What is an ecliptic. This is not difficult. Ecliptic - Magazine "All About Space" Damocles rises above all above the plane of the ecliptic
The ecliptic plane is clearly visible in this image obtained in 1994 by the Clementine lunar reconnaissance spacecraft. Clementine’s camera shows (from right to left) the Moon illuminated by the Earth, the glare of the Sun rising above the dark part of the moon’s surface, and the planets Saturn, Mars and Mercury (three points in the lower left corner)
Ecliptic (from (linea) ecliptica, from other Greek ἔκλειψις - eclipse) - a large circle of the celestial sphere along which there is a visible annual movement. Respectively ecliptic plane - the plane of revolution of the Earth around the Sun (terrestrial). The modern, more accurate definition of ecliptic is the section of the celestial sphere by the plane of the orbit of the barycenter of the Earth system.
Description
Due to the fact that the Moon’s orbit is inclined relative to the ecliptic and due to the rotation of the Earth around the barycenter of the Moon-Earth system, as well as due to perturbations of the Earth’s orbit from other planets, true sun not always located exactly on the ecliptic, but may deviate for a few seconds of the arc. We can say that the path goes along the ecliptic "Middle sun".
The ecliptic plane is inclined to the plane of the celestial equator at an angle ε \u003d 23 ° 26′21,448 ″ - 46.8150 ″ t - 0.00059 ″ t² + 0.001813 ″ t³, where t is the number of Julian centuries that have passed since January 1, 2000. This formula is valid for the coming centuries. Over longer periods of time, the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator fluctuates relative to the average value with a period of approximately 40,000 years. In addition, the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator is subject to short-period oscillations with a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 18.42 ″, as well as smaller ones; the above formula does not take them into account.
In contrast to the plane of the celestial equator relatively rapidly changing its inclination, the ecliptic plane is more stable relative to distant stars and quasars, although it is also subject to small changes due to disturbances from the planets of the solar system.
The name "ecliptic" is associated with the fact known since ancient times that solar and lunar eclipses occur only when the moon is near the intersection points of its orbit with the ecliptic. These points on the celestial sphere are called lunar nodes, the period of their rotation on the ecliptic, equal to about 18 years, is called the saros, or dragon period.
The ecliptic plane serves as the main plane in the ecliptic celestial coordinate system.
The angles of inclination of the orbits of the planets of the solar system to the plane of the ecliptic
| Planet | Tilt to the ecliptic |
|---|---|
| 7.01 ° | |
| 3.39 ° | |
| 0° | |
| 1.85 ° | |
The study of the properties of interplanetary space far from the ecliptic plane is of great scientific interest. Deviation from the plane of the ecliptic requires additional energy costs. These costs vary sharply, depending on which area outside the ecliptic plane we want to explore.
The easiest way to penetrate into areas remote from the plane of the ecliptic, having done this on the outskirts of the solar system. To do this, it is enough to bring the artificial planet to the outer elliptical orbit, inclined at a small angle to the plane of the ecliptic. Even a slight tilt will remove the spacecraft at large
distances from the Sun to tens of millions of kilometers from the plane of the ecliptic.
It is much more difficult to penetrate the space “above” and “under” the Sun. Suppose we are trying to launch an artificial planet into a circular orbit perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Moving in such an orbit, an artificial planet six months after the start should meet the Earth.
Fig. 134. Artificial planets in circular orbits of radius 1 a. e. with inclinations:
The heliocentric rate of exit from the sphere of action of the Earth should be equal in magnitude to the speed of the Earth. The construction in Fig. 134, a shows that the geocentric exit velocity. Hence, the initial departure speed. We have obtained an even greater value than the fourth cosmic velocity.
Flying in an elliptical orbit lying in a plane perpendicular to the ecliptic, with a perihelion located behind the Sun near its surface, would require an initial speed that is only slightly higher than the fourth spacecraft, but the maximum distance of the spacecraft from the ecliptic plane (halfway from the Earth to the Sun) would be equal to 0.068 a. e., i.e. 10 million km. Too small a magnitude on the scale of the solar system, and the launch speed is almost unattainable!
