Real locusts. Order: Orthoptera \u003d Orthoptera. Family: Acrididae \u003d Locusts present

Real locusts   (lat. Acrididae) - an extensive family of orthoptera insects, including more than 10,000 species, including such a dangerous pest as desert locusts. For the USSR, more than 100 genera and 400 species were indicated. Distributed around the world except Antarctica.

• 1 Description
• 2 Classification
• 3 Famous Views
• 4 notes
• 5 Literature
• 6 References

Description

The main characteristic of the family is a strong and short antennae, as well as the presence of a tympanic organ of hearing in the first abdominal segment. antennae, as a rule, 19-26 segments; head in front (crown) not incised; pronotum short. Between the claws of the legs there is a suction cup.

Classification

In the family of present locusts, 25 subfamilies:

• Acridinae
• Calliptaminae
• Catantopinae
• Copiocerinae
• Coptacridinae
• Cyrtacanthacridinae
• Egnatiinae
• Eremogryllinae
• Euryphyminae
• Eyprepocnemidinae
• Gomphocerinae
  • View of Chorthippus jutlandica
• Habrocneminae
• Hemiacridinae
• Leptysminae
• Marelliinae
• Melanoplinae
  • View Liladownsia fraile
• Oedipodinae
• Ommatolampidinae
• Oxyinae
• Pauliniinae
• Proctolabinae
• Rhytidochrotinae
• Spathosterninae
• Teratodinae
• Tropidopolinae

The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes described as a separate family of Oedipodidae.

Famous species

• Asian Migratory Locust
• Italian prus
• Moroccan locust
• Desert locust
• Siberian Filly

Notes

1. 1 2 3   Key to insects of the Far East of the USSR. T. I. Primary wingless, ancient winged, with incomplete transformation. / under total. ed. P.A. Lera. - L.: “Science”, 1988. - S. 279. - 452 p.
2.   Life of animals. Volume 3. Arthropods: trilobites, chelicerae, tracheal breathing. Onychophors / ed. M.S. Gilyarova, F.N. Pravdina. - 2nd ed. - M.: Education, 1984. - S. 191. - 463 p.
3. 1 2   Eades, D. C .; D. Otte; M. M. Cigliano & H. Braun. Acrididae MacLeay, 1821 Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0

Literature

• Bei-Bienko G. Ya. Locust management manual. L .: Ex. Accounting Services OBV Narcosis of the USSR, 1932.159 p.
• Dolzhenko V.I. Harmful locusts: biology, means and control technology. St. Petersburg: VIZR, 2003.216 s.
• Dolzhenko V. I., Naumovich O. N., Nikulin A. A. Means and technologies for controlling harmful locusts: Methodological guidelines. M .: Rosinformagroteh, 2004.56 p.
• Mishchenko L. L. Locust (Catantopinae) (Fauna of the USSR. Orthoptera insects. T. 4, issue 2). L .: AN SSSR, 1952. 610 p.
• Lachininsky A.V., Sergeev M.G., Childebaev M.K. et al. Locusts of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and adjacent territories. Laramie: International assoc. adj. Acridology and University of Wyoming, 2002.388 s.
• Sergeev M.G. Regularities of the distribution of Orthoptera insects of North Asia. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1986. 238 p.
• Stolyarov M.V. Strategy and tactics of combating herd locusts. / Protection and quarantine of plants, 2000, 10. S. 17-19.
• Uvarov B.P. Grasshopers and Locusts. A Handbook of General Acridology. Vol. II. London: COPR, 1977, 613 pp.

International scientific name

Acrididae MacLeay, 1819

Description

The main characteristic of the family is a strong and short antennae, as well as the presence of a tympanic organ of hearing in the first abdominal segment. Antennae, as a rule, 19-26 segments; head in front (crown) not incised; pronotum short. Between the claws of the legs there is a suction cup.

Classification

In the family of present locusts, 25 subfamilies:

• Calliptaminae
• Catantopinae
• Copiocerinae
• Coptacridinae
• Egnatiinae
• Eremogryllinae
• Euryphyminae
• Eyprepocnemidinae
• Gomphocerinae
• Habrocneminae
• Hemiacridinae
• Leptysminae
• Marelliinae
• Melanoplinae
• Oedipodinae
• Ommatolampidinae
• Oxyinae
• Pauliniinae
• Proctolabinae
• Rhytidochrotinae
• Spathosterninae
• Teratodinae
• Tropidopolinae

The subfamily Oedipodinae is sometimes described as a separate family of Oedipodidae.

