The concept of the category of mood.The facts of reality and their connection, being the content of the statement, can be thought of by the speaker as reality, as an opportunity or desirability, as a duty or necessity. The speaker’s assessment of his statement from the point of view of the relation of the reported to reality is called modality. Modality is expressed in Russian by forms of mood, intonation, as well as lexical means - modal words and particles.

Inclination Categoryis a HA in the verb system, which determines the modality of the action, i.e. denoting the relation of action to reality. Expresses the speaker's established relationship of action to reality. In Russian, three moods are distinguished: indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

Indicativeexpresses the action, conceived by the speaker as quite real, actually proceeding in time (present, past and future): Ural is goodserves, served   andwill serve   our homeland.The expression of modality by indicative mood can also be carried out by combining its form with modal words and particles: as if stepped, as if changed. The indicative mood differs from other moods in that it takes the form of time.

Subjunctive moodexpresses the action of the verb, which the speaker thinks as desirable or possible, but depending on some condition: Without you iwould not get   to the city andwould freeze   on the road(P.). This mood is formed by combining the past tense of a verb with a particle would. Particle wouldmay occupy a different place in the sentence. The morphological feature of the subjunctive mood is the lack of forms of time and face. However, a person may be expressed by attaching personal pronouns. Subjunctive verb in units h. varies by birth ( would go, would go, would go) and has one plural form ( would go) The most common and typical values \u200b\u200bof this mood are conventionality and desirability of action.

Imperative moodexpresses the will of the speaker - a request, order or motivation to perform the action indicated by the verb, and is characterized by a special imperative intonation: Hearty friend, welcome friendcome come: I am your spouse!(P.). The main meaning of the imperative mood - the urge to perform an action - usually refers to the interlocutor, therefore the main form of this mood is the form of the 2nd person singular or plural.

The imperative form is formed from the basis of the present tense and has the following three varieties:

a) with a finite jafter vowels (pure basis): go on, don't spit;

b) with the end -andafter consonants: carry, cut, repeat;

c) with the final soft consonant, as well as with the hard welland w(pure base): leave, save, provide, smear, eat.

Verbs drink, beat, pour, viewform drink, beat, lei, vey; verb lie downhas an imperative form lie down, lie down, and the verb eat - eat, eat; with the verb goingimperative forms are used go - go. The imperative form of the 2nd person plural is formed by joining the singular form of the affix -te: build, carry, leave. Reflexive verbs add affixes to the indicated formations of the imperative form on(after consonant and th) and by(after -andand -those):don't be stubborn, build, cut your hair, cut your hair.

In addition to the basic form of the 2nd person singular and plural, the imperative has forms expressing the action of the 3rd person and 1st person plural. 3rd person shapes are expressed (analytically) by a combination of particles let yeswith the 3rd person singular and plural form of the present tense and future simple: Let it burn   face in the morning dawn(Ring); Let it serve and pull   webbing(P.); Long live the muses, long live the muses   mind!(P.). The 1st person plural of the imperative is expressed by the form of the 1st person plural of the present tense or, more often, the future simple, pronounced with special intonation of the invitation: Let's startperhaps(P.). Joining this affix form -thoseexpresses appeal to many persons or gives the utterance a shade of politeness: You my brothers, blood friends,kiss   Yeshug   at the last breakup(L.).

Some verbs for semantic reasons do not form the imperative form of the 2nd person, for example, impersonal verbs, individual verbs with the meaning of perception ( see hear), with a state value ( to rot).

In the designation of persons imperative form is very diverse. This form is characterized by a generalized personal meaning, especially in proverbs and sayings: Cool, don’t twist(talk). In the presence of different shades of modality, it is combined with all faces of both numbers: Disappear my cart(talk); If they had come early, nothing would have happened..

Depending on the context, as well as the addition of pronouns and particles, the imperative form receives additional expressive coloring: Don't take   you of my will dear(A. Ostr.); Don't breaksee(T.); Go go, old woman, visit daughter-in-law(Nick.).

Presentshows that the action expressed by the verb coincides with the moment of speech: I am herei see   streams birth(P.) - visual perception of flows ( i see) occurs at the same time that the poet is talking about it.

