Domestic and industrial water supply in cities is provided. Water supply and sanitation systems of the city. An example of a capital goods market object is
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Modern water supply systems of cities and populated areas are complex technical systems that ensure the reception of natural water, its purification with subsequent supply and distribution of water to consumers. The most common are multifunctional water supply systems designed for drinking, domestic, household, industrial and fire water supply. The annual water consumption is distributed by the main consumers of the urban water supply system as follows,%: household and drinking needs of the population - 56 (for cooking and drinking - 30, for washing - 10, for using bathtubs - 30, for the operation of flushing tanks - 30); the needs of public buildings - 17; industrial needs - 17; firefighters - 3; urban needs (watering streets and green spaces, working fountains, etc.) - 1 and others - 6.
The composition and properties of drinking water for any type of water source, processing method and design features of the water supply network should ensure epidemiological safety, chemical composition harmlessness and favorable organoleptic properties. Technical and hygienic requirements and norms for drinking water are regulated by SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 and SanPiN 4630-88.
Average daily water consumption serves as a starting point for determining the estimated water consumption, which is necessary to meet the needs of the population at any time of the year, month, week, including the day of greatest water consumption.
The parameters of the water supply structures of the water supply systems of cities and populated areas are calculated for a certain billing period, which may include several stages of construction, taking into account the development prospects of the city and improving the level of improvement of water consumers.
Water consumption, for the passage of which the elements of the water supply system are calculated, changes during the quarters of the year, months of the season, hours of the day and minutes of the hour. These fluctuations in water consumption must be taken into account when designing a water supply system with a given level of improvement. Population growth and increase in water consumption rates are predictable.
Data on the forecast for the development of the city are taken into account in the design process of new water supply systems by reserving additional areas for the development of certain elements provided for by the priority of construction. Seasonal changes in water consumption are mainly determined by population migration and climatic factors specific to a given location of the city.
The parameters of the water supply facilities of the system are calculated in such a way as to satisfy the water needs of the population during the seasonal cycles. When selecting pumping equipment, and especially in the feasibility study of water pipelines and water supply networks, the short periods of periods of maximum water consumption are taken into account.
Daily and hourly fluctuations in water flow are the result of uneven water consumption in the city. The unevenness of water consumption in the days of the week is due to the way of life of the city and is mainly associated with the alternation of working and non-working days and largely depends on the production profile of the city or locality.
Plumbing facilities of the water supply system must have sufficient capacity for guaranteed water supply per day of “maximum water consumption”. At the same time, a forced mode of operation is allowed — increased speeds of water movement in the pipes of water supply networks, pumps leaving the zone of optimal values \u200b\u200bof efficiency, increased consumption of reagents at treatment plants, etc. The forced mode of operation of the system per day of maximum water consumption is justified by the fact that day of "average water consumption", which constitutes a significant part of the operation of waterworks, pumps are in optimal operating mode. To a large extent, the hourly unevenness of water consumption is reflected in the mode of operation of the system.
Water consumption depends on the degree of improvement of buildings, population and climatic conditions of the village or city. Uneven water consumption is observed during the day: the maximum water flow is in the middle of the day, and the minimum is at night. Significantly increases water consumption on holidays and weekends.
Water consumption for drinking needs fluctuates. Even for an hour. When calculating water consumption in settlements, the daily ksut and hourly kh non-uniformity coefficients are used, which express the ratio of the maximum water consumption to its average consumption during the day and hour, respectively. The norms of specific water consumption depending on the degree of improvement of buildings are regulated.
When designing water supply systems for settlements, the specific average daily (per year) water consumption for household and drinking needs of the population takes from 125 to 350 l / day. The estimated daily water consumption (m3 / day) for household and drinking needs in the village is determined by:
Qsut wed \u003d ΣqжNж / 100,
where qzh is the specific water consumption; Nzh - the estimated number of residents in residential areas with varying degrees of improvement.
Water consumption for irrigation is taken depending on the type of coverage of the territory, the method of watering it, the type of plants and plantings, climatic and other local conditions. Consumption ranges from 0.3 to 15 l / m2.
The distribution of water consumption by the hours of the day in settlements, industrial and agricultural enterprises is taken on the basis of estimated water consumption schedules. When constructing such schedules, they proceed from the technical decisions adopted in the draft, excluding the coincidence in time of the maximum water withdrawals for various needs.
The human need for water is determined by statistical processing of data obtained on the basis of medical and hygienic studies. Below are the results of these studies.
