Test tasks on the subject of mold mushrooms
Mushrooms
Tasks with the choice of one correct answer.
A1. The main difference between mushrooms and plants is that they:
1) have a cellular structure,
2) absorb water and mineral salts from the soil,
3) there are both unicellular and multicellular,
A2. What features of the life of fungi indicate their similarity with plants?
1) the accumulation in the cell membranes of chitin,
2) unlimited growth throughout life,
3) consumption of finished organic substances,
4) the mineralization of organic residues.
A3. The similarity of the activity of fungi and animals is manifested in the fact that they:
1) absorb mineral substances surface hyphae,
2) eat ready-made organic substances,
3) lead a motionless lifestyle and settle with the help of disputes,
4) grow throughout life.
A4. Mushrooms, in comparison with bacteria, have a higher level of organization, since:
1) by the method of nutrition, they are heterotrophic organisms,
2) they can be found in different habitats,
3) they play the role of destroyers in the ecosystem,
4) their cells have a decorated nucleus.
A5. Organoids that are absent in the cells of fungi are:
1) plastids
3) ribosomes,
4) mitochondria.
A6. The shell of a mushroom cell, unlike a plant cell, consists of:
1) fiber
2) chitin-like substance
3) contractile proteins,
4) lipids.
A7. For nutrition, saprotroph mushrooms use:
1) air nitrogen
2) carbon dioxide and oxygen,
3) organic matter of dead bodies,
4) organic substances created by them in the process of photosynthesis.
A8. Mycorrhiza fungus is:
1) mycelium, on which fruiting bodies develop,
2) a set of cells performing similar functions,
3) the complex interweaving of gifs among themselves,
4) cohabitation of the fungus and plant roots.
A9. Mushrooms, unlike plants:
1) have unlimited growth,
2) do not have a cellular structure,
3) are not capable of photosynthesis,
4) have a decorated nucleus in the cell.
A10. The interaction of wood and fungus fungus is an example:
2) symbiosis,
3) competition,
4) commensalism.
A11. Mycorrhiza forms:
2) champignon,
3) birch bark,
4) ergot.
A12. In the cells of plants, fungi and bacteria, the cell wall consists of:
1) only from proteins,
2) only from lipids,
3) from proteins and lipids,
4) from polysaccharides.
A13. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants,
2) the symbiosis of plants and bacteria,
3) a special group of animals,
4) a special group of living things.
A14. Honey mushrooms, feeding on dead organic remains of stumps, felled trees, belong to the group:
3) autotrophs,
4) symbionts.
A15. The relationship between fungus and algae in a lichen is called:
2) lodging,
3) symbiosis,
4) parasite.
A16. For the preparation of antibiotics in industry use:
1) yeast
2) mold
3) tinder mushrooms,
4) hat mushrooms.
A17. Yeast receives energy for life by:
1) chemosynthesis,
2) photosynthesis,
3) protein biosynthesis,
4) alcohol fermentation.
A18. Thin, colorless multicellular filaments forming a mycelium are called:
1) root hairs,
3) sieve tubes,
4) sporangia.
A19. Groups into which hat mushrooms are divided according to the structure of the bottom layer of the hat:
1) lower and higher,
2) single-layer and multi-layer,
3) tubular and lamellar,
A20. The function of fruit bodies of hat mushrooms is:
1) absorption of water and minerals,
2) the storage of organic substances,
3) the formation of organic substances,
4) the formation of a dispute.
A21. Yeast is used in baking:
1) as a source of vitamins,
2) for the disposal of harmful impurities,
3) to obtain porous, light bread and speed up baking,
4) for longer storage of bread.
A22. Sign of similarity of mushrooms and plants:
1) glycogen formation,
2) the presence of plastids,
3) the formation of starch,
4) absorption of substances from the soil by absorption.
A23. What are the cap and leg of the mushroom?
1) cells containing chloroplasts,
2) mycorrhiza,
3) the fruit body,
4) the body of the fungus.
A24. For the production of the penicillin drug using biotechnology in special conditions are grown:
1) bacteria
2) algae,
3) viruses
4) mold fungi.
A25. Mushrooms and plants brings together:
1) autotrophic method of nutrition,
2) heterotrophic method of nutrition,
3) the presence of organs and tissues,
4) the presence of the cell wall and reproduction by spores.
Tasks with the choice of several correct answers.
IN 1. By what signs can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?
A) eat ready-made organic substances,
B) have a cellular structure,
C) grow throughout life,
D) have a body consisting of gifs,
D) absorb nutrients on the surface of the body,
E) have limited growth.
IN 2. Mushrooms, like plants:
A) grow throughout life,
B) have limited growth,
C) absorb nutrients on the surface of the body,
D) eat ready-made organic substances,
E) have a cellular structure.
Assignment tasks.
AT 3. Set the correspondence between the groups of mushrooms according to the method of nutrition and their examples.
MUSHROOM GROUPS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) saprotrophs, 1. fly agaric,
3. late blight,
4. smut,
5. yeast
6. ergot.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the groups of fungi according to the structure of the fruiting body and their examples.
MUSHROOM GROUPS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) Tubular mushrooms, 1. porcini mushroom,
B) Lamellar mushrooms. 2. thriller,
3. boletus,
4. birch bark,
5. champignon,
6. Russula.
AT 5. Set the correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the group for which it is characteristic.