Famous species

Notes

Literature

• Bey-Bienko G. Ya. Locust Management Guide.   L .: Ex. Accounting Services OBV Narcosis of the USSR, 1932.159 p.
• Bey-Bienko G. Ya., Mishchenko L. L.   Locust faunas of the USSR and neighboring countries: in 2 hours / USSR Academy of Sciences. - M., L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951. - 379 p. - (Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, issue 38).
• Bey-Bienko G. Ya., Mishchenko L. L.   Locust faunas of the USSR and neighboring countries: in 2 hours / USSR Academy of Sciences. - M., L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1951. - S. 380-667. - (Keys to the fauna of the USSR, published by the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, issue 40).
• Dolzhenko V.I. Harmful locusts: biology, means and control technology.   St. Petersburg: VIZR, 2003.216 s.
• Dolzhenko V.I., Naumovich O.N., Nikulin A.A. Means and technologies for controlling harmful locusts: Guidelines.   M .: Rosinformagroteh, 2004.56 p.
• Mishchenko L. L. Locust (Catantopinae)   // Fauna of the USSR. Orthoptera insects. - M. - L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. - T. 4, no. 2 .-- 610 s. - (New Series No. 54).
• Lachininsky A.V., Sergeev M.G., Childebaev M.K. et al. Locusts of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and adjacent territories.   Laramie: International assoc. adj. Acridology and University of Wyoming, 2002.388 s.
• Sergeev M.G. Patterns of distribution of Orthoptera insects of North Asia.   Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1986. 238 p.
• Stolyarov M.V. Strategy and tactics for controlling herd locusts. / Plant Protection and Quarantine, 2000, 10. S. 17-19.
• Danilin A.S.   Harmful locusts of Uzbekistan and the fight against them / Ed. A.M. Zemenko; Cotton production Uzb. SSR. Ch. control S.-kh. propaganda. - Tashkent: State Publishing House of the Uzbek SSR, 1951. - 44 p.
• Uvarov B. P. Grasshopers and Locusts.   A Handbook of General Acridology. Vol. II. London: COPR, 1977, 613 pp.

References

• Locust threatens crops in central Yakutia | Eye of the planet. 2012-06-14
• Family Acrididae   (English) in the World Register of Marine Species.

Acanthacris

Acanthacris is a genus of African locust from the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae of the family of real locusts. The orthotype of the genus is Acanthacris ruficornis Fabricius, 1787.

Taxon was described by Boris Petrovich Uvarov in 1924.

  Acanthacris ruficornis

Acanthacris ruficornis (lat.) - species of African locust, orthotype of the genus Acanthacris Uvarov, 1924 subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae of the family of real locusts.

Species Acanthacris ruficornis is widespread throughout Africa and in parts of the Arabian Peninsula. In Europe, it is found only in southern Spain (the provinces of Cadiz and Almeria). The prevalence of this species is about 14,850 km².

Inhabits North Africa: Algeria and Morocco, West Africa: Sierra Leone, Guinea, Senegal, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, East Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mozambique, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Tanzania, Central Africa : in Angola, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, in South Africa: Namibia, the Republic of South Africa, in Madagascar.

The dorsal side of the chest is black, with a yellow stripe along the keel. The drumstick is provided with teeth from the outside. The insect is similar to a locust migratory (Locusta migratoria Linnaeus, 1758), but slightly smaller.

Taxon described the Danish entomologist Johann Christian Fabrice in 1787 as Gryllus ruficornis from Sierra Leone.

  Acridinae

Acridinae (lat.) - a subfamily of insects of the family of true locusts (Acrididae) of the order of Orthoptera (Orthoptera).

  Chorthippus jutlandica

Chorthippus jutlandica (lat.) Is a filly from the family of real locusts (Acrididae).

This is one of the few species endemic to Denmark. It lives only in a very limited place near Cape Bleuvanshak in the western part of the country.

  Cyrtacanthacridinae

Cyrtacanthacridinae (lat.) - subfamily of the family of real locusts.

Taxon was described by William Forsell Curby in 1902. Type genus - Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870.

The subfamily includes red locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata Serville, 1839), common in Black Africa (tropical Africa south of the Sahara), and desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forssk., 1775) - the most important of all locust species, with a range of mass reproduction extending from Atlantic coast of North Africa through Arabia to Pakistan and India.

  Hungarian Acrid

Hungarian acrida (Acrida ungarica) - a locust species from the Acrididae family. Distribution: Southwest Europe. Insects are found in June - October.

  Blue-winged filly

Blue-winged filly (Latin Oedipoda caerulescens) is an insect of the family of real locusts.

  Egyptian filly

Egyptian filly, or Egyptian locust (lat. Anacridium aegyptium) - a species from the genus Anacridium of the family Locusts.

