Why learn the Indonesian language. Languages \u200b\u200bin Indonesia. Vowels and diphthongs
Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia. This is a normative version of one of the dialects of the Malay language, which has been used as the lingua franca of the Indonesian archipelago for 500 years. Indonesia ranks fourth in terms of population, and almost all of its inhabitants speak Indonesian fluently. Thus, the Indonesian language is one of the most widely spoken languages \u200b\u200bin the world.
In addition to the official language, most Indonesians speak some regional language. Teaching in the majority of educational institutions of the country is conducted in Indonesian; almost all periodicals are published there. In East Timor, which was an Indonesian province in 1975-1999, the Indonesian language is recognized as one of two working languages, along with English.
The name of the language - Bahasa Indonesia - in translation means "the language of Indonesia." The Indonesian language received the status of the state language after the declaration of independence of Indonesia in 1945. In its standardized form, the Indonesian language is mutually intelligible with the Malay language - the official language of Malaysia. The differences between them boil down to pronunciation and vocabulary (in the Indonesian language there are many borrowings from Dutch and Javanese).
The Indonesian language is the mother tongue of a very small part of the country's population (mainly residents of Jakarta and its environs), while more than 200 million people regularly use it as the national language. In a country whose inhabitants speak more than 300 native languages, the Indonesian language plays a very important unifying role. It is easy to guess that due to such ethnic diversity, the Indonesian language is represented in the form of many regional dialects.
A long period of Dutch colonization left its mark on the vocabulary of the Indonesian language, in which there are words such as polisi (from the Dutch politie, “police”), kualitas (from kwaliteit, “quality”), wortel (from wortel, “carrot”), and so on. .d.
In addition to the Malay language, Portuguese was also used as the lingua franca on the islands of the Indonesian archipelago. Due to this, such words appeared in the Indonesian language as meja (from Portuguese mesa, “table”), boneka (from boneca, “doll”), jendela (from janela, “window”), etc.
Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the main religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit - the sacred language of these religions - still enjoys great respect in the country and has a status comparable to that of Latin in Western European countries. In addition, Sanskrit is the main source of neologisms relating to various aspects of religion, art, and everyday life.
It often happens that a borrowed word is presented in several versions of different origins: for example, the word “book” in the Indonesian language has two synonymous forms: pustaka (borrowing from Sanskrit) and buku (borrowing from Dutch).
The Indonesian language does not use a grammatical gender. The exception is words with a natural gender, for example, dia (“he”) / ia (“she”). But, in contrast to European languages, age differences are morphologically marked: adik (“younger brother”, “younger sister”), kakak (“older brother”, “older sister”). However, there are a few words with a grammatical gender: putri (“daughter”), putra (“son”). In some regions of Indonesia - for example, Sumatra and Jakarta - words with a grammatical gender are used as a reference: for example, abang ("big brother") or kakak ("big sister").
Indonesian (indone. Bahasa Indonesia) is one of the Austronesian languages. The official language (from) and the language of interethnic communication in Indonesia. In everyday communication, it is used by about 20 million people. The total number of people who know the language to one degree or another is about 200 million. There are no dialects.
The Indonesian language took shape in the first half of the 20th century on the basis of the Malay language, which was traditionally used in this region as a lingua franca. The name "Indonesian language" was adopted in the city by the Congress of Youth and gradually replaced the name "Malay language". Writing based on the Latin alphabet.
In Russia, the Indonesian language is studied in Moscow at Moscow State University, MGIMO, Eastern University at the Russian Academy of Sciences and, as well as in St. Petersburg, at the Eastern Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, Russian State Humanitarian University and the Eastern Institute of FEFU.
The Indonesian self-name of the language Bahasa Indonesia, outside the country it is sometimes not entirely correctly called simply “Bahasa”, that is, “language”.
Grammar
Phonetics
Word formation
The most important role in word formation is affixation and reduction. Affixes - prefixes, suffixes, infixes (placed respectively in front, at the end and inside the word). Often a word has both a prefix and a suffix.