GROUP OF ORGANISMS SIGNS OF ORGANISMS
A) Mushrooms, 1. secrete in a special kingdom,
B) lichens. 2. the body is a thallus,
3. have a fruiting body,
4. according to the method of nutrition - auto-heterotrophs,
5. enter into symbiosis with the roots of plants,
6. represent the symbiosis of fungi and algae.
Tasks to establish the correct sequence.
AT 6. Establish a sequence of phases of development of the cap mushroom, starting with the entry of spores into the soil.
A) Germination of spores and the formation of mycelium,
B) the maturation of the fruiting body and the formation of spores,
C) the formation of the fruiting body,
D) the spread of spores.
Quests with a free answer (C1-2 - short, C4-5 - detailed)
C1. What basic rule must be observed when collecting mushrooms to preserve their numbers?
C2. Why in plantations the soil is populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
C3. Find errors in the text above. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them.
C4. Why are mushrooms secreted into the special kingdom of the organic world?
Mushrooms Answers to the tasks of Part A
Answers to the tasks of Part B
Answers to the tasks of part C
C1. You can not damage the mycelium, since new fruiting bodies will not grow on the destroyed mycelium.
C3. Response Elements:
Mistakes made in the sentences:
- 2 - among fungi there are also unicellular, for example, yeast;
- 3 - autotrophs are absent among fungi (since their cells do not have chlorophyll);
- 4 - cell walls of fungi consist of chitin, and not cellulose.
C4. Response Elements:
- fungi cannot be attributed to plants, since their cells lack chlorophyll and chloroplasts;
- mushrooms cannot be attributed to animals, since they absorb nutrients throughout the surface of the body, and do not swallow in the form of food lumps;
- mushrooms, unlike animals, grow throughout life;
- the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads - hyphae, forming a mycelium, or mycelium;
- mycelial cells store carbohydrates as glycogen.
C5 Response Elements:
- their cells do not have chloroplasts and do not contain chlorophyll;
- they are heterotrophic, not capable of photosynthesis;
- they have a chitin cell wall.
Option 1
A1. Biologists combine all mushrooms into a systematic group.
1) clan 2) department 3) kingdom 4) family
A2. By type of nutrition, mushrooms are organisms.
1) heterotrophic 2) autotrophic
3) photosynthetic 4) chemosynthetic
A3. Vegetative body of fungi formed
1) roots 2) shoot 3) mycelium 4) organ system
A4. Mushrooms reproduce asexually using
1) gametes 2) seeds 3) spores 4) sperm
A5. A win-win relationship between a plant and a fungus is an example.
A6. A mold fungus, the whole mycelium of which consists of one cell, is
1) mushroom mucor 2) white mushroom 3) yeast 4) penicillus
A7. Morels and lines are close in systematic position to mushrooms.
1) cap 2) penicillum 3) yeast 4) mucor
A8.In the fruit body of the cap mushroom
1) spores mature 2) gametes merge
3) seeds ripen 4) buds are laid
A9.In the cycle of substances in nature, fungi play a role.
1) producer of organic substances
2) photosynthetic organism
3) herbivorous organism
4) a destroyer of organic substances
A. Glycogen is stored in fungal cells.
B. The mycelium of the cap mushrooms has a cellular structure.
B. The fruit body of the cap mushroom is formed by hyphae.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
The composition of the fungal cell includes
1) outer membrane 3) unformed nucleus 4) cytoplasm
2) chloroplast 5) cell wall 6) flagellum
1) late blight 4) tinder fungus 3) ergot 6) boletus
2) mucor 5) yeast
A. Form organic matter in the light 1. Mushrooms
B. Stockpile nutrient - glycogen 2.Plants
B. Starch substance is stored
G. Eat, absorbing ready-made nutrients
B6. Set the correspondence between the types of hat mushrooms and the systematic groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF HAT MUSHROOMS SYSTEMATIC GROUPS
A. Trutovik 1. Mushrooms
B. Morel 2. Hat mushrooms
B. Yeast
G. Pale toadstool
Record the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Task to work with figure 1.
Fig. 1
1) hat mushroom on the soil 3) soil bacteria
2) yeast in the dough 4) flour on bread
Option 2
A1. Science deals with the study of mushrooms.
1) zoology 2) mycology 3) botany 4) anatomy
A2: absent in fungal cells
1) nucleus 2) cytoplasm 3) chloroplast 4) outer membrane
A3. The fruit body of the fungi form
1) hyphae 2) roots 3) fruit with seeds 4) stem with buds
A4 Yeast fungi multiply by
1) sexual 2) budding 3) nuclear fusion 4) fertilization
A5. The strings of the mycelium and the roots of the plant together form
1) the fruiting body of the fungus 2) the spore-bearing tissue of the plant
3) mycorrhiza 4) spores of the fungus
A6.Mold or white coating on the bread forms
1) cap mushroom 2) mushroom mushroom 3) yeast 4) bacteria
A7. The body of baker's yeast consists of
1) hats and legs 2) tissues 3) one cell 4) soil mycelium
A8: An ergot mushroom that lives on cereals feeds
1) during photosynthesis 2) as a symbiotic organism
A9.Mushroom Russula is a closely related organism.
