Postfixes in Russian are examples. Postfixes. What is a postfix? Acquaintance with Morphemes
If you are reading this article, then most likely you have at least once wondered what postfix is. Despite the fact that this topic is sometimes covered in schools ...
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26.08.2018 18:00If you are reading this article, then most likely you have at least once wondered what postfix is. Despite the fact that this topic is sometimes discussed at school, many textbooks still present some postfixes, like suffixes.
What is a postfix? Acquaintance with Morphemes
Before you find out the answer to the question of what postfix is \u200b\u200bin Russian, you need to get acquainted with the concept of "morpheme". And the morpheme is the least significant part of the word. And now you can move away from theory and move on to examples. Morphemes include:
- confix (prefix + suffix);
- prefix (prefix);
- root;
- suffix;
- flexion (ending);
- postfix.
Also, some attribute interfix (the part of a word connecting two roots) to morphemes, but this is a very controversial issue, because the interfix does not matter.
So what is a postfix? Postfix is \u200b\u200ba morpheme that has a word-forming or form-forming function and takes the last (not least) place in a word, namely after the end or form-forming suffixes. This term is formed from two Latin roots post (after) and fixus (attached). Postfixes are the following morphemes: -sya, -sya, -te, -ka, -so, -to, -you, -never.
During morphemic parsing of the word, postfixes stand out along with other affixes, a graphic designation, like a suffix, if on the right side draw another parallel line a little higher, or as a prefix turned to the other side. Both options have a chance of existence.
By use, they can be divided into two groups: verbal and pronoun postfixes.
Verb Postfixes
Verbal postfixes include -s and its form -s and -te.
Postfixes -s / -s in the school curriculum are called return suffixes. In order to avoid stupid speech and grammatical errors, it is necessary to remember that -s is used after consonants, but -s is put after vowels. For example, forgotten, but forgotten. In what case does the postfix have a form-forming role, and in which word-forming role? Only if intransitive verbs are created thanks to the postfix or the word gets a new meaning, does it fulfill a word-forming function, otherwise the formative function.
Morpheme -te is used for imperative. There are two options for its use: second person, plural (enter_te, go_te); first person plural (let's go). It is a formative affix.
Pronoun Postfixes
Postfixes, something, ever, perform a word-forming function, form new adverbs, pronouns. These postfixes have a meaning of uncertainty: something, somehow, some. In morphemic parsing, they are the basis of the word, the ending is inside the word itself.
Important! The formative postfix has a homonymous particle and a demonstrative pronoun so as not to confuse them, pay attention to the meaning.
It is also worth paying attention to morphemes -so and -ka. Both of them can be used both with verbs and with pronouns / dialects, they are formative. Postfix -ka, like -te, is most often used in the imperative mood. However, you should avoid these morphemes, as they are conversational.
1. Suffix - This is a morpheme that stands after the root and usually serves to form new words, although it can also be used to form one word.
For instance: good - kindness a (suffix - from - word-building), kinder, kinder (suffix - her - formative, forms the form of the comparative degree of the adjective; suffix - eish - formative, forms the superlative form of the adjective).
Note!
In some cases, the suffix -j- may not receive a special graphic designation in the word. Vowels e, e, y, i in the position after the consonant or dividing b can indicate its presence, for example: Volga[j] e [right], Zaonezh[j] e [зъΛн’эжжь].
2. Most suffixes are used to form new words.
Learning - teacher, teacher, teacher.
There are relatively few formative suffixes in the Russian language. The most important among them are the following:
suffixes of the comparative and superlative degrees of the adjective: -ey (s), -he, -sh, -eysh-, -ish;
Faster, faster, more expensive, older, deepest, wisest.
the past tense suffix of the verb -l;
Came, found out.
imperative suffix of the verb -and;
Take it, lead it.
some suffixes of nouns as indicators of the plural and singular;
Wed: citizen (unit) - citizens (plural); friend (unit) - friends (pl.; it is created not only due to the ending -i [a], but also due to the suffix -j- - [friends’j a ’]); son (unit) - sons i (pl.; it is created not only due to the end of -i [a], but also due to the suffix -ovj - [sonΛв’j а́]); uten ok (unit) - ducklings a (plural).
some suffixes of nouns as indicators of indirect cases.
Wed: mother - (not) mater and, time - (not) times and.
The spelling of the suffixes depends on the part-word affiliation of the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.
Note!
