Siberian Red Vole Tail Description. Rodent detachment - rodentia. Black ferret, or common ferret

The red vole, Clethrionomys rutilus, is widespread on the Eurasian continent - from Scandinavia to the Far East, as well as in northwestern North America. Ecology and behavior of this species are the subject of many studies. The beginning of the reproductive season in the red vole populations is attributed to mid-April. Judging by the average number of embryos in pregnant females (from 5.1 to 9.2 in different regions), the number of cubs in broods (from 2 to 13) and the short interval between the appearance of successive broods (20-25 days), this species is characterized by a high reproductive potential.

A very thorough study was done by T.V. Koshkina et al., Who studied the natural settlements of the red field vole in the foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge in 1963-70. using the technique of re-capture at tagging sites of 2 ha in the summer months (from June to August). This study showed that in the populations of the red vole, the most settled part of the population includes breeding females, especially overwintered ones. Adult males are characterized by higher mobility, and the youngest animals can be classified as the least settled category. An experiment conducted in 1970 with the complete seizure of the settled population i ia of one of the tagging sites showed that ten days later the vacated space was populated by young animals about 1 month old. Overwintered individuals among the "invaders" were completely absent. Consequently, the movements of young animals contribute to the equalization of population density in populations of the red vole.

The habitats of most overwintered individuals were located in the same places throughout the summer period of research. The areas of breeding females were characterized by the greatest constancy in their location, and their area sometimes increased in the second half of summer. Plots of some females slightly shifted.

The size and degree of overlap of habitats to a certain extent depend on the sex and age of the animals, as well as on the population density and nutrient biotopes. With a high number and better availability of fodder, adult individuals occupied smaller areas of habitat. In overwintered females, the area of \u200b\u200bhabitats varied from 400 to 5600 m2 (an average of 1320 m2). Breeding females occupied the most isolated sections of the minimum size (their overlap coefficients varied from 0.04 to 0.31). Overwintered males occupied habitat areas ranging from 400 to 8800 m2 (average - 3625 m2), i.e. 2.5-3 times more than females. The coefficients of mutual overlap of the males were also higher - 0.24-0.73. According to other authors, the area of \u200b\u200bhabitats in adult females can reach 3,700 m2, and in adult males - 6.8 ha. With a low population density, the overlap of males did not exceed 18%, and the females were completely isolated.

The habitats of breeding female yearlings usually overlap and partially overlap the sites of overwintered females (their mothers). Each sexually mature female retains a completely isolated part of the plot during the breeding season, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich, as a rule, significantly exceeds the size of the shared space of neighboring habitats. Only during the years of population growth or in the least suitable biotopes did the share of the isolated territory of breeding females decrease to 30%, and the number of females with mutually overlapping habitats reached 5.

Overwintered males, unlike females, are characterized not by monopolization of habitats, but by group use of living space. Even in the most favorable conditions and with a low abundance, overwintered males were distributed on the marking site not by one, but by aggregations. In the summer of 1966, one of such aggregations at the marking site consisted of six overwintered males and four sexually mature male yearlings with significantly overlapping habitats. During a population depression in 1968, two groups of overwintered males with overlapping habitats lived on one of the 4 ha labeling sites, while males from different groups did not contact each other.

The habitats of young individuals overlap to a large extent and are simultaneously superimposed on the habitats of adult individuals. With this spatial distribution, the presence of adult breeding females leads to a delay in puberty of female yearlings. In individuals of the opposite sex, no such effect was detected. With a low population size, the habitats of males forming aggregations may partially overlap with the plots of several females. Females living away from the aggregations of males make short-term exits beyond their habitat (maximum distance - 235 m) in the direction of aggregations of males. The males, in turn, also visit females living on the side. During the peak years, the situation changes. The sizes of habitats in both males and females are reduced, the degree of their overlap increases, and individual aggregations of adult males merge. Young animals are forced out of those places where the concentration of overwintered individuals is noted.

Males use the space extremely unevenly and visit different loci within their large habitat areas at different periods of activity. This allows them to avoid frequent contact with each other, especially with a low population density. However, in years of high numbers, the frequency of male contacts increases significantly.

Observations and experiments conducted at the above tagging sites indicate that a dominance hierarchy is formed in male aggregations. To study social interactions between individuals of this sex, a plexiglass cage with two cameras was installed on one of the labeling sites, where animals captured on the same site were placed for a short time. Differences in the behavior of males in this experiment made it possible to conditionally divide them into three categories - dominants, subdominants, and subordinates. The dominant males were most active and highly aggressive. Male subdominants avoided contact with dominants and, as they approached, assumed a pose of submission. Experiments showed that overwintered males dominated, while young sexually mature males were subordinate. The most fierce fights took place between three males belonging to the category of dominants. Their habitats were located in opposite corners of the tagging site, and frequent contact between them was unlikely. Overwintered males showed an active interest in females planted in a cage, and at the same time did not show any aggression. Pregnant and lactating females were at enmity with each other. On the contrary, females who did not breed during the period of the experiments or were in the early stages of pregnancy treated each other peacefully. Aggressive contacts when planting immature individuals are not registered.

The observations and experiments allowed the authors to conclude that the mutual aggressiveness of breeding females contributes to their spatial segregation. The hierarchy of dominance among males streamlines the use of space not only within a single aggregation, but throughout the micropopulation as a whole. Competitive relations in the form of a hierarchy of dominance do not manifest themselves in conditions of low population density, however, during years of increasing numbers, competition intensifies, and dominance-subordination relations become more tense. The territorial behavior of females and the hierarchy of dominance among males are behavioral mechanisms that provide adaptive changes in the rodent community depending on environmental conditions and population density.