1) penicillus 2) fly agaric 3) yeast 4) flour
B1. Are the following statements true?
A. The composition of the cell membrane of fungi includes the carbohydrate chitin.
B. Ringworm disease is caused by chemosynthetic bacteria.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
B2: Are the following statements true?
A. Tinder fungus grows in the wood of trees.
B. Phytophthora is a fungus that performs the process of photosynthesis.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
B3. Choose three valid statements.
Representatives of the kingdom of mushrooms multiply
1) spores 2) seeds 3) parts of the mycelium 4) roots 5) gametes 6) budding
B4. Choose three valid statements.
The composition of the cap mushroom includes
1) soil mycelium 2) roots of a plant 3) hat of a fruiting body 4) rhizome
5) leg of the fruiting body 6) escape
B5. Establish a correspondence between the features of the vital activity of organisms and their belonging to the kingdom of wildlife.
FEATURE OF THE LIVING ACTIVITY KINGDOM
A. Eat by ingesting food particles 1. Mushrooms
B. Unrestricted growth in most organisms 2. Animals
B. Active movement
G. Are fed by absorption of substances
D. Fixed, lead an attached lifestyle
Record the corresponding numbers in the table.
B6. Set the correspondence between the types of hat mushrooms and the groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF HAT MUSHROOMS OF THE GROUP
A. Podberezovik 1. Tubular
B. Syroezhka 2. Lamellar
B. White mushroom
G. Amanita
D. Boletus
Record the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Task for work with figure 2.
Fig.2
A. What organism is depicted in the picture?
1) cap mushroom 2) yeast 3) penicillo 4) morel
B. The named organism eats
2) splitting organic matter 4) as a symbiont
B. The role of the depicted organism in the economic activity of people is that it
3) edible 4) poisonous
The test contains a series of tasks aimed at testing knowledge about the Kingdom of Mushrooms. The first task is to work with a drawing. The second task is questions with one correct answer. the third task is working with food chains. The fourth task is to choose the right statements.
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"Test on the topic" General characteristics of the Kingdom of Mushrooms "»
Exercise 1 View the figure and sign the parts of the mushroom ( work is done in a notebook )
Task 2 Choose one correct answer in each question of the test.
1. Mushrooms are similar to plants, as
a) capable of photosynthesis; b) are able to grow unlimitedly;
c) consume the finished inorganic substance; g) contain cellulose.
2. Mushrooms are similar to animals, as
a) motionless; b) absorb food by absorption;
c) are heterotrophs; g) contain chitin.
3. To tubular mushrooms
a) thrush; b) honey agarics; c) saffron milk cap; d) boletus.
4. Lamellar mushrooms
a) white; b) russula; c) oiler; d) birch
5. Which of the listed mushrooms are inedible?
a) tinder fungus; b) a line c) morel d) oyster mushroom.
6. The vegetative body forms fungi
a) mycorrhiza; b) a hat; c) mycelium; d) leg
7. The symbiosis of mycelium and plant roots is called
a) mycorrhiza; b) mycelium; c) fruiting body; d) mycelium.
8. Phytophthora belongs to the class
a) imperfect mushrooms; b) oomycetes; c) basidiomycetes; d) marsupials.
9. Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis because they
10. Mushrooms breed
a) disputes; b) seeds; c) part of the root; d) part of the stem.
11. Toxic mushrooms
a) autumn mushrooms; b) russula; c) pale toadstool; d) tinder fungus.
a) form organic substances in the light; b) settle on food;
c) settle on other living organisms; g) feed on finished minerals.
13. Mushrooms, unlike bacteria in cells, have
a) decorated core; b) cytoplasm; c) plastids; d) there is no cell membrane.
14. Mushrooms eat
a) oxygen; b) carbon dioxide; c) finished organic substances; g) mineral salts.
15. The mushroom with the help of mycelium gets from the tree
a) mineral salts; b) oxygen; c) organic matter; d) water.
16. The mushroom supplies the tree
a) oxygen; b) water and mineral salts; c) organic substances; g) starch.
17. belongs to mold fungi
a) mucor; b) the chanterelle; c) yeast; d) smut
18. To cap mushrooms include
a) yeast; b) russula; c) smut; d) mucor.
19. To get the medicine, a mushroom is bred
a) smut; b) yeast; c) mucor; g) penicillus.
20. Yeast multiplies
a) ovules; b) zoospores; c) by budding; g) sperm.
Task 3 Make a branched power circuit according to the scheme.
This material can be used to conduct a lesson on the topic: "Mushrooms"
A week before the lesson, the students were given the task to grow mold on any nutrient substrate at home. Several tasks are excellently achieved: the children independently form the material for laboratory work, they are involved in the process of preparing for the lesson, the ease with which the spores fall on the substrate helps to clearly demonstrate how small they are in size.
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In the lesson I used a PC and a projector. Using multimedia, the projector showed a presentation that allowed students to recall previously learned material, to get new information on the topic being studied.As a consolidation and independent work, students perform certain tasks with subsequent verification. The use of video clips from the documentary film "Mold" made it possible to visually show enlarged microscopic mushrooms.
A week before the lesson, students were given the task to grow mold on any substrate at home and bring it to class. The ease with which the spores are on the substrate clearly shows how small the spores are.