1) In linguistics there is no unity in determining the status of an indicator of the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) - -ty, -ty, -ch ( run, carry, take care) Some researchers characterize these morphemes as an ending, others as a suffix. In this tutorial we review infinitive indicator (s) like ending (!).
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the part-membership of the participles ( reading, reading, reading, reading, reading) and germs ( reading, reading) In some manuals, participles and participles are characterized as independent parts of speech (in this case, the corresponding suffixes will be derivational), in others - as special forms of the verb (and then the same suffixes will be formative). In this manual, participles and participles are considered as independent parts of speech.
3. Like roots and prefixes, suffixes can change their appearance. At the same time, as in the roots, alternations of consonants and vowels are observed here. In particular, “fluent vowels” are possible.
Wed: book-to-a-book-ek; slip-to-th - slip-ok, funny-n-th - funny-one, star-ets - star-ts-a, dishes-ts-e - dishes-yets.
Alternations of consonants and combinations of sounds (c / h, ova / yj) are observed quite regularly in suffixes.
Wed: book-to-a - book-to-ech-to-a, com-ok - com-och-ek, pir-ova -t - pir-uj -yu.
4. In general, when identifying suffixes and complexes of suffixes, it is necessary to focus on the words from which the given word is formed. At the same time, it is convenient to use a periphrase with such a root word.
For instance:
- Compare the morphemic composition of nouns: Sasha, cherry, pea.
In the word Sashenka ( Sash yen-a) root stands out Sash (Sash) and suffix a little(a): « Sasha - diminutive to Sash a».
In the word cherry ( cherries) root stands out cherries with a fluent vowel ( cherry) and suffix -to(a): « Cherry - little cherry i».
In the word pea ( pea) root stands out pea with alternating consonants x/w (peas) and two suffixes: suffix -in- (pea): « Pea - a single component of peas "; suffix -to(a): « Pea - little peas ina».
- Let us compare the morphemic composition of the names of adjectives: dreamy and conscious.
In the word dreamy ( dreamy) root stands out dream (dream) and three suffixes: the verb suffix -a- (dream): « Dream - indulge in a dream am"; suffix tel with the meaning of "figure" ( dreamer): « Dreamer - one who loves a dream at"; adjective suffix n(th): « Dreamy - such as a dreamer; intrinsic dreamer yu».
In the word conscious ( conscious) root stands out know (know) with the prefix co (know), as well as one suffix teln(th): « Conscious - one that is correctly conscious ayahunderstands the surrounding reality. " Suffix tel in this case it does not stand out, since in Russian there is no noun the conscious.
Note!
The most common mistakes in highlighting suffixes are as follows.
1) Assignment of the final letters of the suffix to the end. Especially often this happens with suffixes: -enj ( e) - vlad-enj-th(e) - take-thj-ej(e) - pride-and-j-e, -j(e) - happiness-j-th, -j(ё) - old-j-e(i) - delegate-i, -andj(i) - arm ij. In all these cases and j or j refer to the suffix, and not to the ending (!).
2) Assignment to a suffix of a part of a root or part of a previous suffix (usually if there are identical sounds and letters at the end of a word).
3) Non-discrimination of individual suffixes and the sum of suffixes.
Wed: indirectawn thwhere inert- - root) ready-nost (from ready thwhere ready- - root) literate nspine (compare: literacy - a → diplomann - th → literate nawn).
If you are reading this article, then most likely you have at least once wondered what postfix is. Despite the fact that this topic is sometimes discussed at school, many textbooks still present some postfixes, like suffixes.
What is a postfix? Acquaintance with Morphemes
Before you find out the answer to the question of what postfix is \u200b\u200bin Russian, you need to get acquainted with the concept of "morpheme". And the morpheme is the least significant part of the word. And now you can move away from theory and move on to examples. Morphemes include:
- confix (prefix + suffix);
- prefix (prefix);
- root;
- suffix;
- flexion (ending);
- postfix.
Also, some attribute interfix (the part of a word connecting two roots) to morphemes, but this is a very controversial issue, because the interfix does not matter.
So what is a postfix? Postfix is \u200b\u200ba morpheme that has a word-forming or form-forming function and takes the last (not least) place in a word, namely after the end or form-forming suffixes. This term is formed from two Latin roots post (after) and fixus (attached). Postfixes are the following morphemes: -sya, -sya, -te, -ka, -so, -to, -you, -never.
During morphemic parsing of the word, postfixes stand out along with other affixes, a graphic designation, like a suffix, if on the right side draw another parallel line a little higher, or as a prefix turned to the other side. Both options have a chance of existence.