  Zelenchuk unpaired

Zelenchuk unpaired (Latin: Chrysochraon dispar) is a species of Orthoptera insects from the locust family (Acrididae).

  Italian prus

Italian prus, or oasis prus, or Italian locust (lat.Calliptamus italicus) - a species of insects from the locust family (Acrididae).

  Crimean steppe filly

Crimean steppe filly (Asiotmethis tauricus) - a fillet from the family of real locusts (Acrididae). Endemic of Crimea.

  Cross filly

Cross filly (Latin Arcyptera microptera) is a locust species from the family Acrididae (Gomphocerinae). Eurasia.

  Moroccan locust

Moroccan locust, or Moroccan locust, or Moroccan filly, or Moroccan (lat. Dociostaurus maroccanus) - orthoptera insect of the family Acrididae. It lives in northern Africa, southern and eastern Europe and western Asia. Leads a solitary lifestyle, but periodically the number increases sharply, the population becomes herd and gather in flocks that can cause devastation in agricultural areas.

  Cracking Fire

Cracking firefly (lat. Psophus stridulus) - an insect from the family of true locusts of the Orthoptera.

  Desert locust

Desert locust, or African locust (schistocerca, lat. Schistocerca gregaria) - a species of the genus Shistocerca family True locusts (Acrididae) of the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae. A pest of crops in Africa, the Middle East and Asia, causing serious damage to agriculture for several millennia. It is arguably the most dangerous pest of the entire family. Locusts, mainly due to the extreme voracity, high speed and range of colonies, as well as breeding intensity (2-5 generations manage to develop in a year). Particularly severely affected by desert locust wrecking are countries where agriculture, in particular crop yields, has a major impact on the economic environment and food security.

  Locust

Locusts, acridas - several species of insects of the family Acrididae (Acrididae), capable of forming large flocks (numbering up to hundreds of millions of individuals), migrating over considerable distances. A specific feature of the locust biology is the presence of two phases - single and herd, differing in morphology and behavior.

