 there are a number of hatches and hatches that served to access the engine, transmission and winch units.

Means of observation and communication

The driver and commander of the BTR-80 in the daytime in non-combat conditions monitor the terrain through two manholes closed by the windshields in the upper frontal armor plate of the hull. In combat conditions or when driving at night, they monitored the terrain through various types of periscope observation devices. The driver, using early-release cars, had three TNPO-115 periscope sighting devices for viewing the front sector, and on the machines of subsequent series, another TNPO-115 was added to them in the upper left cheekbone armor plate of the case. At night, the central forward-facing device was replaced by a periscopic binocular passive night vision device TVNE-4B, which worked by amplifying natural light, or by illuminating a FG125 headlamp with an infrared filter. The horizontal field of view of the device was 36 °, vertical - 33 °, and the range under normal conditions was 60 meters when illuminated by a headlamp and 120 in natural light at 5 × 10−3 lux.

The main means of observation for the commander of the vehicle is a combined binocular periscopic electron-optical viewing device TKN-3 with day and passive night channels. TKN-3 had an increase of 5 × for the daytime and 4.2 × for the night channel, with a field of view of 10 ° and 8 °, respectively. Installation of the device allowed its rotation within ± 50 ° horizontally and swing within −13 ... + 33 ° in the vertical plane. A floodlight OU-3GA2M was connected to the device with a removable infrared filter, which was used for illumination in insufficient natural light. The night vision range for TKN-3 was 300-400 meters. In addition to the TKN-3, the commander has three TNPO-115 devices - two for viewing the anterior sector and one installed in the upper right zygomatic armor plate.
  For a tower shooter, the main means of observing the terrain is the gun’s sight, in addition, he has periscopic viewing devices: TNP-205, located on the left side of the tower and TNPT-1, mounted in the roof of the tower and providing rear view. The landing party had two TNP-165A periscope observation devices installed in the roof of the hull behind the tower, at the landing sites of the machine gunners, as well as four TNPO-115 devices installed in the upper side armored plates of the hull on both sides of the doors.
For external communications, an R-123M radio station was installed on the BTR-80 of earlier releases, replaced by more modern R-163 or R-173 on machines of later releases. For internal communications, the BTR-80 is equipped with a tank intercom R-124 for three subscribers - the commander, the driver, and the tower gunner.

Engine

On BTR-80, depending on the modification, KamAZ-740.3 or YaMZ-238M2 engines are installed.

Armament

The armament of the BTR-80 is the coaxial installation of a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and 7.62 mm PKT. The installation is placed on the pins in the frontal part of the tower, its guidance in the vertical plane, within −4 ... + 60 °, is carried out manually using a screw mechanism, horizontal aiming is carried out by rotating the tower. The aiming of machine guns at the target was carried out with the help of a 1PZ-2 periscopic monocular optical sight, which had a variable magnification of 1.2 × or 4 × with a field of view of 49 ° and 14 °, respectively, and providing fire from KPVT at a range of up to 2000 meters at ground targets and 1000 m for air targets, and from the FCT - up to 1500 meters for ground targets. KPVT is designed to combat lightly armored and unarmored enemy equipment, including low-flying air targets, and has an ammunition load of 500 rounds in 10 tapes equipped with armor-piercing incendiary bullets B-32, armor-piercing tracer BZT, armor-piercing incendiary, with a tungsten carbide core, BST , incendiary ZP and incendiary instant action MDZ. The PKT is designed to destroy enemy manpower and fire weapons and has an ammunition load of 2,000 rounds in 8 tapes.

Modifications

BTR-80 - a basic modification with weapons from a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and 7.62 mm PKT;
  BTR-80K - the commander’s version of the BTR-80, with the preservation of weapons and additional communications and staff equipment;

BTR-80A - a modification with weapons from a 30 mm 2A72 automatic gun and a 7.62 mm PKT machine gun installed in the new tower of the gun mount. Many experts classify it as a wheeled infantry fighting vehicle;
  The BTR-80S is a variant of the BTR-80A for the internal troops, equipped with a 14.5 mm KPVT machine gun and 7.62 mm PKT in the gun carriage tower.

Cars based on BTR-80:
  BTR-80K: commander armored personnel carrier. It is equipped with additional communication equipment.
  BTR-80M: with the YaMZ-238 engine and KI-128 tires with increased bullet resistance.
  BRVM-K: armored recovery vehicle.
  BMM: armored vehicle for the evacuation of the wounded.
RHM-4-01: armored vehicle for chemical and radiation reconnaissance.
  2S23 Nona-SVK: 120 mm self-propelled howitzer.