Human Need for Household qx Hygienic qc
water l / (day · people)
Drinking needs ..................... 1,5 2,0
Cooking .............. 3.4 4.6
Washing the dishes ......................... 8.7 10.7
Washing, brushing teeth ......... 7.0 11.0
Shower, bath ............................... 20.7 26.6
Wash ...................................... 8.6 19.2
Flushing the tank .............................. 22,7 31,4
Cleaning ...................................... 5.0 5.5
Total ......................................... 75.6 111.3
In modern conditions, the average specific water consumption in cities and towns is about 250 l / (day · people). Currently, measures have been developed to stop the growth of water consumption. Reducing public water supply will reduce overall water requirements.
To implement this problem, it is necessary to build separate drinking and technical water supply systems.
In order to reduce unproductive water costs (water leaks through leaks in pipes, fittings and sanitary equipment of residential and public buildings), it is recommended to regulate the water pressure in buildings depending on their height (use of zoning systems according to the required pressure, elimination of excessive water pressure, use perfect shut-off and starting valves, the introduction of pumping and power equipment with an adjustable speed, etc.).
Domestic water consumption makes extremely high demands on the quality of water and on its uninterrupted supply. First of all, and under any extreme conditions, people should be provided with water. These requirements are legalized by the “Fundamentals of Water Legislation” in the form of priority for the use of water to supply the population.
Water disposal. In the process of human life, water is polluted by substances of organic and mineral origin. Its physical properties also change. Such waters are commonly called wastewater. Wastewaterrepresent liquid waste generated as a result of household and industrial activities of people, as well as organized removal of atmospheric precipitation from the territories; They are divided into sewage- a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater entering; into the sewer; rain- formed as a result of precipitation and entering the sewers; production- from technological operations in enterprises; irrigation systems- drainage water.
Wastewater serves as a favorable environment for the development of a variety of microorganisms, including pathogens, which are pathogens and spreads of infectious diseases. Polluting the environment, wastewater simultaneously creates the conditions for the occurrence of human diseases and epidemics. Wastewater may also contain toxic substances (acids, alkalis, salts, etc.) that can cause poisoning of living organisms and death of plants.
Wastewater contains contaminants of mineral, organic, and bacterial origin. The degree of their pollution is determined by the indicators of sanitary-chemical analysis. These include MIC, COD, permanganate oxidizability, nutrient content, environmental reaction, temperature.
In cities, the consumption of domestic water from 1 ha of the area of \u200b\u200bthe quarters is 0.3 ... 2 l / s (specific consumption) or 10 ... 600 thousand m3 / year. They enter the drainage network relatively unevenly by the hours of the day and by the days of the year. In the daytime, the consumption is greater than at night. The highest flow rate in 1 hour can exceed the average rate-1 turn per day by 1.4 ... 2.5 times, and the lowest flow rate in 1 hour can; be less than the average consumption per day by 1.5 ... 2.5 times. Therefore, the cost of the hours of the day can vary by 2 ... 5 times.
During the year, the daily costs of domestic water change relatively little. The highest consumption for 1 day can exceed the average consumption per year only 1.1 ... 1.2 times.
Industrial wastewater of various industries contain various contaminants and their various concentrations.
Rainwater contains a significant amount of insoluble mineral impurities, as well as organic. BOD of rainwater reaches 50 ... 60 mg / l. Research has found that rainwater can be a large source of water pollution. The rainwater consumption from 1 ha of the city’s territory reaches 150 l / s (once a year) and 300 l / s (once every 10 years). This is 50 ... 300 times the consumption of domestic water. At the same time, the total consumption of rainwater per year is 1,500 ... 2,000 m3 per 1 ha, i.e., 5 ... 30 times less than the consumption of domestic water. The formation (loss) of rainwater is very uneven. Their flow rate varies from 0 (in dry weather) to 300 l / s (during heavy rainfall).
Municipal wastewater is a mixture of domestic and industrial wastewater. In real life conditions, there is no water. Urban wastewater always contains pollution components that are characteristic of industrial wastewater (petroleum products, acids, alkalis, salts, etc.).
The complex of engineering structures and sanitary measures intended for collection, removal (transportation) beyond the boundaries of serviced objects, treatment, neutralization and disinfection of contaminated wastewater and their release into water bodies is called drainage system.Drainage systems, in addition, provide for the removal and treatment of waters formed as a result of precipitation and melting snow.
The drainage system contains the following elements: drainage system in buildings and intra-quarter drainage networks; external drainage network; regulating tanks; pumping stations and pressure pipelines; treatment facilities releases of treated wastewater into a reservoir and emergency releases.
The difference in the composition and properties of pollution of domestic and rainwater, as well as domestic and many industrial wastewater, leads to different methods of treatment, as well as the need for their separate discharge to separate drainage networks. At the same time, the possibility of their joint cleaning cannot be ruled out. However, the scheme and composition of treatment facilities can be much more complicated than in the case of separate treatment. There are various options for solving the drainage scheme: by joint or separate wastewater disposal of various types, their joint or separate treatment. Depending on this, the systems are divided into general alloy, separate and combined. In turn, separate systems are divided into complete separate, incomplete separate and semi-separate.