Past timedenotes the action preceding the moment of speech: I ran for many hours ...(L.) - verb form was runningexpresses the action that was performed by the speaker before the talk about it began.

Futureexpresses the action that will take place after the moment of speech: It seemed to me ... that she would die soon(M. G.).

The time expressed in verb forms in relation to the moment of speech is called absolute time.Relative timea verb form is called time, determined in this form not by the moment of speech, but by the ratio with the time of another action, for example: wrote that it works(the present verb works indicates the coincidence of the action time not with the moment of speech, but with the action time expressed by the verb wrote).

The meanings and use of the forms of time . Present. Forms of the present tense have the following varieties of meaning and use: a) the meaning of a specific action that takes place at the time of speech and has a limited duration: Over masonspave   the street(A.N. T.); b) the value of the action of indefinite duration, constantly taking place:

Verbsconjugate, and nounslean, or the actions of an ordinary characteristic of a person or object - ...Poetsings, scientistthinks, painter, sculptor, architectcreate   andwaitartisanworks(P.). The present tense form is used for a pictorial depiction of past events, as well as in all cases where expressive speech techniques are used. This form of the present tense corresponds to both the past of the imperfect type and the past of the perfect type and is called the present historical: Get acquainted   they thenare friends, then they can’tbreake down   and wholespend   days together(Cr.). The present tense form of the verbs of motion sometimes expresses the action of the near future: Leaving   tomorrow at sea.

Past time. Features of the meaning of past tense forms are related to their belonging to a perfect or imperfect form. The past tense of imperfective verbs expresses the action as a fact of the past and is used in the description: The entire first half of Maywere walking   rains(Garsh.). The past tense of perfect verbs has several meanings that are not strictly delimited: a) completeness of an action in the past: Died   Poet! - slave of honor -fellslandered by rumor(L.); b) the sequence of completed actions, the change of one such action to another: Prince Bagrationsuspended   recognizing Prince Andrew his horse,nodded   his head(L.T.); c) preservation in the present result of the completed action: Look - what a haze in the depths of the valleyslay down(Polonsky).

Special cases of past tense expressions include: a) repeated actions with a touch of prescription ("long past tense"): And here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone. Here with himhad dinner   in winter, the late Lensky, our neighbor(P.); b) repetition of action: It used to bewrote   blood in the albums of tender girls ...(P.); c) initiated but interrupted action: Here hewas outbut stopped at the door ...(P.); d) sudden-instant action expressed by interjective verbs (of type sniff, grab, plopand etc.): Lighter than Tatyana’s shadowjump   to the other canopy(P.); e) instantly arbitrary action: I put it on the table so that he could have surgery, and hetake   anddie   under my chloroform(Ch.).

Future. The forms of the future tense vary both in education and in meaning. The future tense of the imperfective verbs is formed by a combination of the future tenses of the auxiliary verb to beand the indefinite form of the conjugated verb ( i will wear) and is called the future complex. The future tense of perfect verbs has the same endings with the present tense and is called the future simple ( i'll carry).

The future complex in value is homogeneous: it always denotes the action that will occur after the moment of speech: howto govern   youyou will   under a thunderstormput out   rebellionentangle   cheating?(P.).

The future simple has a variety of meanings. The main meaning of the future simple is the designation of the result of an action regardless of the moment of speech: So if this unknown tramp is the Lithuanian borderwill go overto him a crowd of madmenwill attract Demetrius resurrected name(P.). In this effective sense, future tense is used in proverbs and sayings: Hungryand get breadyou guess(talk). In addition to the basic meaning, the future simple can indicate an action relating to the present or past tense. The synonymy of the future simple forms of the present tense is more often observed in descriptions when using a number of forms of the present and future tenses: Storm hazy skycoverstwisting snow whirls. The way the beast shewill conquerthenwill crylike a child(P.). To indicate actions taking place in the past, the future simple is used in combination with the past tense of imperfective verbs: Gerasimlooked, looked, but howlaugh   all of a sudden(T.), and also with the particle it happened and the particle as (in the exclamation sentence): And mother, it happenedwill cover   blue eyes yes howwill lead   song to great heights(M. G.); Like a queenjump outyes like a penswingsyes on the mirror likeslamsheel something likedrown(P.).

The history of past tense forms in RJ.