Most Productive Prefixes
per- forms transitive verbs.
pe- (peng-, pem-, pen-, penj-) it forms nouns with the meaning of a tool and a figure, it has different forms, depending on whether it stands before a vowel or consonant.
se- forms alliances and adverbs.
Examples: besar (great) - perbesar (enlarge), dua (two) - perdua (double), lukis (draw) - pelukis (artist), lalu (past) - selalu (always), lama (time) - selama (in flow).
Most Productive Suffixes
-an shows the result, the object of action, means, tool, likeness, collective concepts.
-i, -kan forms transitive verbs.
Examples: larang (forbid) - larangan (ban), manis (sweet) - manisan (sweets), mata (eye) - matai (look), satu (one) - satukan (combine)
Prefix + Suffix
ke ... an forms an action or condition.
pe ... an forms verbal nouns denoting the process.
per ... an the same process, action, but from adjectives.
Examples: satu (one) - kesatuan (unity), pulau (island) - kepulauan (archipelago), membatas (restrict) - pembatasan (restriction), dagang (trade) - perdagangan (trade), adab (civilization) - peradaban (civilized )
Infixes
-em-, -el-, -er- form adjectives.
Examples: guruh (thunder) - gemuruh (thunder)
Reduplication
Examples:
nenek-moyang (ancestors), where nenek - grandfather, grandmother, moyang - great-grandfather, great-grandmother
air-mata (tears), where air is water, mata is the eye
tanah-air (homeland), where tanah is land, air is water
hari-besar (holiday), where hari is the day, besar is the big, great
Composition of the offer
Simple sentences can be common and not common. Non-proliferated only consist of the main members - subject and predicate. For example: Toko tutup. - The shop is closed.
The structure of a simple distributed proposal, in addition to the main members of the proposal, includes secondary members: definition, addition and circumstances.
Subjects are usually preceded by a predicate and can be expressed by a noun or demonstrative pronoun: Anak makan. - The baby is eating. Ini pintu. - This is the door.
The predicate may be verb: Anak ini makan. - This baby is eating.
After the verbs makam and minum, an adjoining addition may follow. Kami minum kopi. - We are drinking coffee. Anak itu makan ikan. “That child is eating fish.”
The predicate may be nominal: Ini kota. - This city.
Word order
The word order in the Indonesian sentence is one of the main means of expressing the relationship between words.
The main sign of highlighting a definition is a position. The definition always follows immediately the defined word and can be expressed by a noun, verb, adjective or pronoun. For example: paman anak - uncle of a child; kaki kanan - right leg; anak ini is this child.
The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu, used as definitions, always follow the defined word or enclose the group of words to which they refer. For example: anak kakak itu - the child of an older brother.
Subject with related words make up the subject group. The predicate with the words related to it make up the predicate group. In a sentence, the subject group usually precedes the predicate group and is separated from it by a pause, for example:
Toko ini / tutup. - This store is closed. Kakek ini / paman anak itu. “This grandfather of that child’s uncle.”
The demonstrative pronouns ini and itu often limit the subject group from the predicate group and themselves often enter the subject group.
Parts of speech
i am hamba, saya (officially), aku (informally)
you - anda, saudara (officially), kamu (informally)
he is dia, ia, beliau
we are kami (not including the listener), kita (including the listener)
you are saudara-saudara, saudara sekalian
The role of possessive pronouns is played by the inflectives (suffixes): Mine (officially) - ... saya;
My (informally) - ... ku / ... aku;
Yours (officially) - ... Anda / Saudara;
Yours (informally) - ... kamu / ... mu;
His / her - ... dia; nya;
Theirs is ... mereka;
my food is makanan saya, makananku your food is makanan Anda, makananmu his / her food is makanan dia their food is makanan mereka
Rumahku is my house, rumahmu is your house, rumahnya is his, her house.
Relatively interrogative: Who is siapa, What is apa, Which is yang mana
Returnable: sendiri - myself, myself (for all persons), diriku - me, myself, dirimu - you, you yourself, dirinya - him, her, he himself, she herself.