Domestic water supply is associated with the direct consumption of water by the population (for drinking, as part of food products), with the use of water for domestic purposes (washing, cleaning, washing, etc.), to meet the needs of the household (laundries, hairdressers etc.), urban transport, construction organizations. [...]
Municipal water supply as a participant in the water management complex (VHK). With the inclusion of public utilities in the participants. VHK must take into account its requirements for water levels in the reservoir, as well as the impact on other participants of VHK. [...]
Public utilities, as a participant in the All-Russian Agricultural Complex, are in conflict with such participants as industry and irrigated agriculture, whose wastewater adversely affects water quality. The same effect is exerted by agricultural water supply (especially livestock farms), water transport and recreation. On some reservoirs, used mainly for water supply purposes, the construction of recreation facilities is prohibited due to severe water pollution during recreational use of the reservoir. [...]
Domestic water supply is characterized by a relatively low irrevocable consumption. Therefore, a wider introduction of sewage will increase the amount of wastewater that can be reused (after appropriate treatment) for irrigation or in industry. This will give an overall saving of water used by its consumers. [...]
Features of water supply in rural areas (compared with municipal water supply in cities) are as follows: large hourly unevenness, large volumes of irrevocable water consumption (due to less use of sewage), less specific water heating. In the future, with the improvement of the improvement of rural settlements, these differences will decrease. [...]
Features of municipal water supply and requirements for the quantity and quality of water. Water supply of the population is the most important task of any city or village. Lack of clean drinking water is one of the main causes of disease. However, almost half of the world's population does not have reliable sources of drinking water. Therefore, the 80s were declared the International Decade of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation. In our country, the principle of priority of domestic water supply is enshrined in the Fundamentals of water legislation and lies in the fact that “under any conditions, the population should be provided with water in the first place. In water management practice, in relation to municipal water supply, the highest indicator of security is adopted (97% in terms of the number of uninterrupted years). [...]
The requirements of industrial water supply for the level regime of reservoirs of integrated waterworks are similar to the requirements of municipal water supply. [...]
The following features of municipal water supply are the uniformity of water consumption during the year and unevenness during the day. With increasing air temperature, water consumption increases slightly, but seasonal fluctuations do not exceed 15 ... 20%. At the same time, daily fluctuations are significant, since more than 70% of water is consumed during the day. Typically, to account for these fluctuations in the calculations of water consumption, the coefficient of daily irregularity Ksut (the ratio of the maximum daily rate of water consumption to the average daily) and the coefficient of hourly unevenness (the ratio of the maximum hourly rate of water consumption to the average daily) are used. The coefficient of daily irregularity does not exceed 1.2, while CKh can reach 1.8 ... 2. [...]
The contamination of drinking water with infected domestic sewage, either in the water source itself or in the water mains, is an established cause of many outbreaks of intestinal infections. Modern methods of epidemiological analysis used to determine the spread of intestinal infections are quite informative. They are based on the identification of pathogens (pathogenic microorganisms) found in drinking water and the secretions of sick people. The picture of the spread of diseases is also characteristic. With decentralized water supply, their connection is usually established with one water source, for example, a well (On the state ..., 1996). [...]
In turn, industrial and municipal water supply, water transport, which pollute water resources during wastewater discharge, as well as hydropower, in the interests of which daily flow regulation is carried out, causing sharp fluctuations in water levels, negatively affects recreation. Coordination of requirements for reservoirs on the part of the participants of the All-Russian Chemical Complex is carried out taking into account the achievement of the maximum economic effect and the satisfaction of social needs. [...]
Currently, about 50% of all explored underground water deposits are used in the Russian Federation for domestic, drinking, industrial and technical water supply and irrigation (about 1,700 out of 3,600). Monitoring of the use of underground water sources for industrial, technical, municipal and agricultural needs has allowed to identify about 1800 centers of groundwater pollution, of which 78% are located in the European part of Russia. Although groundwater pollution is mainly local in nature, nevertheless, about 6% of the total amount of groundwater used for drinking water is water contaminated with nitrogen, iron, manganese, sulfates, and chlorides; phenols; strontium; petroleum products; lead aluminum, etc. It should be especially noted that surface and underground water reserves are the main sources of drinking water for the population. So, in centralized drinking water supply systems, about 70% of the total volume is surface water and about 30% is underground. [...]
The procedure for the installation and operation of water supply systems for centralized drinking, public water supply of the population is regulated by legislative acts, rules and instructions issued by public utilities and health authorities, as well as decisions of local Councils of people's deputies and their executive committees. Issues related to the amount of water, the choice of a water source, etc., are resolved during the design of a water supply system, and decisions made on these issues are authorized by state bodies when approving projects. [...]