Locusts are medium sized or large insects with short antennae, the length of which is usually less than half the body length and consisting of a few well-distinguished segments. The shape of the antennae is different: they are usually filiform, but can be flattened. Along the head and pronotum there is a ledge - a longitudinal keel. In locusts, the hearing organ is located on the sides of the first abdominal ring. The legs are three-segmented.
Bodyelongated, slender, oval head, rarely conical; parietal fossa of various shapes.
The front surface of the head is called the forehead; the forehead can be quite vertical or inclined. An elevated frontal rib runs along the middle of the forehead, which can be flat or with a groove. Approximately in the middle of the frontal rib there is a small simple peephole; two other simple eyes are placed in the upper corners of the forehead, near large complex eyes. The part of the upper surface of the head that is between the eyes and in front of them is called the crown of the head; it can be convex or depressed and is sometimes provided along the middle with a raised rib, which is called the parietal keel. Below the lateral edges of the crown of the head, immediately below them, there are often triangular, quadrangular or oval impressions, the so-called. parietal fossa, the presence of sludge the absence of which, as well as their shape, is of great importance in determining locusts. The back of the head, behind the eyes, is called the back of the head. Antennae consist of a small number (no more than 25) of segments and do not exceed half the body length; tendrils are usually filiform, but sometimes they are club-shaped or xiphoid.
Prothoraxbetween the bases of the forelegs often occurs with a tubercle or process. The prothorax is sometimes covered with a chitinous plate. The upper surface of the pronotum is flat, convex or pterygoid, i.e., with slopes, like the roof of a house. Along the middle of the pronotum there is a raised rib - the median keel, which can be high in the form of a crest or low - linear. The lateral sides of the pronotum, hanging down vertically, are called the lateral lobes; on the border between the lateral lobes and the upper surface of the pronotum, there are often so-called. lateral keels, the shape of which is of great importance in locust identification; 1-3 transverse grooves extend across the pronotum.
Medium chest and posterior chestmerged together, but their boundaries are indicated by grooves. The mestothorax in the middle in the front flows into the region of the mesothorax, which consequently forms two lateral lobes of the mesothorax, the shape of which often matters in determining. The front and middle legs of the hind hind - hopping, with very thickened hips; the hind tibia at the top along the edges is armed with two rows of spines, and some locusts on the top of the tibia have the so-called apex of the thorn on the outside, while in other species it is absent, which is important in determining; below, at the end of the tibia, in addition, there are two pairs of movable spurs.
Elytra leathery, slightly transparent; their venation is very important in determining; individual veins and fields between them bear certain names, for familiarization with which a picture is attached. The wings are wide, transparent, often painted in bright colors or with a dark pattern. Sometimes elytra and wings are underdeveloped or not at all. Species with shortened elytra and wings can easily be confused with the larvae, but upon careful examination it can be seen that in the larvae the wing rudiments have only longitudinal
veins diverging fan-shaped from the base, whereas in adult locusts with shortened elytra, the latter always have transverse veins.
Abdomen   rather long, cylindrical. On the sides of the first segment, the abdomen can be seen (if the elytra is raised) a rather large round hole, tightened by the membrane; it is a tympanal organ, apparently playing the role of an organ of hearing. At the top of the abdomen, several organs are placed, which are very important for distinguishing locusts. The tenth ring of the abdomen carries a pair of non-segmented churches that are in the form of elongated cylindrical or conical protrusions on top of the sides. In the male, the ninth abdominal half ring forms the so-called. the genital plate, which has a more or less conical or obtuse shape, that is, it tapers somewhat, sometimes very strongly, to the apex; in the female, the genital plate is formed by the eighth abdominal semicircle and covers the base of the ovipositor, which consists of two pairs (one pair is upper, the other is lower) of solid hooks - folds of the ovipositor. A very important sign is also the so-called. the anal plate, which in males usually has a more or less triangular or oval shape, is flat and is placed at the end of the abdomen from above above the genital plate; an anal plate is formed from the last dorsal semicircle of the abdomen.
Wings   developed to varying degrees or absent. Buckets of hind legs with a characteristic feathery pattern.
Ovipositor   very short or almost hidden, consists of 4 wings. Chirping emit friction of the hind legs on the front wings.
Locust eatby plants. Among them are many dangerous pests. However, most locusts live in hot countries, and in our temperate climate there are fewer harmful species.
In countries with hot, dry climates, some types of locusts are particularly dangerous, which can accumulate and form huge swarms that destroy all vegetation along the path of movement or flight. Such flocks in former times sometimes flew to the southern regions of our country. Now, thanks to continuous monitoring, they are identified and destroyed in a timely manner.
Locusts, like all orthopterans, are characterized by incomplete transformation, i.e., the development without a pupal stage and the gradual transformation of larvae into an adult state. During the year, our locusts go through only one development cycle, that is, they have one generation per year.
The locust is usually the wintering stage of the egg; eggs are laid by locusts, with rare exceptions, in the ground, enclosed in a special bag consisting of hardened products of excretion of the accessory genital glands, often mixed with cemented particles of the earth.
This egg sac, called the egg-pod, can be quite characteristic in its structure for each locust species, so that the nature of the egg-pods can be used to determine species sometimes more easily than in the adult locust specimens. In the spring, as soon as the snow melts, due to the significant warming of the soil cover by the sun's rays, the eggs continue their development that has stopped in the winter, and after some time the larvae hatch; the larvae, leaving the egg capsule, push apart particles of the earth and gradually come to the earth's surface. These larvae, which have a worm-like shape, providing them with easier penetration through the earth’s layer onto the earth’s surface, molt immediately after reaching the surface, dropping the skin (the so-called shirt) and turning into a real larva of the 1st age. Larva   1st age immediately after molting has a milky white color; only after some time has elapsed, from tens of minutes to several hours, the coloring of the 1st-instar larva begins to darken, and the higher the air temperature and the stronger the sunlight, the darker the faster.
The shirts discarded by the vermiform larva shrink into a small white lump resembling very small lumps of cotton wool and, in the absence of wind, serve as a good indicator of the places where the larvae hatch, if the latter have already left there; they blow off easily in the wind. In addition, the heaps of shirts located near the location of the egg-pod can serve as milestones pointing to the point where the egg-pod is laid, which is sometimes necessary to know, for example, in a detailed study of the egg-laying places.
Larvae feeding   1st age does not start immediately, but after half or even whole days; after 10 days, the larva molts and turns into a larva of the 2nd age, which approximately after the same time also molts, turning into a larva of the 3rd age, and so on, depending on the number of ages. The number of larval ages ranges from 4 to 6, with most species having 5 ages; in some cases, it happens that the male is 4 or 5 ages, and the female is 5 or 6 ages, respectively. One or another number of ages is constant enough for each locust species and only occasionally there are exceptions: a species having a certain number of ages, sometimes: gives individuals with a smaller or greater number of ages per unit.
The last larval age after molting gives an adult locust, which, however, at first is still not able to breed and lay eggs and for final sexual development needs additional nutrition for several, sometimes tens, days.
Larvae of various ages differ from adults in smaller size and underdeveloped wings, fewer segments in antennae. In addition, the elytra of the larvae are covered from above by wings, i.e., just the opposite in comparison with adult individuals.
Differences between males and females in larvae appear already from the 1st age. Females on the lower side of the apex of the abdomen have two pairs of plates, which subsequently give two pairs of ovipositor folds; these plates at the 1st age are only heavily incised, but not bifurcated. Males have only one unpaired elongated plate without a notch along the posterior edge, or with a weak blunt notch.
Larvae of the so-called herd locusts are usually kept by swings, that is, dense clusters of sometimes very large sizes; in such swarms, larvae move together, stop for overnight stays, etc. The so-called single locusts or grasshoppers do not have dense swarms, although quite dense clusters resembling swarms of herd locusts are sometimes observed, but these clusters do not make such transitions from one place to another, like herd locusts.
Some time after fledging begins pairing   and then laying the egg capsules. One female during the egg laying period, which lasts up to a month or more, can lay up to three to four egg capsules, and in some (if not all) locust species, it is observed that in each subsequent laying the number of eggs decreases markedly, so in the last egg egg eggs can be twice, and sometimes three times less, than in the first egg capsule. After laying the last egg capsule, the females begin to die out; in general, the extinction of males begins earlier than in females. To lay eggs, the female makes a hole in the ground with her ovipositor; when laying in the fossa, a special foamy fluid is released from the accessory sex glands, which is easily compacted in air and cementing particles of earth in the walls of the fossa; sometimes cementing of particles of the earth does not occur and the foamy liquid condenses without mixing with the earth. The resulting bag of eggs is called a capsule; the latter overwinter so that in spring larvae spawn from it, etc.
Sometimes, however, locust development   happens in a slightly different way; the wintering stage may be a larva or an adult insect, so that accordingly all the developmental periods of this locust are shifted. In the spring, these locusts hibernating in larva or in adulthood can be taken by inexperienced people for harmful species in spring, which can lead to a number of misunderstandings. Locusts wintering in the larval or adult state are species of obviously tropical origin, which do not have a sharp dependence in the timing of the development of individual stages on the seasons, in particular on winter.
Locusts - the largest family of herbivorous orthoptera - about 500 species. The richest family is represented in tropical and subtropical countries; within the CIS there is a relatively small number of species