Demonstrative pronouns:
itu - that, that, ini - this, this.
The indicative pronoun ini - "this, this, this" is used to indicate objects that are in the sphere of the speaker, that is, close to the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun itu - "that, that, that" - in the sphere of the interlocutor.
Uncertain: semua - everything, segala - everything, everything, masing-masing - everyone, tiap - everyone, everyone, apa-apa - something, something, apapun - whatever.
Adverbs of time: sekarang - now, kini - now, dulu - before, first, kemudian - then, sudah - already, masih - still, belum - not yet, kemarin - yesterday, besok - tomorrow, bila (mana) - when, pernah - when or tidak pernah - never.
Adverbs of a place: disini - here, kesini - here, disitu - there, darisini - from here, dimana-mana - everywhere, kebawah - down, dimana - where, kemana - where, kesini, kemari - here, kesitu, kesana - there, dimanapun - where no matter what.
Modal adverbs: seharusnya - necessary, semoga-moga - let jangan - not necessary, tidak - no, no (for the predicate and definition), ya - yes, bukan (no for the subject), dilarang - not allowed.
Adverbs degree: sangat - very much, banyak - a lot, sedikit - a little, kurang - less, lebih - more, paling - most.
Other: bagus - fine, baik - good, baik sekali - very good, tentu - of course, mungkin - maybe biasanya - usually, tidak-baik, jelek - bad, boleh - let me, bisa - you can, perlu - you need, berapa - how much , beberapa - several, cepat - fast, pelan - slowly, jauh - far, dekat - close, didalam - inside, diluar - outside, diatas - above, dibawah - below, lurus - straight, kemuka, terus - forward, kebelakang - back , kekanan - to the right, kekiri - to the left, lama - long ago, tidak lama lagi - soon, pernah - once, belum pernah - never before.
Unions: dan - and, tetapi - but, namun - however, melainkan - a, karena - because, because, karena itu - therefore, jika, ayo - come on, kalau - if, meskipun - though, atau - or, bahwa, bahasa, yang - what, supaja - so.
The main prepositions: atas - na, nad, za (+ Vin. pad.), dari, daripada - from, of, di - v, na, k, dengan - s, together with
Numerals
From 1 to 10: satu, dua, tiga, empat, lima, enam, tujuh, delapan, sembilan, sepuluh (puluh).
11 to 19 are formed by the addition of a suffix -belas, 11 - sebelas, 12 - duabelas, 13 - tigabelas, etc.
Dozens are formed by adding a suffix. -puluh20 - duapuluh, 30 - tigapuluh, 40 - empatpuluh, etc. 100 - seratus, 500 - limaratus, etc. 1000 - seribu, 5000 - limaribu.
82 - lapanpuluhdua.
Ordinals are prefixed ke-: pertama (first, excl.), kedua (second), kelima (fifth), etc.
Verb
The verb has categories of type and voice. By type, verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. Pledges: real, passive, medium, mutually cooperative. Conjugation is undeveloped. Time is shown by adverbs like “now”, “yesterday”, “tomorrow”.
Literature and folklore
Main article: Indonesian literature
Traditional genres of Malay poetry developed in the Middle Ages, they are popular today. These include pantoons, shairs, gurindams and their various variations. The canons of Islam adopted by the Malays in the XIII-XV centuries have an increasing influence on modern Indonesian literature, while Western influences are also noticeable.
see also
- Indonesian-Malay-Russian practical transcription
Literature
- Arakin V.D. Indonesian, M. - 1965
- Alieva N.F., Arakin V.D., Ogloblin A.K., Sirk Yu.Kh. Grammar of the Indonesian language, ed. Arakin V.D., M. - 1972
- Pocket Indonesian-Russian Dictionary, ed. Suhadiono, 8,000 words, M. - 1959
- Large Indonesian-Russian dictionary. In 2 volumes. Edited by R. N. Korigodsky. 56 thousand words and 48 thousand phrases. M: Russian language, 1990.