A list of indicators to be determined in the waters used for public water supply and in treated domestic wastewater is given and justified. Typical industrial wastewater compositions are provided. Formulated are methods for establishing an assortment of contaminants that should be determined at specific water intakes. [...]
Water consumption in the extraction and processing of minerals is usually associated with household and communal, industrial and technical needs, as well as fire fighting. For this, water supply systems are used, which include water intake facilities, pumping stations, water treatment and treatment plants, main or distribution pipelines or channels, reservoirs and water towers, as well as auxiliary facilities: laboratories, warehouses, etc. [...]
To maintain the cleanliness of water bodies, various measures are being taken: On ensuring full biological treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater; Improvement of industrial production technology in order to reduce the amount of wastewater and reduce pollution in them; € development and implementation of low-water and waterless technology; ® introduction of recycled water supply and expansion of reuse of treated wastewater; ® rational use of fertilizers and pesticides; implementation of water protection measures taking into account the prospective distribution of productive forces. [...]
The inclusion of any branch of the national economy in the number of participants in the All-Union Chemical Complex should be economically justified (see Chapter 5). The rationale for the inclusion of participants such as healthcare and domestic water supply does not cause significant difficulties, since these sectors include first of all. [...]
The availability of water resources and the possibility of their use have a decisive role in the allocation of industry, the development and intensive use of agricultural land, industrial and municipal water supply. [...]
One of the sections of the environmental passport includes the characteristics of water consumption, water disposal and treatment of waste water. In specially designed tables, quantitative indicators of water consumption are given: source of water supply (sea, lake, river, reservoir, canal, underground horizon); volume of water used for technical (production) needs, including the volume of fresh water supplied to recharge water recycling systems; the volume of water spent on household, domestic and communal needs; volume of water lost as a result of filtration, evaporation, leakage, accident, etc. These tables are accompanied by a balance sheet of water consumption and water disposal, indicating hourly water consumption at each production (site). [...]
The Decree provides for the development and implementation of a set of measures for the implementation of low-waste technological processes, as well as a system for the neutralization, processing and treatment of gaseous, liquid and solid industrial and municipal wastes. The ministries, departments of the USSR and the Councils of Ministers of the Union republics are entrusted with the task of ensuring the development and mastering of serial production of equipment and pipe fittings for water supply systems and treatment facilities, the production of equipment and automation equipment for controlling environmental pollution, the construction and commissioning of plants for the manufacture of gas-cleaning and dust-collecting equipment, apparatus and spare parts for them. [...]
A very important and, moreover, difficult problem is the protection of surface waters from pollution. To this end, a number of measures are foreseen, in particular: monitoring of water bodies; creation of water protection zones; development of non-waste and waterless technologies, as well as reverse (closed) water supply systems; sewage treatment (industrial, municipal and others); purification and disinfection of surface and groundwater used for drinking water supply and other purposes. [...]
The regulation of water use has its own characteristics. According to the generally accepted concept in the USA, the right to use water is property, has value and, under certain conditions, can be sold. Trade in water use rights is controlled by the state administration. The federal authorities prefer not to intervene in the issues of regulating water use for public and domestic water supply, transferring them almost entirely to the state. The competence of the federal level remains issues related to the use of surface sources for land reclamation, electricity production, maintaining the overall environmental balance and animal welfare, as well as flood control measures. For example, the right to create various hydraulic structures for energy purposes, as well as to issue licenses for the construction of such structures to private companies, is vested in the Federal Energy Company. Nevertheless, states may object to such construction if it threatens with adverse environmental consequences. In this case, the states resort to the help of the courts. There are examples when, at the state’s lawsuit against the Federal Energy Commission, the court invalidated licenses issued for hydraulic engineering construction. [...]
On the site of the river. Moscow from the city of Zvenigorod to the city of Moscow in the total taken 235 km3 per year, including from groundwater - 0.564 km3. Groundwater exploitation resources are estimated at 0.43 km3 per year, 13.6 m3 / s. A significant difference in the ratio of the volumes of consumed surface and groundwaters is actually the basis for the allocation of two water-economic areas within the Moskvoretsky water system (diagram in Fig. 4: 1). Of the withdrawn water, 9.1 million cubic meters is used for irrigation and 2.25 km3 for water supply in Moscow. The area of \u200b\u200birrigated land is 6.7 thousand hectares. From other types of economic use, it is necessary to single out household, industrial and fish. [...]