Annotation: the fifth lesson (out of six) in the topic "Bacteria and fungi." To achieve the goals and objectives, I used an individual answer at the blackboard using visual aids; frontal conversation with the class; a story with conversation elements; demonstration of natural objects: mushroom mushroom on bread, mushroom tinder fungus, dry, raw yeast, dissolved in water with added sugar; test task execution; independent work of students with a textbook, filling out the table "The role of mushrooms in nature and human life." Since the studied objects are microscopically small, the presentation and video clips of the film “Mold” help to visually show them in an enlarged form, to learn a lot of interesting things about the “curse of the pharaohs”, the manufacture of Roquefort cheese, and the discovery of penicillin in Russia.
The purpose of the lesson: continue to acquaint students with the characteristic signs of mushrooms, with their various representatives.
Tasks:
Equipment: models of fruit bodies of hat mushrooms, tables: “Structure of the hat mushroom”, “Edible and inedible mushrooms”, “Mold mushrooms and Yeast”, “Smut mushrooms”, etc., natural objects - fruit bodies of tinder fungi, mold fungi colonies on various substrates, yeast, images of mushrooms, the finished micropreparation "Mold fungus mucor", computer, multimedia projector, screen, pointer.
During the classes
I. Actualization of knowledge.
Answer the questions:
- Why is it customary to isolate mushrooms in a separate kingdom?
- What signs of fungi are characteristic for representatives of the plant kingdom?
- What signs of fungi are characteristic of representatives of the animal kingdom?
- What type of nutrition is typical for mushrooms?
- What methods of food production are found in mushrooms?
- What methods of reproduction are found in representatives of the kingdom of mushrooms?
- What mushrooms are called cap mushrooms? Tell us about the structure of the cap mushroom. What is mycelium?SLIDE 1.
- What is the function of the fruiting body of mushrooms?
- What is the main difference between tubular and lamellar mushrooms?SLIDE 2. Which mushrooms are tubular, and which are lamellar?(on the example of dummies).
- Which mushrooms are edible and which are poisonous?SLIDE 3.
- What is mycorrhiza?SLIDE 4.
II. Learning new material.
Mold fungi, their habitat. Differences of molds from cap mushrooms. The role of molds in nature. (The story of the teacher with elements of conversation, a demonstration of molds on substrates, tables, the movie "Molds of mushrooms."
Teacher. You already know that among mushrooms there are also those thatdo not form fruiting bodies.Try to give examples of such mushrooms.
(Kids answer.) Mold mushrooms, yeast.
Teacher. Many of these mushrooms live near us, in our homes and apartments. Often we don’t even notice them until they manifest themselves too clearly. What mushrooms are you talking about?
(Kids answer.) It's about mold fungi.
Teacher. And what kind of mushrooms does a person use in baking?
(Kids answer.) When baking bread, a person uses yeast.
SLIDE 5.
1) Teacher. Pay attention to what different mushrooms. Let's get to know them in more detail.(Video clip demonstration). When talking about black mold, they mean mushroomAspergillus black (Aspergillus niger).SLIDE 6. Aspergillus fungi develop both on the soil and on various plant products. Colonies of fungi in the form of mold can be white, bluish, greenish or other shades. Mushroom spores are scattered in the air, so if you leave bread, jam, other food leftovers for several days, mold will soon form on them. Aspergillus develops on wet tanned skin, rotting plant debris, and moist wallpaper.
Aspergillus black is widely used in the steam industry (used for the manufacture of paints, inks), but in a number of tropical countries this mushroom causes the disease of sprouts of peanuts, sorghum, cotton, grapes.
For humans, this mushroom is dangerous. Probably all of you have heard of the Curse of the Pharaohs? Many of those who opened the tombs of the pharaohs died. This was attributed to the curse of the pharaohs. In fact, it turned out that the mushroom Aspergillus niger was alive (for thousands of years!) On the walls of tombs, on objects, on the mummy of the pharaohs.(Video clip).
2) SLIDE 7. Mushroom mucor most often found on old bread, especially if it has been inmoist heat location (e.g. in a plastic bag). If you follow the development of this fungus, you will notice that on the bread first appears fluffywhite coating. What do you think it is?(Kids answer.) It began to grow mold.
The mushroom mycelium is actually composed ofone highly expanded and branched cells witha large number of coresin the cytoplasm. The filaments of the mycelium are thin, colorless, and therefore the young mold looks like a white gun.
SLIDE 8. But some gifs grow vertically up. At their ends, spherical extensions occur. These balls ripendisputes mushroom. After the spores have matured, the sporangium breaks and the spores spill out. Disputes are verysmall ones invisible by a simple eye, they can be seen only in a sufficiently powerful microscope. Also disputesextremely light. How do you think these disputes are spreading?
(Children answer.) They are carried by the wind.
Once in favorable conditions (heat and a certain humidity), spores germinate, resulting in the formation of a new mycelium.
In your opinion, which of the ways of obtaining food is characteristic for the fungus mucor? itsaprophyte mushroom. It eats ready-made organic matter from inanimate plants. But this mushroom settles not only on bread. It is found on other food products, for example, on fruits and vegetables, jam, etc.