- Pogadayev, Victor. Zakharov, the Light. Indonesian-Russian Phrasebook. M.: Tree of Life, 1997. ISBN 5-88713-022-9.
- Pogadayev, Victor. Zakharov, the Light. Indonesian-Russian, Russian-Indonesian Phrasebook. M .: Publishing House "Ant-Guide", 2000. ISBN 5-8463-0032-4.
- Demidyuk, L.N .; Pogadayev, Victor. Russian-Indonesian dictionary. About 25 thousand words and phrases. M .: East-West, 2004. ISBN 5-478-00026-4
- Pogadayev, Victor. Indonesian-Russian and Russian-Indonesian dictionary. 60 thousand words and phrases. M .: Russian language, ID Drofa, 2008 ISBN 978-5-9576-0376-4.
- Victor Pogadaev. Kamus Rusia-Indonesia, Indonesia-Rusia. Jakarta: P. T. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2010. ISBN 978-979-22-4881-4
References
- Malay is a short textbook of Malay and Indonesian.
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See what "Indonesian" is in other dictionaries:
The language of the Indonesians, the official language of the Republic of Indonesia. Included in the Sumatran group of the Indonesian branch of the Malay Polynesian (or Austronesian) family of languages. The name "I. I." entrenched instead of the pre-existing ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
The official language of Indonesia. Refers to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Developed on the basis of the Malay language. Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet INDONESIAN people of Indonesia speaking the Indonesian languages \u200b\u200b(St. 95% ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
The official language of Indonesia. Refers to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Developed on the basis of the Malay language. Writing based on the Latin alphabet. * * * INDONESIAN LANGUAGE INDONESIAN LANGUAGE, the official language of Indonesia. ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Indonesian - (Bahasa Indonesia) one of the Austronesian languages \u200b\u200b(Malay Polynesian branch, western sub-branch). According to the traditional classification, I. I. attributed to the Indonesian languages. The official language (since 1945) and the language of interethnic communication of the Republic ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
Language Name: Bahasa Indonesia Countries: Indonesia, Timor Leste Official Status: Indonesia Regulatory Organization: Pusat Bahasa Total ... Wikipedia
Malaysia and Indonesia are two large countries located in Southeast Asia. Both countries speak the Malay language or its derivative and have a lot of similarities in the Indonesian language. Many linguists believe that the Indonesian language is one of the variations of the Malay language. However, these closely related languages \u200b\u200bhave many differences, but rather not of a grammatical, but of a phonetic order.
Malay - Bahasa melayu - One of the Austronesian languages \u200b\u200bis the Malay-Polynesian branch. Malay has official status in Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. It is spoken by more than 270 million people.
From the history of the formation of the Malay language
According to one theory, the first people who began to populate the islands of the Pacific Ocean, including the present territories of Malaysia and Indonesia, were ancient people, relatives of the Denisovsky man, whose bones were found in Altai in one of the caves. Later waves of migration brought with them immigrants from South India, as well as migrants of the Mongoloid race from southern China. However, unlike many other Asian languages, the Malay language is not characterized by a large number of inclusions from the languages \u200b\u200bof ancient India, including Sanskrit and Pali, or Chinese. In this sense, Malay is a peculiar and unlike other language.
In the Malay language there are no cases, gender, or numbers. The plural may be understood from the context or denoted by the publication of a word, for example shirts \u003d shirt-shirt. In addition, there are special classifiers for designating a plural language, as in Chinese. Auxiliary words are used to indicate gender. Verbs have several conjugations - six classes.
The Malaysian language is characterized by the use of affixes, suffixes, infixes and circumfixes. This way of creating new words by adding additions to the base remotely resembles the use of prepositions, suffixes and endings in Russian.
The basic word order in a sentence (topology) is also original: as a rule, the predicate (C) comes first, then the direct complement (D), then the subject (P). This word order is also characteristic of some other languages \u200b\u200bof Oceania, South America and Madagascar.