Wingless filly - Podisma pedestris L. The European part of Russia, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia, Ukraine (forest and forest-steppe zones, enters the steppe zone along river valleys). Europe, Northern Mongolia.
Polyphage, damages crops of cereals, hayfields and pastures, garden and melons, potatoes; fruit and forest plants, especially in nurseries (apple tree, oak, birch, poplar, etc.). Sometimes propagated in bulk.
Egyptian Filly - Anacridium (\u003d Acridium) aegyptium   L. In Russia, the Caucasus, Volga region, Ukraine (Crimea). North Africa, Iran, Western Asia, Northern Afghanistan, Central Asia.
Polyphage. It damages tobacco, eggplant, red pepper, vine, ethereal plants, apricot, peach, mulberry tree, forest species (poplar, white acacia, etc.), eucalyptus trees, etc.
Prus, or Italian locust, - Calliptamus italicus   L. The south of the European part of Russia, Ukraine (everywhere, less often in Polesie), the Caucasus, Central Asia, Kazakhstan. Western Europe, North America, Western Asia, Iran.
It damages various agricultural and forest crops, cereals, corn, legumes (grains and herbs), sunflowers, vegetables, melons, technical, medicinal, grapes, fruit trees, forest species, especially in nurseries and young plantings (oak, ash, poplar, birch, aspen, white acacia, etc.).
Description. Body color varies and may be brownish brown, grayish brown, brown, brown, yellowish brown or whitish. The length of males is 14.5-25.0 mm, females 23.5-41.1 mm.
Pronotum with pronounced lateral carinae. Chest between the front legs with a sturdy, blunt outgrowth at the end. Elytra to apex narrowed with sparse venation, usually with numerous blackish spots of various sizes. Wings slightly shorter than over-wings, narrow, venation very rare, pink at the base. The hind femora are pink inside, with two incomplete dark bandages, sometimes there are almost no bandages. Hind tibia red or pink, sometimes whitish with a faint pink tinge. Cerci in profile to apex expanded. The lower tooth of the male church is weak, much shorter than the middle and upper.
Eggs reach 4-5 mm in length and 1-1.3 mm in width, thickened and narrowed to the ends in the lower half, reddish or pale yellow, matte, with a sharp sculpture on the surface, consisting of narrow ribs and tubercles. Capsule 22-41 mm long, arcuately curved, with a slightly thickened lower half. Larvae are easily distinguishable by keels on the pronotum, have 5 ages, imago-like.
Depending on the environmental conditions, and primarily on the population density, the species can be represented in two phases: herd (during mass reproduction) - C. italicus italicus L. ph. gregaria   and solitary - C. italicus italicus L. ph. solitaria.