Some types of mucor can cause diseases in humans and animals. A Chinese mucor has long been used as a starter in the preparation of soy cheese and some other dishes.(Demonstration of natural mucor on bread).
But some molds are beneficial, they are called noble mold.(Video clip).
3) SLIDE 9. In our homes, quite often you can find another mushroom. It's a mushroompenicillin This mushroom can live on food and soil. Unlike mucor, the penicillin mycelium does not consist of one cell, but is divided by partitions intosingle cells.Penicillin cellssingle core. Separate hyphae, like that of mucor, rise vertically upward, forming special branches at the ends in the formtassels. These branches end in chains of spores, which, as they mature, are separated and carried by a stream of air. Some species of this fungus are specially bred in laboratories for medical purposes. The fact is that the cells of some types of penicillium contain substances that kill or suppress the vital activity of some pathogenic bacteria.
A medicine is made from this funguspenicillin. SLIDE 10. Most often, this medicine is used when various infections occur in open wounds. In addition, penicillin is widely used in pulmonary diseases, meningitis. Penicillin isantibiotic that is, a substance that depresses pathogens and certain viruses. Penicillin was discovered in 1929 by the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming.
Penicillin continued with Howard Flory and Ernst Chain. A. Fleming, G. Flory and E. Cheyne in 1945 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
In our country, work was also underway on the manufacture of penicillin.(Video clip).
Yeast, its structure, nutrition, reproduction. The use of yeast in the food industry. (The story of the teacher with the elements of conversation, a demonstration of raw, dry, dissolved yeast in water with added sugar).
SLIDE 11. In addition, mushrooms also includeyeast. These are unicellular organisms with all the basic properties of fungi. However, yeast does not form mycelium. About 500 species are known for yeast. Imagine that packs of yeast sold in stores are living organisms, compressed into briquettes and frozen. If a small amount of yeast from a pack is diluted in water and viewed under a microscope, you can see many oval or oblong cells. These are yeast cells. Inside the cells arevacuoles fat droplets.Individual yeast cells are often connected into branchingchains bizarre form.
SLIDE 12. Yeast multiply as a resultbudding. First, a tubercle appears on the mother cell, which is constantly increasing in size. Then the nucleus of the mother cell is divided. Part of the nucleus remains in the mother cell, and part is sent to the budding daughter cell. A new young cell can completely separate from the mother or remain close to it. Gradually, young cells grow and form new, daughter cells. As a result, a sufficiently long branched chain consisting of individual yeast cells may occur.
When does yeast begin to multiply?
If you add a little sugar and a drop of salt to the yeast water, the yeast cells will begin to grow and multiply. Yeast grows very quickly, due to a very high metabolic rate. This greatly changes the chemical composition of the environment. Yeast feeds on sugar, decomposing it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. As a result of this chemical process, energy is released that the mushrooms use to ensure their vital functions. These features of yeast have long been used by man in winemaking (yeast causes alcohol fermentation), as well as in bakingSLIDE 13 (carbon dioxide produced by yeast forms bubbles in the dough, making the dough soft and airy). (Demonstration of a natural object: yeast dissolved in sweet water).
What type of nutrition was typical for the mushrooms we described earlier?
(Kids answer.) Both mold and yeast aresaprotrophs.
What does it mean?
(Kids answer.) This means that these fungi feed on the remains of living organisms or their secretions.
What do you think, how do people fight this fungus on agricultural plants?In order for the fungus not to develop on agricultural plants, it is necessary to destroy its spores adhered to the sowing grain. This is done usingcentrifugationas well as some grainsetched with chemicalse.g. solutionformalin.
3) Cereals, including those cultivated by humans, also affect the fungus, calledbread rust.SLIDE 16. The mushroom got its name due to the fact that it affects mainlybread cereals. The development cycle of this fungus is very complicated. This fungus first develops on other plants (often on barberry), and in the beginning - in the middle of summer on various cereals, mainly onwheat. In one summer, the fungus forms several generations of spores. Spores are colored inrust brown colorfor which the mushroom got its name. Sometimes a dispute is formed so much that they, scattered by the wind, lay a layer of reddish dust on various objects. Bread Rust Strikesleaves and stems plants. But what harm is this to man?(Children make their assumptions.)On plants infected with this fungus, ears may not form at all or they will turn out to be small and the grain will not ripen. The spores of this fungus can be carried by the wind for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, which greatly complicates the fight against it.
What solutions could you offer?(Children make their assumptions.)Agronomists learned how to outputvarieties of cereals resistant to infectionthis mushroom.
(Kids answer.) These mushrooms are most often found in the forest ontrunks of trees.
What part of the mushroom do you think is usually visible to us?
(Kids answer.) Usually on the surface of the tree is fruitthe body of the fungus.
- What is its function?
(Kids answer.) It forms spores of the fungus.
And where is the mycelium of the fungus (mycelium)?
(Children answer.) Mycelium the fungus is located inside the tree trunk. Mushroom gifsdestroy woodtree, causing him great harm. The wood of a tree infected with the fungus gradually becomes rotten, hollows are often formed in these trees and the trees break. The appearance of these mushrooms can greatly shorten the life of the tree.
But how can a tree become infected with this fungus?