- S - D - P
- Reads - student book ( Student reads a book)
- Broke - pot - man ( A man broke a pot)
- Holds - Cow - Ivan ( Ivan holds a cow)
Latin Mali Rumi alphabet
In the Malay language, the Latin alphabet is almost universally used - Rumi. To designate all the necessary sounds, only basic Latin characters are used, without diacritical and other special characters.
Started learning Indonesian. And mostly under the impression of how easily communicates with the local Irka. And I began to learn Indonesian literally from the first days. Every day I listen to audio courses while I ride a bike on a spot.
The Indonesian language, by the way, is very simple. And the funniest thing I've already met a couple of words borrowed from Arabic. Moreover, the first word - “Mumkin” - I heard right on the first day and was very surprised to learn that it means the same thing as in Arabic. Later I read somewhere that in the Indonesian about 3,000 words are borrowed from Arabic.
In Indonesian, Latin letters are used and this is a huge plus (compared to Arabic script or even that used in Vietnam!).
The grammar is incredibly simplified - there are no declensions and conjugations, and verbs also have no special tenses. That is, if you want to say “I write”, “you write”, “we wrote”, “they will write”, the verb to write will sound the same all the time. Everything is quite simple with pronouns too - possessive, personal and generally all pronouns coincide, there are no cases either. That is, “I”, “me”, “mine”, “me”, etc. - all the time the same word.
The plural time is amusing: the word is simply repeated twice in a row. By the way, I really want to say something with an amplifying effect (for example, “very slowly”, or “exactly the same”), it simply repeats the keyword twice. There are quite funny options. For example, the word “eye” is “mata”, and “spy” is matamata.
I also like the simplicity of the formation of some words. For example, a restaurant literally sounds like “a house of food”, and “tears” - like “eye water”, or an Englishman is just “a man of England”, English is “a language of England” and many other things like that.
And the language itself, you know, why is it called bahasa indonesia? in Indonesian, bahasa is a language. So this is the “language of Indonesia", everything is simple :)
True, there are some complicated jokes. For example, you need to learn two options for the word “we,” one option includes the person you are talking to, and the second does not include. For each pronoun, there is a formal and informal form. So I had to learn two options for each.
Therefore, in essence, you just need to learn words and that's it. The pronunciation is also not very difficult for the Russians. Not what it was in Arabic :)
In addition, I found a very cool audio course (more precisely, Ira suggested it to me), thanks to which it is very convenient to cram words directly on topics. (Pimsler this time somehow completely let us down.) Therefore, I can often be seen on a bike riding and muttering to herself under my breath, do not be surprised, I’m teaching Indonesian.
Indonesian Mini Phrasebook:
1 - satu
2 - dua
3 - tiga
4 - empath
5 - lima
6 - enam
7 - tujuh
8 - valve
9 - sambilan
10 - sepuluh
11 - sebelas
12 - duabelas
20 - duapuluh
100 - town hall
1000 - ribo
1,000,000 - jute
Good morning - salamat pagi
Good afternoon - Salamat Siam
Good evening - salamat sore
Good night - Salamat Malam
Bye! (to the one who remains) - Salamat tingal
Bye! (to the one who leaves) - Salamat jalan
Thank you (very much) - Trima Kasi (banyak)
Yes - ya
No - Tidak
I am Saya
You are anda
He / She is Dia
Sorry - maaf
Allow - Permisi
Don't understand - Tidak Mengerti
Don't Know - Tidak Tahu
Where are you from? - Anda apa negara?
I am from Russia - Saya Dari Russia
What's your name? - Anda apa nama?
My name is ... - Nama Saya ...
My age ... - Saya died ...
I speak a little Indonesian - Saya bis bahasa indonesia sedicitic tributary.
I don't speak Indonesian - Saya tidak bis bajasa indonesia
I learn Indonesian - Saya Beljar Bahasa Indonesia
Where? - Dimana?
Where to? - Keman?
Where from? - Dariman?