Lifestyle. It lives in very diverse biotopes. In the northern part of Ukraine it is confined to light sandy soils and chalk outcrops; in the steppe zone is more common on wormwood and wormwood-grass steppes, salt marshes and old fallows. In these places it propagates and passes on to crops and young forest plantations. Egg-laying begins in the second half of summer, about a week after mating. On loose soil, it lays eggs to a depth of 3-3.5 cm, on salt marshes and in other places where the soil dries out strongly in summer, ovipositions are often concentrated in heaps of animal excrement, on molehills, in the ground thrown out from the burrows of mole rats and other rodents. Egg laying continues until September. Mass hatching of larvae occurs in spring, when the soil heats up to 23 °. In the steppe zone of Ukraine, hatching of larvae begins in mid-May and lasts until mid-June.
With a low population density, larvae and adult individuals hold separate specimens (phase solitaria), with an increase in their numbers, they pass to the herd lifestyle, a phase appears gregaria.   Clusters of locusts are called swifts. In the swings, the behavior of individual individuals is subject to general rules. In particular, they make general migrations, larvae make joint transitions, and adult insects migrate. They can actively fly over a distance of several tens of kilometers. Often swirls carry air over fairly long distances.
Desert Prus - Calliptanius barbaras   Costa Southern regions of the European part of Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus. North Africa, Front Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China.
Often found in conjunction with a prus, and sometimes with separate swords. In the valley of the middle Dnieper (south of Kiev) it lives in open areas, in particular on the sandy soils of the supra-infra terrace. The polyphage damages various crops and hardwood stands in the immediate vicinity of the reservations.
Meadow filly - Stenobothrus stigmaticus Ram Southern regions of the European part of Russia, Ukraine (everywhere). Asia Minor, Western Europe. Usually lives on wet, and in dry years - on wet meadows. Damages grass in hayfields and pastures. On grasslands in the middle Dnieper valley, it often makes up from 5 to 15% of the fauna of all locusts.
Green grass - Omocestus viridulus   L. The European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Ukraine. Western Europe. Marked as a pest of hayfields and pastures. On hayfields, the valleys of the middle Dnieper are few, apparently more numerous in Transcarpathia.
Red-headed grass - Omocestus ventralis   Zett. In the European part of Russia, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan, the south of Siberia, Ukraine (everywhere). Africa, Western Europe.
In the meadows of the Dnieper, it damages vetch meadow and swamp rank, meadow cereals. In Western Europe it is registered as a turnip pest.
Common grass - Omocestus haemorrhoidalis   Ch. In Russia: the middle and southern bands of the European part, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia, Ukraine (everywhere). Europe, Korea, Mongolia. On hayfields and pastures, mainly cereal plants are damaged. It is registered as a pest of cereals in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan.
Dark winged filly - Stauroderus scalaris   F. - W. In Russia: central and southern regions, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Central Asia. Polyphage, harms cereals. In Transcarpathia, it is confined to the lower mountain belt, damaging grass in hayfields and pastures.
Striped or slimy filly - Chorthippus albomatginatus   Deg. In the European part of Russia (except for the Far North), Western Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan, the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia, Ukraine (everywhere). Western Europe. Mostly in moist, especially floodplain meadows, where it is one of the most numerous species and often significantly damages forage grasses (Beckmannia, Roa, Phalaris, Glyceria, Zerna, Elytrigia, Alopecurus, Agrostis, Festuca, Koeleria). In the immediate vicinity of reservations, it damages cereals by eating leaves, ears, biting stems, and gnawing unripe grains.
Meadowhorse - Chorthippus dorsatus   Zett. In the European part of Russia (except the Far North and southern borders), Siberia (to Lake Baikal), Northern Kazakhstan, Ukraine (everywhere). North Africa, Western Europe. Mostly in wet meadows, where it damages grasses, especially cereal components of the grass stand ( Beckmannia, Roa, Glyceria, Phalaris   and others) grasslands.
Common Skate - Chorthippus brunneus   Thnb. (\u003d Ch. Bicolor Ch.)   In Russia: almost the entire European part, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Ukraine (everywhere). North Africa, Western Europe, China.
Polyphage, slightly damages various crops and young forest plantations. One of the accompanying species in the swords of the prus. It also harms grasses on hayfields and pastures, on a plateau and on loess terraces.
Variable horse - Chorthippus biguttulus   L. In the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine (everywhere). Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor. It lives in open biotopes on a plateau and on loess terraces.
Polyphage, but prefers cereals. Harmful of grass in hayfields and pastures. In Poland, there have been cases of pine damage. In Siberia, it is registered as a pest of cereals. One of the accompanying species in the swords of the prus.