In DRE, the past tense forms were divided into simple (aorist, imperfect) and complex (perfect and plusquamperfect). The existence of 4 forms was explained by the presence of differences in the system of these forms.

Meanings: Aorist is an action in the past. Imperfect - a long repeated action in the past (emphasis on the circumstances of the action). Perfection is the past in the present (result. It is very different from all times - it indicates a state). Plyusquamperfect is a thing of the past.

Simple forms formed from the base of the infinitive + connective vowel + suffix + connective vowel + ending.

Imperfect and aorist were lost (first imperfect). The remains of an aorist are considered: a particle would, chu, some forms in phraseological units. The loss of forms was accompanied by their confusion, semantic indistinguishability. The loss of imperfect led to the development of new verb forms with the meaning of multiplicity: from the 14th century. - talk a little; from the 16th century - used to say.

The perfection was formed using the verb BE in the present tense + elemental communion. In a written period, perfection has become the only past tense with a value of SV / HB. Lost touch with the present in connection with the proliferation of personal pronouns as the subject. The sacrament became a personal verb form, which lost the gender differences in plural The perfection was preserved in dialects.

N. R. Dobrushina, 2014

Mood - inflective grammatical category of the verb expressing the speaker’s attitude to the content of the statement and / or the situation’s relation to the real world (its reality, irreality, desirability), that is, various modal values   (cm. Modality).

Inclination is grammatical   means of indicating modal values. The same meanings can be expressed lexically (for example, using modal verbs): cf. expression of the desired meaning using the subjunctive mood ( Would lie in the sun!) or using the verb want (I want to lie in the sun).

1) indicative mood (indicative);

2) subjunctive (conditional, conditional, subjunctive, subjunctive, conjunctive), see the corresponding article in this collection;

3) imperative (imperative), see the relevant article in this collection.

The indicative mood is sometimes called direct, Unlike indirect   - subjunctive and imperative.

1. Morphology

1.1. Ways to express moods

Indicative   expressed by a special set of indicators with the value of the number and person / gender. For example, in the form leaves (he leaves in an hour) ending -it   has the following meanings: indicative, present, 3rd person, singular.

Imperative mood   expressed using indicators that are attached to the basis of presentation: -and(those) (care and/   care-and-those) or -Ø (those) (pay-Ø/   pei-te) Separate verbs also have a special form of a call for joint action with indicators -em-those   or -im-those (go-eat-those) There are also a number of forms and constructions with the meaning of inducing joint action ( come on(those)   let's go to,   let's go) and motivations for the 3rd person ( let be/   let it go). .

1.2. Inclination and other grammatical categories

1.2.1. Time

Grammatical contrast in time   only in indicative forms. The imperative and subjunctive moods do not distinguish between tenses. The situation indicated by the subjunctive mood, in meaning, can relate to the past, and to the present, and to the future. The form of inclination does not change: if I had yesterday/   Today/   offered a million tomorrow, I would refuse. The situation indicated by imperative always refers to the future.

1.2.2. Person, number and gender

IN indicative   in the present and future tenses, the values \u200b\u200bof the face and number are expressed ( i'm leaving/   are you going/   He's leaving,   I'm leaving/   We are leaving), in the past - gender and numbers ( i left/   she left/   it is gone/   they are gone).

IN subjunctive   on the - l   (as in the past tense of the indicator) values \u200b\u200bare expressedkind and number (i would leave/   she would leave/   it would go away/   they would leave).

IN imperative   expressed formsthe numbers ((you) go away/ (you)   go away). The imperative mood itself expresses an urge to the 2nd person, some verbs also have a special form of urge to act together: let's go,   let's leave   (this form is sometimes referred to as the first-person plural gortative or imperative). Other persons of the imperative are expressed in non-specialized forms and various constructions that relate to analytical imperative forms:

a) 1st person plural: sing, come on(those)   sing   and come on(those)   sing;

b) 3rd person singular and plural: let him sing,   let them sing.

1.2.3. Finiteness

Inclinations, unlike times, are more characteristic of compactly supported   forms of the verb. TOsubjunctive, however, can also be attributed combinations of particles would   with non-finite forms: with infinitive ( I'd rather take my feet), with predicates, nouns, participles and participles (see Subjunctive mood).