By use, they can be divided into two groups: verbal and pronoun postfixes.
Verb Postfixes
Verbal postfixes include -s and its form -s and -te.
Postfixes -s / -s in the school curriculum are called return suffixes. In order to avoid stupid speech and grammatical errors, it is necessary to remember that -s is used after consonants, but -s is put after vowels. For example, forgotten, but forgotten. In what case does the postfix have a form-forming role, and in which word-forming role? Only if intransitive verbs are created thanks to the postfix or the word gets a new meaning, does it fulfill a word-forming function, otherwise the formative function.
Morpheme -te is used for imperative. There are two options for its use: second person, plural (enter_te, go_te); first person plural (let's go). It is a formative affix.
Pronoun Postfixes
Postfixes, something, ever, perform a word-forming function, form new adverbs, pronouns. These postfixes have a meaning of uncertainty: something, somehow, some. In morphemic parsing, they are the basis of the word, the ending is inside the word itself.
Important! The formative postfix has a homonymous particle and a demonstrative pronoun so as not to confuse them, pay attention to the meaning.
It is also worth paying attention to morphemes -so and -ka. Both of them can be used both with verbs and with pronouns / dialects, they are formative. Postfix -ka, like -te, is most often used in the imperative mood. However, you should avoid these morphemes, as they are conversational.
Now that you have read the article, you should stop wondering what postfix is.
Postfixes are service morphemes that are after graduation and express grammatical and / or CO meaning. In Russian, postfixes include: sya, or, somehow, ka. Postfixes differ from other morphemes in their ability to be used after graduation, but they can also be found after the suffix or after other postfixes, ex: support, bend, bend. Postfixes are also capable of joining immutable words, ex: again, well, full of those.
Postfixes either have only CO value. They form indefinite pronouns and adverbs.
Postfix acts in two functions:
forms pledge forms of the verb, expressing the meaning of passive and medium-returnable pledges, ex: troit - build (suffering), delight - rejoice (medium return).
postfix forms new verbs, combining, as a rule, with intransitive verbs, ex: blacken - blacken, whiten - whiten, crowd - crowd, scream - shout, cock - cock, shout - the prefix-suffix-postfix way.
Postfixes are used only in the form-forming function: the form of plurality led to incline. These postfixes are attached to the forms of the present and future tenses to express the plurality of motivation, ex: let's go.
Postfixes, however, join the words or their forms, communicating or supplementing the shades usually expressed by particles, ex: again, work it out.
Postfixes in the Russian language can be called agglutinative affixes. They uniquely and consistently join the base.
Interfixes
Not all elements singled out in a word have meaning. Parts of a word that have neither a derivational nor a grammatical meaning include:
connecting parts of compound words, ex: forest-about-cart, bur-e-scrap, tr-ex-meter, five-year-old. According to scientists, there may be other interfixes in the word.
the parts of the word between the producing base and the suffix are ex: once, twice, thrice, once, thirteen, thirty, a file cabinet, a film library.
various word-forming elements used in form and word formation, ex: miracle - miracles - wonderful, daughter - daughters - daughter, time - times - temporary. The semantic parts of the word are distinguished in non-derivative verbs, ex: read, count, count, smell, chit-ut, st-ut.
The parts of the word used as connecting elements between the stem and the word-building suffix, ex: high school, high school, american, first-school, diving school, spa nya.
T.O. these parts of the word do not have an essential attribute of a morpheme, they do not matter. In the strict sense of the word, they cannot be called morphemes. As part of the word, they form a combat role, are used as connecting elements between the parts. Hence their common name - interfixes. The absence of a value for interfixes is evidenced by the cases when the same CO value is expressed in some derivatives without interfixes, and in others - with their help, ex: road - highway, Kazan - Yalta, April - March.
The same interfix is \u200b\u200beasily used to attach different suffixes to the same producing basis, ex: king - prince - princess - kingdom, spinner - spinner - spinner.
Interfixes are morphological tools that facilitate the conditions of compatibility with affixes with production bases and thereby contribute to the expansion of the word-formation base of the Russian language. Ex, the basics of immutable nouns ending in a vowel, ex: coffee-th; or verb stems on a vowel: l - washing, wanderer is added to them.
The emergence of interfixes is associated with the need to overcome certain morphological obstacles in CO, to eliminate undesirable phoneme combinations on the morpheme seam, and the need to create favorable morphological conditions for the combination of production bases and CO affixes. Ex: republican, opkomovsky, beggarly, European.