Until relatively recently, underground water sources were considered to be reliably protected and the safest. However, at present, these ideas require substantial adjustment, since progressive environmental pollution has led to a deterioration in the quality of groundwater used for drinking purposes. This makes them re-evaluate their sanitary reliability. It is impossible not to mention that almost a third of the large cities of Russia with a population of over 250 thousand people use underground water for public water supply and another third use mixed water (underground and surface). At the same time, it was established that in Russia there are areas of considerable area, in the aquifers of which there are substandard (in one or even several elements) groundwater used in drinking water after partial treatment or even without it. According to the State Water Cadastre, there are about 1000 of them in Russia. The deterioration of groundwater quality is also observed in many single wells and wells, primarily in rural areas, where it is mainly associated with the discharge of household wastewater. [... ]
When distributing complex costs under the condition of equal efficiency, there may be cases when Yakom?\u003e 0, / (com \u003d 0, KkomgSO. In the first case, the участник-th participant of the All-Russian Chemical Complex takes on all industry costs and part of the complex Kkouts, and in the second case - only industry costs. If, when calculating Ktmg, it turns out that they are of negative importance, then to ensure equal economic efficiency, the участник-th participant of the All-Russian Chemical Combine takes on only a part of its industry costs, but does not bear complex costs. communally domestic water supply. [...]
Damage from environmental pollution - actual and possible losses of the national economy associated with environmental pollution. They include direct and indirect effects, as well as additional costs to eliminate the negative effects of pollution, as well as losses associated with the deterioration of the health of the population, reduction in the work period and people's lives. The emission of pollution contributes to the corrosion of equipment and building structures, causing losses to related areas of economic activity. According to experts, in recent years in Russia the damage associated with environmental damage, annually amounts to at least 10% of the gross national product. Let us examine in more detail the damage caused by the branches of the national economy to the surface water bodies of Russia: in 1994, it amounted to about 5.5 trillion rubles. The share of industry was 23.1%, agriculture - 40, public utilities - 18.5, hydropower - 10 and the rest - 8.4%. Economic damage from pollution of drinking water supply sources is manifested both in the sphere of material production (additional costs in water supply, underproduction of products, etc.) and in the service sector (health care, social welfare, recreation). Long-term use of drinking water in violation of hygienic requirements for chemical composition causes an increase in various diseases of the population (viral hepatitis, dysentery, acute intestinal infections, etc.). Moreover, increased concentrations of copper in drinking water cause damage to the kidneys, liver, nickel - the kidneys, arsenic - the central nervous system, etc. The deterioration of the quality of the water of drinking water sources not only causes morbidity in the population, but ultimately leads to a reduction in life expectancy and working capacity of people, which is accompanied by significant material and financial losses of the country.
Water supply (water supply system) is a complex of structures designed for abstraction of water from sources, purification, storage of water supplies and supply to places of consumption. Water supply systems are classified according to a number of signs.
By the nature of the facilities served: urban, rural, industrial, agricultural water supply.
By appointment: household-drinking, fire-fighting, watering industrial.
By the nature of the use of natural sources: water pipelines that receive water from surface sources (rivers, lakes, reservoirs) and water pipelines with groundwater supply.
By methods of water supply - gravity water pipes (water towers) and water pipes with mechanical water supply.
Schematic diagram of water supply. Water from the source is taken by the water intake and flows through the pipelines to the shore well. Then, with the pumps of the first rise, it is fed to the facilities for cleaning (clarification, filtering and disinfection using chlorination or ultraviolet lighting). The purified water enters the clean water tanks and is pumped from the second lift into the pipeline network, and part of the water is accumulated in the tank of the water tower. Water flows through main pipelines to the city districts and to consumers through a distribution network.
Water supply networks consist of trunk and distribution lines. Trunk lines are used to transport water masses, and distribution lines - to supply water from highways to residential buildings and other facilities.
Groundwater is most suitable for the needs of the population. However, underground water sources are often not enough to supply large populated areas with water, and obtaining significant amounts of water from them is economically disadvantageous. Therefore, for the water supply of cities, mainly surface sources of fresh water are used.
Under the water supply scheme of an industrial consumer, we understand the mutual arrangement and system of mutual relations between the elements of the water supply system.
At industrial enterprises, water pipelines of the following purpose can be arranged: household-drinking; production; fire fighting.
If the water distribution networks of the given water supply systems are arranged separately, then such water supply systems are called separate.
If the company runs only one water distribution network, then the industrial, drinking water and fire water pipelines are combined.
If the enterprise is located in the city or nearby, then the city water supply can serve as a source of domestic and drinking water supply (and in some cases both industrial and fire).
The connection of the enterprise’s water supply to the city water supply can be carried out according to various schemes. If the pressure and estimated water consumption in the city network are sufficient to provide water to the enterprise’s water supply system, then only the in-plant network is built.
If the pressure in the city network is insufficient, in this case, pumping stations with a water tower or a pumping station with a regulating capacity are constructed. If the water flow cannot be provided by the city water supply, a spare tank and a pumping station are arranged. The reserve tank accumulates the water supply required for the functioning of the water supply system of the enterprise.