1.2.4. Semantics

1.3. Indicative Values

Indicative, as a rule, describes the situation as belonging to the real world.

Past time   The indicative mood describes the situation as occurred before the moment of speech:

(1) I arrived   he was in place shortly before dinner, put   to the corner a banner stripped off   overcoat and, ringing the orders, went   with gifts to the neighbor. [IN. Voinovich. Monumental Propaganda (2000)]

Present   The indicative mood describes the situation as taking place at the moment of speech:

(2) - But I do not worried“He said quickly. [IN. Aksenov. Mysterious Passion (2007)]

Future   The indicative mood describes the situation as such that will take place after the moment of speech. Since the future situation cannot fundamentally belong to reality, the future tense is sometimes regarded as belonging to a system of indirect moods, and not indicative (for the special status of future tenses see Modality / Section 2.3. Indicative mood and removed assertiveness).

(3) I i will walk   until morning and when night will become   finish, i will goup the hill and meeting   dawn ... [S. Kozlov. Really, we will always be? (1969-1981)]

The indicative mood can have a figurative meaning, for example, to act as an imperative mood:

(4) In the freezer, fish / pull out / let it thaw / then Barsik will give. [Home conversation // From materials of the Ulyanovsk University (2007)]

1.4. Subjunctive Values

Subjunctive mood   denotes a situation that does not belong to the real world. The meaning of the subjunctive mood strongly depends on whether it is used in independent predication or in the subordinate clause. In independent prediction, the subjunctive mood is either counter-active, that is, it means a situation that, in the speaker’s opinion, belongs to an alternative, imaginary world, or a desirable meaning. In subordinate sentences, the meaning of the subjunctive mood depends on the semantics of the union, the relationship between the main sentence and the subordinate, and other factors.

The subjunctive mood has, therefore, three main types of uses:counterfactual   (for more details see the Subjunctive mood / p. 2.1),desirable   (for more details see the Subjunctive mood / p. 2.2) and use in subordinate predicates. In the figurative sense, the subjunctive can be used. for pragmatic purposes, in order to soften the message about the communicative intentions of the speaker (for details, seeSubjunctive mood / p. 2.3).

a) Counterfactual value   subjunctive mood: the situation, from the point of view of the speaker, obviously does not belong to the real, but to the alternative world.

(5) They could neither stop nor leave the stone - this would   for all a disaster. [IN. Bulls. Stone (2002)]

(6) If I myself didn’t have a permanent address, I would drive   modest oneself. [A. Hair. Real Estate (2000)]

b) Desired value   subjunctive mood: the situation does not belong to the real world, but it seems desirable to the speaker.

(7) If only   he knewhow hard it is in my soul! [YU. Trifonov. House on the waterfront (1976)]

(8) Would lie, watch   at sea and to drink   cold screw. [IN. Crade Georgy Ivanov in Hyeres (2003)]

c) Pragmatic use   Subjunctive mood: goal -soften the message of the speaker’s intentions or categorize the statement.

(9) - I i would like to   apply from one request, ”he said quietly and even somehow clasped his hands to his chest. [YU. O. Dombrowski. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(10) “Yes, of course,” the young man answered, meeting easily with his radiant clear eyes. mi   with suddenly stern look stern. - But now I would recommend George Matveevich peace. [YU. O. Dombrowski. Faculty of Unnecessary Things (1978)]

(11) Victor Astafiev wrote: if would   millions of peasants only spat   towards Moscow, her would be washed away   along with the Kremlin and the Gori monkey. [D. Dragoon. About slaves and free (2011)]

(12) In short what   wouldi neither   done, my wife is always repeats : – Oh god before why you looks like on the of his father! .. [S. Dovlatov. Ours (1983)]

(13) All on the the light must take place slow and wrong,   so as not tobe bored human,   so thathuman   wassad and confused. [IN. Erofeev. Moscow-Petushki (1970)]

(14) And the polar explorers dragged their things, and my mother began to scream,   so that   Alyosha was walking   get home dressed. [A. F. Members. How Aleshka lived in the North (1978)]

(15) If anyone was praised, Valka immediately sought a reason that would have done   praise undeserved. [A. Alexin. Signalers and Buglers (1985)]