Far Away - Jauh
Close - Decate
Right - Terus
Left - Kiri
Right - Kanan
Food - Macan
Drink - Minum
Rice - Nashi
Noodles - Mi
Fried - goreng
Chicken - Ayam
Fish - Icahn
Pork - Babi
Beef - Sapi
Spinach - Cancun
(Young) Coconut - Kelapa (Muda)
Eggs - Telur
Water (drinking) - Air (minum)
Banana - Pisan
Bread - Roti
Tea - Te
Coffee (with milk) - Mine (Sousu)
Sweet - Manis
Sharp - Pedas
How much is? - Harpa Harpa
Expensive - Mahal!
Toilet - Kamar Kecil
Bathroom - Kamar Mandi
House - rooms
located in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian language is recognized as the official language, although more than 700 languages \u200b\u200bare spoken on the territory of the republic. In addition to Indonesian, Papuan languages \u200b\u200band the languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family are considered common. I must say that the official language, that is, Indonesian, is very close to Malay, it can even be called its version.
The Indonesian language is used in politics, paperwork, documentation and in the reception of officials. However, as in many Asian countries, many residents use their dialects and dialects that are not considered state in their country of residence.
In addition to the Indonesian language, Javanese is widely spread in the territory of this state. European languages \u200b\u200bare also popular, in particular, English, Arabic and Dutch. In the Indonesian language, a lot of words are borrowed just from these languages.
In more detail we will look at the Indonesian, Javanese and Sundanian languages, since they are used by a large number of inhabitants of Indonesia.
Indonesian is the official language of Indonesia
It was recognized as official in the mid-20th century and to this day is the language of interethnic communication. Nearly 200 million people speak Indonesian. The basis of the language is considered, from which a large number of words are also borrowed. Locals call their own language “Bahasa”, which translates as “language”.
Features of the Indonesian language
Word formation occurs due to reduplication, that is, doubling of words, or by adding prefixes, affixes and suffixes. The most common are the following prefixes: per, pe, and se, and suffixes: -i, -an, -kan. In addition, in this language there are many complex words that are formed due to these methods of inflection.
Indonesian has both simple and complex sentences. The grammatical basis may consist of the subject and predicate, as well as other members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances. In the construction of proposals, the position of each member of the proposal is very important so that its meaning is not distorted.
Nouns in this language do not change in cases, this function is performed by word endings. Reduplication, by the way, is also involved in plural formation. Adjectives are independent parts of speech, formed by adding affixes and suffixes. Here the verb changes according to the categories of form and voice. They can be either transient or not. The pledges differ from the Russians in a large number: there is a real, average, passive and mutually joint. There is no conjugation category.
Javanese in Indonesia
More than 75 million people speak this language. It became more widespread on the island of Java, which affected its name. Despite the fact that the official language in Indonesia is Indonesian, almost half of all residents use the Javanese language for communication. It broadcasts and is taught in some schools as a native.
Word formation is carried out through the use of suffixes and affixes. In addition, the word base can be doubled. In Javanese there are no categories of person, case, gender and time. Nouns form the plural, adjectives can form a high and a higher degree. The verb has collateral categories.
The Javanese language is distinguished from others by a trinity. That is, for each concept there are three definable words. There is a spoken language characteristic of the street, there is a language of diplomats, and there is a neutral language.
Sundanese in Indonesia
The Sundan language is spoken on the island of Java, spoken by more than 27 million of its inhabitants. This is almost 15% of the total population of the Republic of Indonesia. It is one of the languages \u200b\u200bof the Austronesian family. The Sundan dialects are cirebon, pringan and bogor. Verbs in this language have special accompanying words denoting the beginning of an action, order and expression of emotions.
Personal pronouns are expressed in large numbers for each person. Their use in speech depends on the level of politeness, age and social status of the person who is being addressed. Newspapers and other literature are published in Sundan.
Learning the Indonesian language is carried out in many large institutions of our country. In addition, online courses can be taken online to learn the basics of this language. Many private schools also offer Indonesian classes. Things are more complicated with Javanese and Sundanian, they can only be taught with native speakers of these languages, or by going directly to the islands of Indonesia to immerse yourself in the culture and traditions of this unique country.