Currently, pipes made of cast iron, steel, asbestos cement and reinforced concrete are used for water supply networks. On the water supply network in specially arranged wells, shut-off and control valves are installed: valves, gates, etc.
River intakes are arranged above the settlement to provide the possibility of organizing sanitary protection zones. River water intake devices can be located offshore (with a sufficient depth of the river off the coast), as well as in the river channel at a certain distance from the coast (with a shallow depth of the river offshore). When using underground water sources, tubular drilling wells, mine wells, etc. are used as water intake devices.
1. Market functions do not apply:
1. pricing;
2. stimulating;
3. intermediary;
4. social.
2. Select the market according to the classification criteria “subject” and “object”
1. buyers market
2. market information
3. labor market
4. capital market
3 . To market infrastructure elements do not apply :
1. tax authorities;
3. trade unions;
4. households.
4 . According to the criterion of saturation of the commodity mass, equilibrium, excess and __________ markets are distinguished.
1. undeveloped
2. free
3. developed
4. scarce
5 . The increase in demand for potatoes on the graph will express the movement:
1. according to the demand curve up;
2. demand curve down - to the left;
3. according to the demand curve down;
4. on the demand curve up - to the right
6 . With an increase in the price of the lowest product, the demand for it ....
1. May decrease, and remain the same
2. Will increase
3. Will decrease
4. Will not change
7. The slightest reduction in the price of goods, leading to a reduction in supply to zero, is characteristic of ....
1. absolutely elastic offer
2. supply elasticity equal to one
3. absolutely inelastic offers
4. Elastic offers.
8. The law of demand certainly applies if ...
1. rush demand
2. purchases of rare and prestigious goods
3. switching demand for new, better products
4. purchases of normal (quality) goods
9 . Does not apply to market failures ...
1. production of public goods
2. uneven distribution of income
3. monopolies
4. external effects
10. If you know that with a price of goods equal to 3500 den. units, the volume of demand will be 500 pcs., and at a price of 4000 den. units - only 440 pcs., Then the demand for this product is characterized as:
1. absolutely elastic for the price;
2. inelastic for the price;
3. elastic for the price;
4. Absolutely inelastic for the price.
11 . If the growth of income by 1.2 times led to an increase in demand for vacuum cleaners by 5%, then the elasticity of demand for income for this product is equal to:
12 . The price of the productY increased by 3% with the value of the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand for goods X at the price of goodsY "-1". Then the value of demand for goods X:
1. will decrease by 1%;
2. increase by 1%;
3. will decrease by 3%;
4. will not change.
13. With a rise in price from 4 to 10 den. units the value of supply increases from 12 to 16 pieces. The coefficient of arc elasticity of the proposal is equal to ...
14. The average consumer income grew from 6,000 to 15,000 rubles. while the volume of demand for goods increased from 50 to 100 thousand units. This allows you to characterize the product X as ...
1. luxury item
2. essential goods
3. there is no such product
4. normal goods
15. If it is known that with a decrease in price by 5%, revenue increased by 9.25%, then the coefficient of point elasticity of demand for goods ...
Market competition
16. The basis of the formation of a competitive environmentis not
1. the transition from the buyer's market to the seller's market
2. removal of barriers to entry into the industry
3. promoting market infrastructure
4. liberalization of foreign economic activity
17 . Competition is developing:
1. only among buyers;
2. both among sellers and among buyers;
3. between seller and buyer;
4. only among sellers.
18. The concept of "perfect competition" is characterized by:
1. the presence of a small number of firms that produce homogeneous goods;
2. free entry to this market and exit from it;
3. the ability of sellers and buyers to influence the general conditions for the circulation of goods on the product market;
4. incomplete information about the market of sellers and buyers.
19 . Perfect competition is more effective than market structures of imperfect competition, because in conditionsimperfect competition ...
1. the volume of production below the level of social need
2. lower product price
3. there is no differentiation of goods
4. consumes less resources
20. The disadvantages of perfect competition can be attributed ..
1. lack of collusion of sellers
2. small production volume of an individual company
3. inefficient use of resources in the process of social production
4. Lack of environmental protection mechanism
21. The competition between the automotive and pipeline plants in the labor market is ___________________ competition.
1. inter-industry
2.price
3.in-industry
4. non-price
22. Monopsony as a form of imperfect competition ...
1. characterized by the collusion of sellers regarding the price and production volumes
2. affects the price of goods due to changes in the volume of production
3. affects the price of goods due to changes in the volume of purchases
4. characterized by manifestation only in consumer goods markets
23 . Findwrong statement …
1. in conditions of imperfect competition, firms receive super-profits
1. the fewer firms have the ability to influence the product market, the more competitive this market is
2. only in conditions of perfect competition can firms control the prices of their products
3. in a monopolistic market, the needs of customers are more fully satisfied than with perfect competition
24. The type of market structure in which there is a single buyer of a certain product is called:
1. oligopoly;
2. monopsony;
3. monopoly.