1.5. Imperative Values

a) Order:

(16) – Take off   tomorrow at dawn! - ordered Mr. Beluga. [A. Dorofeev. Ele Fantique (2003)]

b) Resolution:

(17) – Kuri- allowed the grandfather. - Which ones do you smoke? [IN. Shukshin. Guelder-rose red (1973)]

c) Advice:

(18) – Dont be upsetNina do not waste   your nerves, ”he advised. [IN. Aksenov. It's time, my friend, it's time (1963)]

d) Wish:

(19) – be happyMargarita Nikolaevna! - She nodded her head at the master and again turned to Margarita: - I did know everything where you were going. [M. A. Bulgakov. The Master and Margarita (1929-1940)]

Imperative may also have portable use, used to express condition (20), assignment (21), obligation (22), to indicate unexpectedness (23), (24), etc. (see Imperative mood / Section 4.8) In this case, the imperative mood often does not apply to the 2nd person.

(20) He was taking his wife from the maternity ward of the district hospital, she was holding a child in her arms, and it seemed to him that livehe is a thousand years old - he will not forget this day. [IN. Grossman. Everything flows (1955-1963)]

(21) Sometimes it’s so gripping that even lie down   and die. [AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)]

(22) Whatever gets, he will drink, and I spin-spin   on your salary. [AND. Grekov. Fracture (1987)]

(23) The dog and the cat lived and lived with the owner and even grew old. Everyday matter, anything can happen. And their master take yes and count. [E. L. Schwartz. Two Maples (1953)]

(24) ... A woman was walking along the veranda, in passing she plucked a flower, casually put it in her hair, and he come   in place! [IN. Astafiev. Merry Soldier (1987-1997)]

2. Frequency

In frequency in the Subcorpus with removed homonymy, the inclination is distributed as follows:

indicative mood - 580 thousand uses;

imperative mood - 29 thousand uses;

subjunctive mood (particle would(b)   + so(s)) – 25.5 thousand uses.

3. The main literature

• Bondarko A.V., Belyaeva   E.I., Biryulin L.A. and others. The theory of functional grammar. Temporality. Modality. L .: Science. 1990.
• Grammar 1980 - Shvedova N.Yu. (Ed.) Russian grammar. M .: Science. 1980. Pp. 1472-1479.
• Palmer F.R. Mood and Modality. 2nd edition. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2001.
• Plungian V. Irrealis and modality in Russian and in typological perspective // \u200b\u200bHansen B., Karlik P. (Eds.) Modality in Slavonic languages. München: Verlag Otto Sagner. 2005. P. 135–146.
• Hansen B. Mood in Russian // Rothstein B., Thieroff R. Mood in the Languages \u200b\u200bof Europe. Amsterdam – Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2010. P. 325–341.

Verbs vary in moods. The mood of the verb indicates how the action called the verb is related to reality, that is, whether it actually occurs or is only assumed. Consider three verb forms:

asked, would ask, ask

The first form is asked   denotes a real action already committed by someone. The second form is would ask   denotes the supposedly possible action that could have occurred, but has not occurred. The third form is ask   indicates a presumably possible action that has not yet occurred. These differences in the meaning of the verbs divide them into three declensions: indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative.

Indicative

Indicative mood of the verb   denotes an action that really happened, is happening or will happen, for example:

puppy nibbled   a toy

puppy nibbles   a toy

puppy will nibble   a toy

Consequently, indicative verbs tense, that is, they can take the form of the present, past and future tenses:

was running   - past time

i run   - present

i will run   - future

In the past tense, the singular verbs change by gender, for example:

he was running   - masculine

she was running   - feminine gender

it ran   - neuter gender

In the indicative mood, verbs vary in persons and numbers, for example:

we are running   - 1st person multip. number

you run   - 2nd person is one. number

she is running   - 3rd person is one. number

Conditional (subjunctive) mood

Conditional (subjunctive) mood   denotes actions that can occur under a certain condition, that is, possible actions, for example:

I would read if the book would be interesting.

If it is sunny, we would go to the beach.

Verbs in conditional mood can indicate actions that are desirable, that is, actions that want to happen, without any conditions:

I would have some tea.

We would sunbathe.