(Kids answer.) Disputes these mushrooms spreadby the wind. They settle on various objects in the forest: on soil, grass, tree trunks. If there is a wound or damage on the tree trunk, spores penetrate under the bark, germinate and formmycelium. The mycelium gradually grows and after some time fruiting bodies of the fungi form.
Fruit bodies of polyporeperennial. They grow every year, forming concentric bursts. What can be said about the fungus by the number of these influxes?(Kids answer.) By the number of influxes you can judgeage fruit body of the fungus.
On strawberries and strawberries -gray rot. SLIDE 21. Often settles on applesfruit rot. SLIDE 22. Mushroom calledpowdery mildew, SLIDE 23 often affects leaves, young shoots and fruits of gooseberries, as well as other plants such as potatoes, currants, tomatoes.
III. Consolidation of knowledge and skills (Performing a test task).
1. Mucor's mushroom picker is:
A) multicellular formations;
B) one multinucleated cell;
C) one mononuclear cell;
D) non-cellular formation.
2. The fluffy white coating of mucor turns black after a while, because:
A) its threads die and rot;
B) with age, black substances form in the threads;
C) spores are formed in its heads.
3. The mushroom-brushworm from which the medicine is produced:
A) penicillus;
B) tinder fungus;
C) smut;
D) late blight.
4. Microscopic mushrooms that have long been used by humans:
A) yeast;
B) Tinder;
C) mucor;
D) late blight.
5. Yeast multiplies:
A) disputes;
B) by budding;
B) mycelium;
D) gifs.
A) ergot;
B) tinder fungus;
C) smut;
D) late blight.
A) mucor;
B) tinder fungus;
C) smut;
D) late blight.
8. What kind of fungal spores, when ingested with flour, can cause poisoning?
A) ergot;
B) smut;
B) tinder fungus;
D) late blight.
9. The fruiting body of which fungus has the shape of a hoof?
A) late blight;
B) tinder fungus;
C) smut;
D) ergot.
Students work independently with a textbook.
Using the text of the textbook (textbook by V.V. Pasechnik 9.10), as well as the knowledge gained in the lesson and notes in the notebook, fill out the table.
Representatives | Biological features | Significance in nature and human life |
Mukor | Mycelium is represented by a large, highly branched cell with many nuclei. Propagated by areas of mycelium and spores. Spores form in capitate head sporangia | Participates in the decomposition of plant debris. It causes great damage to human activities, spoiling food during storage |
Penicillium | Mycelium is multicellular, branched. Propagated by areas of mycelium and spores. Spores form on branches of sporangios | Cause food damage during storage. Used to obtain antibiotics (penicillin) |
Yeast | Mycelium consists of oval or elongated rod-shaped mononuclear cells. They live in environments containing sugar. Propagated by budding and spores. | Participate in the decomposition of organic compounds, causing fermentation. Used in bakery, confectionery industry, in the production of feed products, proteins, vitamins. Are objects of study of biochemists and geneticists. |
Tinder fungus | Shorten the life of trees. Participate in the decomposition of plant debris. Destroy the wooden buildings. One of the species (chaga) is used in medicine |
|
Smut | Causes damage to agriculture. Reduces cereal productivity or almost completely destroys it |
|
Ergot | Meadow and cereals are affected, and grain yield is reduced. The spores of the fungus are poisonous and can cause poisoning. Some fungus chemicals are used in medicine. |
|
Phytophthora | It affects the leaves and tubers of potatoes, as well as the leaves and fruits of tomato. Damage to agriculture |
IV. Lesson summary. Homework.
P. 9, 10 Fill in the table to the end, using the textbook material and additional literature.
References:
- Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: thematic and lesson planning for the textbook V.V. Pasechnik "Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants": A manual for the teacher / N.V. Dubinina, V.V. Beekeeper. - M.: Bustard, 2002.
Mushroom Practice Tests
1. What are the similarities between mushrooms and plants?
1) they create organic matter from inorganic
2) they cannot actively move
3) their cells have a chitinous membrane
4) they have a well-developed root system
2. What function does the mycelium located in the soil perform?
1) absorbs water, mineral salts and organic substances
2) forms spores involved in reproduction
3) is involved in the formation of germ cells
4) forms root hairs
3. Mushrooms with the help of hyphae that penetrate the cells of tree roots are obtained from a plant
1) water 2) vitamins 3) organic matter 4) mineral salts
4. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) absorb minerals using hyphae
2) eat ready-made organic substances
3) lead a fixed lifestyle and settle with the help of spores
4) grow throughout life
5. What organisms come into symbiosis with trees and provide them with water and minerals?
1) hat mushrooms 2) mold mushrooms 3) yeast 4) bacteria
6. Chloroplasts are not contained in cells.
1) white poplar 2) cep
3) sphagnum (white moss) 4) beet leaves
7. To which kingdom is the organism whose body belongs
is mycelium consisting of hyphae?