Small horse - Chorthippus mollis   Ch. In the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Ukraine (everywhere). Europe. It lives on a plateau and loess terraces, breeds in open grassy cenoses, often on the slopes of the southern exposure.
Polyphage, sometimes harms on pastures. In the Samara region recorded minor damage to cereals.
Brownhorse - Chorthippus apricarius   L. In the European part of Russia, the North Caucasus, Kazakhstan, the south of Siberia, Ukraine (everywhere). Europe, China. In the forest-steppe, there is a plateau and loess terraces and inhabits open grassy cenoses. The polyphage, on hayfields and pastures, from cereal plants damages herbs such as Zerna, Elytrigia, Poa pratensis L., Agrostis alba L., Phleum pratensis L.   and etc.
Bunnyhorse - Chorthippus parallelus   Zett. The European part of Russia (except the Far North), the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Siberia, Ukraine (everywhere). Europe. Keeps wet and wet biotopes. In the forest-steppe, in wet meadows, it often makes up 30-50% of the fauna of all locusts. Sometimes propagated in bulk.
Polyphage, a significant pest of grasses on hayfields and pastures. On floodplain meadows in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, various types of herbs are damaged: Beckmannia, Poa palustris L., P. pratensis L., Alopecurus pratensis L., Agrostis alba L., Eragrostis pilosa L. P. B., Calamagrostis, Festuca rubra L., Glyceria   and etc.
Moroccan locust - Dociostaurus maroccanus Thnb. In Russia, Central Asia, South Kazakhstan, Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Caucasus, Ciscaucasia, southern Ukraine. North Africa, Asia Minor, Iran, Afghanistan. In Ukraine, it harms mainly in the southern part of Crimea. It damages cereals (wheat, barley, corn, millet, etc.), legumes (alfalfa, clover, etc.), tobacco, vegetables and melons, grapes, fruit trees, walnuts, forest and ornamental plants, especially in nurseries (sedge trees) , hook, seaside pine, juniper), etc.
Description. Coloring is yellowish-gray or fawn with gray spots. The length of the males is 20-28 mm, the females are 28-38 mm. Pronotum with median cruciform pattern, without lateral carinae in anterior part. Elytra and wings extend beyond hind knees. Wings with dark spots, transparent. Hind femora yellowish or pink below, without spots, tibia red.
Lifestyle. Depending on the density of the populations in which the larvae develop, a herd or single phase is formed. In Crimea, hatching of larvae begins in early May. Adults appear in early June. To lay eggs, depending on temperature conditions, 10-20 days after fledging. Kubyshki places on dry virgin steppe plots and steppe foothills with rare grass, especially in places of intensive cattle grazing, where usually there are thickets of bluegrass onion (Roa bulbosa L.). During mass reproduction, the larvae hold and move with very dense swords. Adult locusts can fly in packs over long distances.
Small Krestovichka - Dociostaurus brevicollis   Ev. In Russia: the southern and central regions of the European part, the Caucasus, southwestern Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Pamirs, Asia Minor, and Ukraine (everywhere). Western Europe. One of the many components in the swarms of the prus, especially in places of its mass reproduction.
The polyphage damages various crops, grass in hay pastures, forest species in young plantings and nurseries.
In the conditions of the Forest-Steppe and Polesie, Ukraine concentrates on dry, well-warmed, with rare herbaceous biotopes, often on the supra-terraces of the Dnieper and other rivers, dry and fresh floodplain meadows.
Large swamp filly - Mecostethus grossus   L. In Russia, the Caucasus, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine (steppe and forest-steppe zones). Europe. In open wet sodded biotopes, and in particular in wet meadows.
Common Flyler - Aiolapus thalassinus F. The south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the south of Western Siberia, Ukraine (everywhere). South of Western Europe, Western and South Asia. It is found in moist meadows and salt marshes along the banks of rivers, lakes and other bodies of water. The polyphage is known as a pest of rice, cotton, alfalfa, melons, gourds, gardens, etheronos (roses, mint, geranium, lavender, etc.).
Migratory Locust, or Asiatic, - Locusta migratoria   L. The south of the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, the southern part of Western Siberia. Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, North China, Korea. In Ukraine, it is represented by two subspecies: L. migratoria migratoria L. and L. migratoria rossica Uv. et zol.   The second subspecies is called the Central Russian locust.
The main reservations of the first subspecies are located in the floodplains of the Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, Prut and some other rivers. This subspecies is characteristic of marshy meadows with reed beds along the banks of rivers, lakes and seas. Central Russian Locust (L. migratoria rossica)   distributed in the middle zone of the European part of Russia, from the southern regions of the forest zone to the northern part of the steppe. It is reserved in relatively well-heated areas with slightly podzolic sandy soil. One of the known foci of this locust is located in the Chernigov region. Depending on the development conditions of the larvae and especially the density of their population, it can be represented by single or herd phases.
The polyphage damages all field, garden, vegetable, melon, medicinal, ether-bearing and other technical, berry, garden and forest crops. It also harms grasses on hayfields and pastures, in reed beds.