The conditional inclination is formed from the past tense by the addition of a particle would (b). As in the past tense, the verbs in the conditional mood change in numbers, and in the singular and in gender.

Particle would (b)   written separately from the verb. It can stand after the verb, in front of it, and can also be separated from the verb in other words, for example:

I would drink   tea.

we would sunbathe .

I would   with pleasure went down   to the cinema.

With two or more verbs of conditional mood, there can be one particle would, eg:

we would have a rest   and having fun .

Imperative mood

Command of the verb   indicates actions to which the speaker prompts his listener or interlocutor. Verbs in the imperative mood can indicate:

• orders:

  sit up get up

• advice:

  Go down   better in the movie. It's better contact   to the doctor.

• resolution:

  sit down, come in

• wishes:

  Are going   to the park? Eat   for ice cream?

Verbs in the imperative mood do not change in tenses, but change in numbers. To form the plural, the ending is added to the singular. -those, eg:

sit down - sit down those

write write those

play - play those

To indicate courtesy, when referring to one person, plural verbs are used, compare:

pass - pass those

To soften a request or order, a particle is added to the form of the imperative mood. -ka:

sit down - sit down - katransmit - transmit - ka

To express a sharp order, an indefinite form of the verb is used, for example:

Not hands touch! Sit   silently!

The singular form of the 2nd person of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the present tense verbs of imperfect form or from the stem of the verbs of the future simple tense of the perfect form:

1. If the stem ends in a vowel, then it is added th:

   copyu   (present) - cop th   (command incl.)

   diggingyu   (bud. pr. time) - digging th   (command incl.)

2. If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the ending, then it is added -and:

   the watchmany   (present) - the watchman and   (command incl.)

   watchmany   (bud. pr. time) - watchman and   (command incl.)

3. If the stem ends in a consonant and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then a soft sign is added b:

   modeat   (present) - dir b   (command incl.)

   cutat   (bud. pr. time) - rarefaction b   (command incl.)

4. If the stem ends in two consonants and the stress in the 1st person singular falls on the stem, then instead of a soft sign b   is added -and:

   rememberyu   (present) - remember and   (command incl.)

   memorableyu   (bud. pr. time) - memorable and   (command incl.)

Particles are used to form the 3rd person. let yes   together with the 3rd person verbs of the present or future simple tense, for example:

Let him play. Let them read.

Particle yes   expresses a call or solemn wish, sentences with this particle are usually exclamatory:

Yes let's go   already! Yes uprooted   evil!

To form the 1st person plural, the indicative mood of the 1st person with special intonation is used (call to action), for example:

Let's go   to the beach!

The 1st person plural indicates that the speaker is inviting someone else to perform an action with him. The ending may be added to this form. -those   or words come on let's:

Let's go those   to the beach!

Come on   let's go to the beach!

let's   let's go to the beach!

The singular forms of the 1st person in imperative mood verbs do not exist.

Reflexive verbs in the imperative mood are at the end on   or by, eg:

boasted wash

If the imperative form ends in a consonant, except th, then at the end of the verb a soft sign is written - b, eg:

hide b, dir bgot up b

The soft sign is saved before to   and -those:

hide bxia, dir bthose got up bthose

Note: from the verb lie down   form of imperative - lie down - lie down, lie down - lie down. This verb is an exception and does not have in the imperative mood a soft sign at the end.

Verbs vary in moods. In Russian, there are three forms of verbs:   indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive).

Each of them has its own grammatical and semantic features and differently correlates the action expressed by the verb with reality. Forms of mood are opposed to each other on the basis of reality (indicative mood) and unreality (imperative and conditional mood) denoting action. Verbs in the explanatory moodindicate that the action that takes place in reality is carried out in the present, past or future tense, therefore the indicative mood is realized in the forms of three tenses: do (present), did (past tense), I will do (future tense). Verbs in the explanatory moodcategories of persons and numbers are characteristic, and in the past tense forms of gender and number. The indicative mood does not have a special formant; it is expressed using personal endings of verbs.

Imperative Verbs   denote an impulse to action, order or request. They indicate actions that can occur after the corresponding statement.   Imperativeverbs do not have a category of time, but vary in numbers and persons.