1) plants 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
8. What is the fruit body of the cap mushroom?
1) different in structure and function of cells 3) different tissues
2) tightly bound hyphae 4) specific organs
9. The main function of the fruit bodies of hat mushrooms is
1) the supply of fungal cells with minerals
2) supply of the fungus with organic substances
3) vegetative propagation by parts of the hat
4) the formation of spores for propagation
10. Cep in the forest biogeocenosis
1) destroys organic matter to mineral
2) comes into symbiosis with tree roots
3) enriches the soil with humus
4) serves as an indicator of environmental pollution
11. The splitting of dead organic residues to minerals in a biogeocenosis is carried out
1) mold fungi 2) nodule bacteria
3) tinder fungi 4) porcini mushrooms
12. Mycorrhiza is
1) fungal hyphae on which the fruiting body develops
3) plant disease caused by fungi
4) fungal hyphae fused with the roots of the plant
13. What is the difference between fungi and plants?
1) the presence of a nucleus 2) unicellular and multicellular organisms
3) absorb water from the substrate 4) lack of chlorophyll
14. What method of propagation is characteristic for yeast?
1) sexual process 2) vegetative 3) budding 4) conjugation
15. The causative agent of ringworm refers to
1) viruses 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
16. Which organism is NOT multicellular?
1) yeast 2) champignon 3) tinder fungus 4) penicill
17. What mushroom lives in symbiosis with tree roots?
1) ergot 2) birch chaga 3) birch bark 4) raincoat
18. Why are porcini mushrooms often found in an oak forest?
1) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
2) Ceps with oak roots form mycorrhiza.
3) Porcini mushrooms in the oak forest have no competitors.
4) In the oak forest there are no animals that feed on porcini mushrooms.
19. One of the signs by which fungi are secreted into an independent kingdom is that they
1) live in soil 2) motionless heterotrophs
3) capable of photosynthesis 4) consist of cells without nuclei
20. What gas do the humps absorb during breathing?
1) ozone 2) nitrogen 3) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide
21. For the production of drugs grow mushroom
1) mucor 2) penicillus 3) late blight 4) champignon
22. The vast majority of mushrooms by diet:
23. The fruiting bodies of which mushrooms have a stump and a hat:
1) line 2) truffle 3) raincoat 4) boletus
24. Yeast refers to:
1) algae 2) mushrooms 3) lichens 4) bacteria
25. The cell wall of fungi consists of:
1) chitin 2) glycogen 3) protein 4) cellulose
26. The microorganisms shown in the figure are:
1) yeast 2) chlamydomonas
3) E. coli 4) sphagnum
27. The cap mushrooms include:
1) pale toadstool 2) penicillus 3) mucor 4) yeast
28. Mycorrhiza forms:
1) mucor; 2) champignon; 3) boletus; 4) ergot.
29. The fruit body is part of:
1) boletus 2) yeast 3) mucor 4) penicilla
30. Tubular mushrooms include:
1) pale grebe 2) raincoat 3) boletus 4) fly agaric
31. What is shown in the picture:
1) unicellular alga chlorella 3) penicillus
2) Mucor mold 4) Chlamydomonas
32. The ability to photosynthesis have:
1) saprotroph bacteria 2) viruses 3) plants 4) fungi
33. The mycelium of the fungus consists of:
1) organs and tissues 3) many individual cells
2) one fabric 4) many interwoven threads (hyphae).
34. Plant disease, which is shown in the figure, is called:
1) smut 2) ergot 3) powdery mildew 4) rust
35. Many cap mushrooms live only in conjunction with trees, so they are attributed to
1) chemotrophs 2) phototrophs 3) autotrophs 4) symbionts
36. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants; 2) symbiosis of plants and bacteria;
3) a special group of animals; 4) a special group of living things
37. To preserve the diversity of mushrooms during their collection, it is impossible to damage the mycelium, since it
1) improves soil fertility
2) serves as a place of dispute
3) protects the soil from erosion by water
4) absorbs water and minerals from the soil
38. Mushrooms belong to heterotrophic organisms.
1) the absence of plastids in the cells
2) the absence of chromosome cells
3) the presence in the cells of the nucleus and cytoplasm
4) the presence in the cells of a plasma membrane
39. Mushroom spores, like plant spores, are
1) cells that serve for reproduction and settlement
2) elongated cells that perform the function of nutrition
3) cells from which complex weaves are formed
4) a lot of elongated cells that perform the function
gas exchange with the environment
40. Canned mushrooms last longer than fresh ones, as
1) they have few nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates
2) they are in a jar closed with a lid
3) there are no conditions necessary for the life of putrefactive bacteria
4) they were cleaned before canning
1) to process before sowing growth stimulants
2) do not grow plants in areas adjacent to the forest
3) treat the seeds before sowing with pesticides
4) to harvest in a short time
42. What is the vital process of yeast that underlies their use for making dough?
1) oxygen evolution
2) rapid reproduction
3) the formation of organic matter from inorganic
4) carbon dioxide emission during fermentation
43. A higher organization of fungi compared with bacteria is evidenced by
1) the presence in their cells of the nucleus, the predominance of multicellular organisms
2) the presence in their cells of the membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
3) the ability of fungi to enter symbiosis with plants
4) participation in the cycle of substances in nature as destroyers of organic substances
Three out of six answers
Q 1. What are the similarities between mushrooms and plants?
A) constitute a group of heterotrophic organisms
B) make up a group of nuclear organisms
B) act as destroyers of organic substances in the ecosystem
D) have a cellular structure
D) have a similar metabolic process
E) reproduce asexually and sexually
Q 2. What is the difference between fungi and bacteria?