But it’s quite simple to explore areas lying for many millions of kilometers “above” and “below” the Earth’s orbit. To bring an artificial planet into a circular orbit of radius 1 a. e., the plane of which is tilted at an angle to the plane of the ecliptic, we need a geocentric exit speed For the corner, we will find where we come from. As you can see, the speed of departure from the Earth turned out to be small, but meanwhile it allows the artificial planet to be removed from the Earth at a maximum distance of 26 million 3 months after the start . (Fig. 134, b). Note that such an artificial planet, moving side by side with the Earth (although outside the scope),
must be subject to a noticeable disturbing influence of our planet.
Launch with an initial speed equal to the third spacecraft (allows you to put the spacecraft into a circular orbit of radius 1 a. Tilted to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 24 °. The maximum distance of the spacecraft from the Earth (after 3 months) will be 60 million.
From the point of view of the study of the Sun, it is of interest to achieve high heliographic latitudes, i.e., a larger deviation from the plane of the solar equator, rather than from the ecliptic, is possible. But the ecliptic is already inclined to the solar equator at an angle of 7.2 °. Therefore, it is advisable to exit the ecliptic plane at the ecliptic site, the point of intersection of the Earth’s orbit with the plane of the solar equator, so that the deviation of the probe’s orbit from the ecliptic plane is added to the already existing natural slope of the ecliptic itself. Since the axis of the Sun is tilted towards the point of the autumnal equinox, the start should be carried out in the middle of summer or in the middle of winter, when the axis of the Sun is visible "from the side."
Ecliptic plane
The ecliptic plane is clearly visible in this image obtained in 1994 by the Clementine lunar reconnaissance spacecraft. Clementine’s camera shows (from right to left) the Moon illuminated by the Earth, the glare of the Sun rising over the dark part of the moon’s surface, and the planets Saturn, Mars and Mercury (three points in the lower left corner)
The name "ecliptic" is associated with the fact known from ancient times that solar and lunar eclipses occur only when the moon is near the intersection points of its orbit with the ecliptic. These points on the celestial sphere are called lunar nodes. The ecliptic passes through the zodiac constellations and Ophiuchus. The ecliptic plane serves as the main plane in the ecliptic celestial coordinate system.
see also
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See what the Ecliptic Plane is in other dictionaries:
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The ecliptic plane is clearly visible in this image obtained in 1994 by the Clementine lunar reconnaissance spacecraft. Clementine’s camera shows (from right to left) the Moon illuminated by the Earth, the glare of the Sun rising above the dark ... Wikipedia
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The celestial sphere is divided by the celestial equator. The celestial sphere is an imaginary auxiliary sphere of arbitrary radius onto which the celestial bodies are projected: it serves to solve various astrometric problems. For the center of the sky, like ... ... Wikipedia
1. Choose two true statements about the moon
1. On the moon there is an atmosphere similar to terrestrial, because The moon is a natural satellite of the earth
2. For the earth observer the same side of the moon is visible, because its periods of rotation around the Earth and its own axis are equal
3. For the earth observer the same side of the moon is visible, because its synodic period is equal to sidereal
4. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters between the observer and the sun
5. There is always a new moon before a solar eclipse
View a table showing bright stars
Titlestars
Temperature, K
Mass, in the masses of the Sun.
Radius, glad. Of the sun
Distance to
stars (St. Year)
Aldebaran
3500
Altair
8000
1,7
1,7
360
Betelgeuse
3100
900
650
Vega
10600
Chapel
5200
2,5
Castor
10400
2,5
Procyon
6900
1,5
Spica
16800
160
2. Select two statements matching star characteristics
Spike star belongs to the spectral class F stars
The density of the substance of the Vega star is 1 g / cm3
The stars Castor and Capella are at the same distance from the Sun.
The stars Castor and Vega have ≈ the same temperature, mass, and, therefore, the same visible magnitude
The surface temperature and the radius of Aldebaran indicate that this star is a giant
3. Select two statements matching star characteristics.
The surface temperature and the Betelgeuse radius indicate that this star belongs to the red supergiants
The temperature on the surface of Procyon is 2 times lower than on the surface of the Sun
The stars Castor and Capella are at the same distance from the Earth, belong to the same constellation.
Vega belongs to the white stars of spectral class A.
Since the masses of the Vega and Capella stars are the same, they belong to the same spectral class.
4. Select two valid statements from the following
The oldest formations in the galaxy are globular star clusters.
The world of galaxies was discovered by E. Hubble.
The brightest star in the northern hemisphere is Rigel.
Earth rotates faster than all other planets.
Nuclei of stars can be observed in supergiants.