4. oligopsony;
25. By international standards, the monopolistnot considered :
1. market structure, occupying 25% of the market for one industry;
2. market structure, occupying more than 35% of one industry;
3. market situation in which 4 participants occupy more than half of the market;
4. market situation, when 8 participants occupy 80% of the market.
26. A monopolistically competitive firm in the short run may ...
1. increase the price of the product without losing demand for it
2. reduce the price of a product by increasing demand for it
3.to increase the price of the product, increasing the demand for it
4. increase the price of a product, significantly losing demand for it
27. In the long run for a company in the market of monopolistic competition is typical ...:
1. reduction in economic profit;
2. decrease in output;
3. cessation of production;
4. maximization of economic profit.
28 . If the monopolist carries out perfect price discrimination, then ...
1. surplus of consumers is equal to surplus of producer
2. the volume of production is lower than in the absence of price discrimination
3. the volume of production is greater than the possible level with perfect competition
4. surplus of consumers tends to zero
29. Antitrust law is primarily aimed at ensuring ...
1. Consumer demand
2. economic freedom
3. Competition conditions
4. full time
30. The monopolist marginal cost less than the price of the product, because ...
1. the price is greater than marginal revenue
2. marginal cost less than the average total cost (MS<АТС)
3. the price is less than marginal revenue
4. marginal costs are greater than the average total costs (MS\u003e ATS)
31. A monopolist-manufacturer of electronic equipment produces and sells such a volume of products, when:Mr -180 dollars .;MC - $ 100;ATC - $ 200 To get maximum profit, the company must ....
1. reduce the price and reduce output.
2. increase the price and increase output.
4. reduce the price and increase output.
32 . The association of enterprises and the conclusion of an agreement between them to control the sale of products and the purchase of raw materials, in order to obtain monopoly profits, is called ...
1. concern
2. syndicate
4. cartel
33 . The graph shows the case
1. loss maximization for a pure monopoly
2. profit maximization for pure monopoly
3. loss maximization for pure competition
4. profit maximization for pure competition
34 . A profit-maximizing monopoly will lower the price of its products if marginal revenue ...
1. equal to variable costs (MR \u003d VC)
2. less marginal cost (MR 3. equal to fixed costs (MR \u003d FC) 4. more marginal cost (MR\u003e MC) 35
.
It is known that the growth in demand for apple juice amounted to 20%, while the demand for cherry juice doubled. This allows us to conclude that the coefficient of cross elasticity of demand is equal. 36.
Domestic and industrial water supply in cities is carried out within the framework of a market structure, which can be considered: 1. monopoly; 2. monopsony; 3. oligopoly; 4. monopolistic competition. 37.
The market is most suitable for oligopoly conditions 1. wheat; 2. cellular communications; 3. hairdressing services; 4. household goods. 38
.
Features of the market with monopolistic competition are 1. lack of substitute products; 2. the presence of many sellers and buyers; 3. the impact on the price level in a fairly narrow framework; 4. imperfect awareness of sellers and buyers about market conditions. 39.
Mitigating the negative impact of market relations on the possibility of the sale of individual members of the company is typical for ____________ market. 1. free 2. adjustable 3. undeveloped 4. deformed 40.