Description. Migratory Locust (L. migratoria migratoria)   the length of males reaches 35-50 mm, females - 45-55 mm, in Central Russia - respectively 29-40 and 37-52 mm. The color is brown or green, often with an admixture of dark color. The hind femora at the base are bluish black. Middle keel of pronotum sharp, sharp, crossed by transverse groove. Elytra very long, with numerous brown spots. The herd phase has a direct median keel of the pronotum and a blunt posterior angle, the hind tibia is yellowish. The single phase is characterized by a high, profile arcuate, middle keel, an acute posterior angle of the pronotum and usually red hind tibia.
Eggs 6-8 mm long, in shape and color resemble rye grain. The capsules are large (length 58-75 mm, thickness 8-10 mm); the form is diverse (there are cylindrical, arcuate or angularly curved, sometimes almost straight), the walls are thin, soft, consisting of brownish hardened secretions with adhering particles of earth. The number of eggs in the egg capsule varies from 55 to 115, located in the lower 2/3 egg capsules in 4-5 rows. The upper 1 / 3-1 / 5 capsules are a cork of a spongy mass of reddish-brown color. Larvae during development pass 5 ages.
Lifestyle. Central Russian locust lays egg capsules mainly on stubs of spring bread and on fallow lands. In southern reserves, migratory locusts lay eggs along the edges of reed beds in several elevated areas. Egg capsules are found in the greatest number on dry islands of small height, covered with rough meadow grasses and sedge with a small admixture of reed. Population numbers usually increase in dry years with low floods. From reservations can fly over long distances. During the flight, the development of ovaries is activated in females.
Eggs are laid in any, but not too hard soil in the place where the locust swarm was at the time of complete maturation of the ovaries. Due to migrations, the area populated by locusts can increase very rapidly.
The embryonic development of the herd phase of the migratory locust begins in the fall, reaches a certain stage and stops, and ends only in the spring of next year. Single phase eggs under favorable conditions develop without diapause. Embryonic development in the south ends in May, depending on temperature and flood, significant fluctuations are observed in the timing of larval emergence. The larvae of Central Russian locusts hatch in the warm years in the third decade of May - early June, and in the cold years in the second decade of June. A prerequisite for the emergence of larvae is an average daily temperature of 15 to 18 ° for two weeks. Fledging in the southern reserves begins in early July, the females begin to lay eggs in mid-August, the laying continues until October. One female usually lays two egg capsules.
Sometimes severely affected by a disease caused by the fungus Empasa grylli Fres.   In particular, severe locust epizootics took place on the territory of Ukraine in 1933, when during the growing season there was extremely much rainfall and often fogs.
Striped or Black-Striped Filly - Oedalius decorus Germ. In Russia: the wall zone of the European part, Transcaucasia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Siberia, Ukraine (steppe and partly forest-steppe zones). Western Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, Iran.
Polyphage, harms cereals, corn, legumes (alfalfa, etc.), vegetables and melons, sunflowers, castor oil and cotton, grasses on hayfields and pastures, young trees.
Blue-winged Filly - Oedipoda coerulescens   L. The European part of Russia - north to the line of Grodno - Kaluga - Nizhny Novgorod, Ciscaucasia, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia, the south of Western Siberia, the mountains of Central Asia, Ukraine (everywhere). Western Europe to Switzerland, Front Asia, Iran, China. In reservations, together with the Prus, often making up 5-10% of the fauna of all locusts.
Polyphage, harms cereals (wheat, rye, oats, perennial grasses, corn), tobacco, poppy seeds, essential plants and medicinal plants, sunflowers, woody plants in young stands.
Locust control measures
It is necessary to destroy locusts directly on reserves in order to prevent their spread to large areas of agricultural land. On unplowed lands, poisonous baits, dusting and spraying with insecticides are used. For the manufacture of baits, various substances are used: sawdust, horse or cow dung, rice husk, hemp fire, wheat and oatmeal, various meal and millet husk. These substrates are wetted with liquid or mixed with a powdered insecticide and scattered in locust clusters. Hexachloran preparations are used for seeding baits. In reservations, as in crops, they are sprayed with hexachlorane and its gamma isomer, chlorophos, DDVF, dusted with dust of hexachloran.