5. What statements about stars are true? In the answer indicate the numbers
Red stars are the hottest.
Stars continue to form in our Galaxy at the present time.
In December, the Sun moves away to the maximum distance from Earth.
With the same luminosity, a hot star is smaller than a cold star.
The range of masses of existing stars is much wider than the range of luminosities
USE. Training test number 1
6. What statements about stars are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements
1. The distance to the stars is measured in light years, in au and parsecs. The largest of these values \u200b\u200bis light year.
2. the distance to the star with an annual parallax of 0.5ʹʹ is equal to 2 parsecs
3. Sirius annual parallax is 0.375ʹʹ, which means that the distance to it is equal to 540000 AU
4. the closest star to us is the Centauri α, with a one-year parallax of 0.75ʹʹ, so the distance to it is 0.75 parsecs
5. 1 light year is 3.26 parsecs
7. What statements about stars are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements.
1) The red stars are the hottest.
2) Stars continue to form in our galaxy and at the present time.
4) With the same luminosity, a hot star is smaller than a cold star.
5) The range of masses of existing stars is much wider than the range of luminosities.
8. Select two statements that correspond to the given asteroids
1) Asteroid Hariklo moves between the orbits of Saturn and Uranus.
2) Cybele, Castalia and Astrea - all the asteroids of the main belt.
3) Damocles rises above all above the plane of the ecliptic.
4) At the perihelion of its orbit, Hector is more than two times closer to the Sun than in aphelion.
5) The period of revolution of 1992 QB1 around the Sun is more than 300 years.
9. What statements about the sun are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements
1) The sun belongs to the stars of spectral class G.
2) The surface temperature of the Sun is 10,000 K.
3) The sun does not have a magnetic field.
4) The absorption spectrum of metals is not observed in the spectrum of the Sun.
5) The age of the Sun is (approximately) 5 billion years.
10. What statements about the solar system are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements (
1) The sun is a typical yellow dwarf.
2) The Oort Cloud is a thunderstorm front on Venus.
3) Nikolai Copernicus was the discoverer of the laws of motion of the planets of the solar system.
4) Comet Halley appears in the sky of the Earth with a frequency of 75-76 years
5) The asteroid belt is located between the Sun and Mercury
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The answers
Choose Two True Moon Claims (2.5)
Choose two statements matching star characteristics (3.5)
Choose two statements matching star characteristics (1.4)
Choose two correct statements from the following (1,2)
What statements about stars are true? In the response, indicate the numbers (2.4)
What statements about stars are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements (1.5)
What statements about stars are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements. (2,4)
Choose two statements that correspond to the given asteroids (1,3)
What statements about the sun are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements (1.5)
What statements about the solar system are true? In the response, indicate the numbers of the two statements (1.4)
Assignments taken from samplers of the Unified State Examination - 2018 and manuals of authors E.V. Lukashova, N.I. Chistyakova. "Unified State Exam 2018. Physics. Typical test items. 14 options
Collection of interesting tasks and questions
A.
At the pole, the Sun is above the horizon for six months, but for half a year below the horizon. What about the moon?
B.
To answer the question, it is necessary to first properly understand why the Sun at the pole for six months does not descend from the sky and how it behaves.
IN.
The orbit of the Moon and the orbit of the Earth are approximately in the same plane, called the plane of the ecliptic. This plane is inclined at a certain angle to the plane of the celestial equator, so half of the ecliptic is located above the equator (i.e., in the northern hemisphere of the sky), and the second is below the equator. At the pole, the plane of the celestial equator coincides with the horizon plane. Since the Sun, moving almost uniformly in the ecliptic, describes the total apparent revolution around the Earth in a year, it is located over the equator (and the horizon of the pole) for half a year and also for half a year under the equator.
The moon describes a complete revolution around the earth in almost the same plane in about a month. This means that in the polar sky it is half a month, then for half a month it goes under the horizon.
The sun at the pole goes to heaven on the day of the vernal equinox (more precisely, three days earlier due to atmospheric refraction). Due to the daily rotation of the Earth, the Sun describes circles above the horizon, due to movement along the ecliptic, the Sun rises higher and higher until the time of the summer solstice. As a result, it describes an ascending spiral in the sky for three months (which gives about ninety turns). After that, the Sun begins to descend in a similar spiral and on the day of the autumnal equinox (more precisely, three days later) it descends beyond the horizon.