A) constitute a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
B) relate to heterotrophic organisms
B) propagated by spores
D) unicellular and multicellular organisms
D) when breathing use oxygen
E) participate in the cycle of substances in the ecosystem
B 3. Mushrooms are incorrectly attributed to plants, as they
A) feed on prepared organic matter
B) grow throughout life
D) play the role of destroyers of organic substances in the ecosystem
D) constitute a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
E) breathe oxygen
Q 4. How are fungi different from plants?
A) are motionless and grow throughout life
B) eat ready-made organic substances
B) nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
D) do not have chloroplasts and are not capable of photosynthesis
D) synthesize chitin in cells
E) absorb nutrients throughout the body
B 5. The function of mushrooms in the cycle of substances is that they:
1) decompose organic matter
2) synthesize organic matter from inorganic
3) as part of trophic chains are consumers
4) as part of trophic chains are reducers
5) consume oxygen and emit carbon dioxide
6) consume carbon dioxide and emit oxygen
Match
B 6. Match the characteristics of the fungus.
and the group to which it belongs.Mushroom Characterization Mushroom groups
1) form fruiting bodies A) cap
2) consist of mycelium and legs B) mold
with a head or a brush3) often grow on food, causing them to spoil
4) used to obtain drugs
5) enter into symbiosis (cohabitation) with the roots of plants
6) many people use for food
B 7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the fungus and the group to which it belongs.
Mushroom Characteristics Mushroom groups
1) multicellular A) cap
2) unicellular B) yeast
3) reproduce by budding
4) reproduce in parts of the mycelium
5) form fruiting bodies
6) used when baking bread
B 8. Establish a correspondence between the example of a fungus and a group of organisms that differ in the way they eat.
Examples of mushrooms Groups of organisms2) penicillus B) saprotrophs
3) late blight
5) smut
B 9. Set the correspondence between the function and the part of the mushroom that performs this function.
Fungus functions
1) absorbs water and minerals
2) accumulates organic matter in cells
3) forms spores
4) carries out vegetative propagation
5) comes into symbiosis with tree roots
B 10. Set the correspondence between the sign of the organism and its belonging to the kingdom.
SIGN OF THE ORGANISM
A) according to the method of nutrition - autotrophs and heterotrophs
B) by the method of nutrition - only heterotrophs
B) the cell has a decorated nucleus
D) the body is formed by hyphae
D) the nuclear substance is located in the cytoplasm
B 11. Establish the correspondence between the sign and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) the synthesis of organic substances from inorganic
B) the division of the body into the root, stem and leaves
C) heterotrophic type of nutrition
D) the presence of tissue
D) the body consists of interwoven threads
E) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
B 12. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) absorption of food by the entire surface of the body
B) the lack of real tissue
C) the ability to exist in symbiosis with plant
organisms
D) active food grabbing
D) the absence of a rigid cell wall
E) reproduction by spores
B 13. In many species of angiosperms, young
roots grow together with hyphae of fungi and form ________. Such relationships of organisms are called ____________.
The list of terms:
1 - competition
2 - symbiosis
3— nodules
C 1.1. What harm does a fungus-tinder fungus bring to a birch?
C 1.2. Why is the soil in forest plantations populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
C 1.3. What basic rule must be observed when collecting mushrooms to preserve their numbers?
C 1.5. Why are mushrooms secreted into the special kingdom of the organic world?
C 1.6. What are the features of the structure and vital functions of mushrooms?
C 1.7. What are spores of plants and fungi?
C 2. Find errors in the text above. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them.
1. Mushrooms occupy a special position in the system of the organic world, they cannot be attributed either to the kingdom of plants or to the kingdom of animals, although there are some similarities with them.
2. All fungi are multicellular organisms whose body is based on mycelium, or mycelium.
4. Like plants, fungi have strong cell walls composed of cellulose.
5. Mushrooms are motionless and grow throughout life.
Read the text and complete the assignments.
MYCORISA
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis of the fungus with the roots of woody plants. It has been established that without mycorrhiza, trees develop worse, lag behind in growth, are weakened, and are more often susceptible to diseases.
The fungal mycelium, which can be compared with the root hairs of plant roots, forms a cover around the root or penetrates the tissues of the host plant.
Mycorrhiza is found mainly in spruce, pine, birch, aspen, oak and other trees. In this case, the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms can be seen near the trees. At the same time, the heterotrophic fungus receives carbohydrates and vitamins from the tree and, in turn, breaks down soil humus proteins into amino acids; part of the amino acids is absorbed and used by the tree. Due to the fungal mycelium, the absorption area of \u200b\u200bwater and minerals increases.
S z Read the text of Mycorrhiza. Fill in the table “Symbiosis of the fungus and plants” the columns indicated by the numbers 1, 2, 3.
MUSHROOM AND PLANT SYMBIOSIS
C 4 Using the text “Mycorrhiza” and knowledge of soil nutrition of plants, compare fungal hyphae and root hairs of a plant. What do they have in common and how do they differ?
C 5 Based on the materials of the text “Mycorrhiza”, make an assumption why, during artificial planting of tree species in nurseries, during reforestation after felling, pieces of mycelium or individual hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi are brought into the soil? How is mushroom nutrition different from plant nutrition?