Most often, 2 forms of the singular and plural are used, which express the motivation for the action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Imperative Formsare formed from the foundations of the present or future tense and expressed using suffixes (endings) and formative particles.

In particular, the singular form of the imperative mood singular form 2 is formed from the basis of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -and-or no suffix   (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present / simple future tense): take, look, show, read, do (the stem of the present tense –   case (s), carry it, drop it.

The form 2 of the plural form of imperative is formed from the form 2 of the singular by adding a postfix -te: lead - lead, lie down - lie down.

Forms 3 faces of the singular and plural of the imperative mood are analytical (consist of several words). These forms are formed by attaching particles let yes   3 forms of the singular or plural of the present or simple future tense: let them hear, let them say, long live, long be, etc.

Forms 3 faces of imperative mood express wishes, they can apply not only to individuals, but also to inanimate objects: let the gardens bloom.

Form 1 of the imperative mood expresses an urge to act together, of which the speaker himself is a participant. The imperative face shape 1 is formed by attaching particles come on, let’s   to the infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, play, read) or to the 1 person of the future tense of the indicative mood of the perfect verbs: let's sit down, let's go, let's tell.

In a special way, imperative forms are formed from the following verbs: eat - eat, go - (by) - go, give - give, lie down - lie down.

Imperative mood can express a wide variety of shades of motivation for action, from a categorical order to a soft request or advice. In this case, intonation is very important.

To imperative formsparticle can join -ka, softening the command and giving a touch of simplicity: come on.

Verbs that denote states and actions that are performed without an actor or independent of the will of the actor are not used in imperative forms: impersonal verbs (fever, dusk), verbs of perception (see, feel), verbs of state (chill, malaise), modal verbs (want, be able).

Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) moodindicate the desired, possible under any conditions of action.

Conditional mood forms   by combining past tense forms with a particle would (b), which may appear before the verb, after it, or may be torn off by other members of the sentence: If I could leave, I would live in London.

Conditionalverbs there is no time and person, the forms of conditional mood verbs vary in numbers and gender: would say, would say, would say.

In speech, one often observes the use of one mood in the meaning of another.

The imperative form can be used in the meaning of the conditional (the value of the unfulfilled condition): If I had come a little earlier, nothing would have happened. Have more time with me ...

The conditional mood verb can be used as an imperative: Would you go home?

The form of the indicative mood may have the meaning of the imperative mood: Everyone is listening to me! Bring a book tomorrow!

The form of conditional mood may have the imperative: Would you talk to her.

The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.

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What is the indicative mood of verbs and how to define it? This article provides a detailed description of this type of verb, as well as their inherent grammatical categories. The convenient table provides illustrative examples of determining the indicative mood of verbs by their conjugated forms.

What is the indicative mood of a verb?

Indicative mood of the verb - this is a series of conjugated forms of verbs denoting a real action (process, state) that occurs, has occurred or will occur in reality. Verbs in the indicative mood are characterized by grammatical categories of number, time, person and gender.

Examples of indicative moodverbs:

The man was going fishing, prepared gear and a fishing rod.

Do you listen to classical music?

Locksmiths finish work and go to drink tea.

In some cases, the verb forms of the indicative mood are used in the meaning of the subjunctive or imperative moods.

for instance: Tell me this story   (imperative). There is no need to hesitate for a long time - I took it and did the job   (subjunctive).

How to determine the indicative mood of a verb?

The main distinguishing feature of verbal forms in the indicative mood is their variability in time (I made it - I make it - I will make it)   - the forms of the imperative and subjunctive mood are not changed from time to time. Verbs of the NSW in the indicative mood have all conjugated forms, SV - only the forms of the future and past tense.

To better understand how to determine the indicative mood of verbs by their conjugated forms, see the examples in the table.

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	Future		Present			Past time
	Units number	Mn number	Units number	Mn number		Units number	Mn number
1st person	I will grow;   I will drink	We will grow;   Have a drink	Growing up	Are growing	Husband. kind	Grew up;   Drank	Have grown;   Drank
2nd person	You will grow;   Have a drink	You will grow;   You drink	Growing up	Grow up	Wives kind	Grew;   Drank
3rd person	Will grow;   Will drink	Will grow;   Will drink	Is growing	Are growing	Wed kind	Has grown;   Drank