The sources of monopoly power does not apply ... (at least two options) 1. the elasticity of demand for the products of the company 2. elasticity of supply 3. interaction between firms in this industry 4. the level of average costs of the company C) natural D) labor 11) The American model of a mixed economy is inherent ... a. dominance of public property b. government and private sector coordination in. strong social policy G. high level of social differentiation 12) Analysis of the factors determining the interaction of economic agents in the markets of finished products and markets of factors of production, advancement of concepts of consumer and producer behavior, deals with a section of economic theory called ... o Methodology of economic science o Microeconomics o Macroeconomics o International economy 13) An unemployed economically active population looking for work that matches their qualifications, due to individual preferences or in connection with a change of residence, is recognized as covered by ______ unemployment. 1) Structural 2) Hidden Frictional 4) Forced 1) Unemployment associated with technological changes in production cannot be attributed to _______ unemployment. Forced + cyclic Voluntary Long-term 1) Unemployment associated with technological changes in production is called ... Seasonal Cyclic + structural Frictional 2) Most of all, the conditions of perfect competition correspond to the market ... 1) Hairdressing services Wheat 4) Car 78) Most of all, the market corresponds to the conditions of oligopoly ... 1) Wheat 2) Household goods 3) Hairdressing Cellular connection 79) Domestic and industrial water supply in cities is carried out within the framework of a market structure, which can be considered ... 1) Monopolistic competition 2) Oligopoly Monopoly 4) Monopsony 5) The amount of tax and the amount of taxable income are correlated as follows: Based on these data, we can conclude that taxation of income is ... + Regressive Proportional Solid Progressive 6) The state budget is ... 1) a financial plan in which state revenues and expenses are presented 2) the organization of budget relations at various levels of government 3) the totality of economic relations for the formation and distribution of state funds 4) state property owned by the state on the basis of ownership, not assigned to state enterprises and institutions 5) Gross National Income (GNI) is calculated as ... a. the sum of GDP and primary income from abroad b. the difference in primary income received from abroad and transferred abroad in. the difference between GDP and the balance of primary income from abroad D. the sum of GDP and the balance of primary income from abroad 7) The most important principle of economic analysis is the comparison of marginal benefits and marginal costs. According to some researchers, this method allows you to analyze not only economic behavior. If, for example, a student on the eve of the exam wanted to go to a club with his friends, then as a rationally minded subject, he compares the marginal benefits, that is, the pleasure received from communicating with friends in a pleasant environment, and the marginal costs, in the form of an unsatisfactory assessment in the exam. Its decision will depend on the ratio for I him of these two quantities. The method of limiting analysis of the economic situation in economic theory is a method of studying ... 1. Additional values Maximum values 3. Economic parameters 4. The average 8) The most important principle of economic analysis is the comparison of marginal benefits and marginal costs. According to some researchers, this method allows you to analyze not only economic behavior. If, for example, a student on the eve of the exam wanted to go to a club with his friends, then as a rationally minded subject, he compares the marginal benefits, that is, the pleasure received from communicating with friends in a pleasant environment, and the marginal costs, in the form of an unsatisfactory assessment in the exam. Its decision will depend on the ratio for I him of these two quantities. The basic principles of marginalism (the theory of marginal utility) were laid down in the writings of scientists .... Indicate at least 2 answer options John Hicks 2. Alfred Marshalov 3. Milton Friedman Arthur Pigou 9) The amount of annual income brought by the site is 18,000 rubles. The annual rate of bank interest is 12%. The minimum price for which the land owner agrees to sell it is ______ rubles. 2) The second quadrant (section of the intersectoral balance) shows the structure ... Value added Intersectoral Relations Intermediate product + final product 3) In the long term, the emergence of new mining technologies in the coastal shelf areas will lead to Reduce aggregate supply +
increase in aggregate supply Reduce aggregate demand Increase aggregate demand 4 In the long run, a reduction in income tax and personal property tax will lead to ... Increase national production + increase in the general price level Decrease in national production Lower overall price level 5 In the long run, the amount of capital employed as a factor of production becomes ... Conditionally variable + variables Conditionally Permanent Permanent 6 In the long run, the volumes of applied production factors become ... Conditionally variable Variables + permanent Conditionally Constant 8) The amount of cash that represents the benefit buyers from establishing market equilibrium, called ... Consumer surplus 2) deficit 3) Excess 4) Excess seller 9) The interconnection of the economic interests of sellers and buyers is ensured by the fulfillment of the market ... .. functions. Informational Stimulating Pricing Mediation 34) As a synonym for aggregate supply, the concept of gross ... 1) Mixed income 2) Release Domestic product 4) national income 7) In the short-term (short) period, the volume of use of _________ as a factor of production is constant +capital Material 8.1) In a large city in the bakery market there are many small cuisines. The graph shows the long-term average cost curve of one of them. In this case, the _________ scale effect is observed. Zero Positive Permanent Negative 8.2) The distinctive characteristics of the market structure of this industry market are: Standardized Products The presence of technological barriers to entry into the industry Production of differentiated products Minor market share of each seller 8.3) The figure shows the curves of marginal costs, long-term averages, demand prices and marginal revenue ... ANSWER \u003d 78) In Keynesian theory of demand for money there is no such motive for demand for money as .... Demand for the precautionary motive - yes Transactional demand for money - is Speculative motive - there is + portfolio motive 8) In the equilibrium model in the money market, money supply traffic looks like ... .. Negative slope curve + vertical line Horizontal line Positive slope curve 24.1) In the small country of Arletia, and over the past three years, the following economic situation has been observed: rising prices for consumer and investment goods are accompanied by a decrease in the standard of living of the population, including due to rising unemployment, not only labor resources are released, but also the other two factors - land and capital. Tax revenues to the state budget are reduced along with GDP. Both external and internal public debts will increase The consequence (s) of such a situation will be a. a decrease in the state budget deficit due to a sharp increase in the export of goods b. introduction of additional taxes on personal income in. sharp increase in trends, withdrawal from international associations growth of social pathology: crime, suicide, an increase in the mentally ill 24.2) Given that the government adheres to a monetarist view of macroeconomic policy, the main anti-crisis measures will become ...