Observations of 13 artificial red-field vole groupings (2 females and 4 males each) in 36-square-meter enclosures with several wooden nesting houses supplemented the previously obtained data on the dominance hierarchy among males.

An analysis of the dynamics of the frequency of aggressive contacts in artificial groups revealed two options for the formation of social relations.

With option I (in 6 groups), the number of aggressive interactions increased to 8-11 days from the moment of formation of the group and then stabilized at a level 2 times higher than the initial (on day 1). In variant II (also in 6 groups), the number of aggressive contacts throughout the entire observation period was small. Groups with different options for the formation of social relations also differed in the phase of their stabilization by the absolute and relative number of different types of contacts: with option I, the frequency of interactions averaged 4.4 per 1 hour of observation, and with option II it was only 1.6.

In option I, aggressive interactions dominated (70-80% of the total number of contacts). On the contrary, under option II, the number of aggressive conflicts was significantly smaller, especially in the dyads of females and heterosexual individuals. The revealed differences were reflected in the hierarchy of dominance among males. In groups where the formation of relations took place in accordance with option I, a hierarchical structure with no subdominant males or with one or two subordinates could be formed with equal probability. None of these groups had two subdominants, as in option II: Observations showed that males in aviary groups formed a dominance hierarchy based on aggressive interactions. The hierarchical structure has a certain plasticity, expressed in the presence or absence of two male subdominants. Unfortunately, the authors do not explain the biological meaning of these differences.

The formation of two variants of groupings, differing in the level of aggressive interactions, may be due to seasonal changes in the behavior of the red vole. Groups with a high level of aggression (option I) were observed in April-July, i.e. during the period of active breeding of individuals in populations of this species. All groups with a low level of aggression (option II) were formed in early spring (March-April) or in late summer - early autumn (August-September). Nevertheless, in all groups the animals were reproductive active, the females successfully bred and brought offspring even at the end of September. Thus, differences in the formation of social relations are not related to the influence of seasonal conditions.

Judging by observations in aviaries, males of the red field vole do not take part in the upbringing of offspring, since they avoid entering the nesting houses where nursing females with cubs are.

In winter, aggregations of heterosexual individuals are formed in populations of the red vole. The aggregation trend begins to appear in late November and peaks in February. In the winter period, the vast majority of cases (76.5%) were recorded when two individuals fell into the trap at the same time. Among them, pairs of females made up 38.5%, pairs of males - 15.4%, in other cases - heterosexual animals. The trend of aggregation coincides with a decrease in aggressiveness in the interactions of individuals of the same sex. In winter, the population consists of a small number of adult non-breeding individuals and young animals, related mainly to the last generation that appeared during the last breeding season. These young individuals reach puberty only with the onset of spring. The reasons for the formation of wintering aggregations of the red field vole are not completely clear, although it has been suggested that, by grouping, the animals compensate for additional energy losses in the winter season

Mice are rarely spoken with respect. Usually they are described as poor, shy, but very harmful rodents. Mouse vole  - that is no exception.

This small animal can significantly spoil the crop in the garden, and gnaw a hole in the floor at home. Judging by photo, voles  looks like ordinary mice and. At the same time, the muzzle of the residents of the fields is miniature, and the ears and tail are shorter.

Vole features and habitat

The animals themselves belong to the large family of rodents and the subfamily. Field there are more than 140 species. Almost everyone has their own differences, but there are common features:

• small size (body length from 7 centimeters);
• short tail (from 2 centimeters);
• small weight (from 15 g);
• 16 teeth without roots (a new tooth will grow in place of the fallen tooth).

At the same time, roots were found in fossil rodents, but in the process of evolution, field animals lost them. A typical representative is considered common vole. This is a small rodent (up to 14 centimeters) with a brownish back and a gray stomach. Lives by swamps, by the river and in meadows. In winter, prefers to move to people's homes.

Some species of field mice live underground (for example, mole rats). on the contrary, lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle. At the same time, ground representatives are most often found. For example, among forest rodents, the most popular are:

• red vole;
• red and gray field mouse;
• red vole.

All three species are distinguished by their mobility, they can climb bushes and small trees. In the tundra, you can "get acquainted" with pies and which also belong to this subfamily.

About 20 species of field rodents live in Russia. They are all small in size. Residents of Mongolia, East China, Korea and the Far East were less fortunate. It hurts their au pair large vole.

In the photo a large vole

In the photo a red vole mouse

Rodents prepare in advance for the cold. Field mice do not hibernate and lead an active lifestyle all year. Winter voles  feed on stocks from their pantries. It can be seeds, grains, nuts. Most often, animals lack their own blanks, which is why they run to people at home.

However, they do not always fall into the house by accident. Sometimes rodents are turned on as decorative pets. Animal vole  can live in a small cage with a metal grill filled with sawdust.

One male usually accounts for 2-3 females. In winter, it is recommended to transfer to larger cells and leave them in unheated rooms.

In the photo, a red vole

Also, these rodents are used for scientific purposes. Biological and medical experiments are most often carried out on the redhead and steppe vole. If in the apartment the mice wound up “illegally”, it is worth contacting the sanitary and epidemiological station. Voles breed very actively and can significantly damage property.

Nutrition

To the owners of such an unusual pet as field mouse you should know that a pet needs a balanced diet. Daily ration should include:

• vegetables;
• corn;
• cottage cheese;
• meat;
• eggs
• fresh raw water.

For those who only dream buy a vole, it should be understood that these are very voracious rodents, they are able to eat more than their weight per day.

Many are convinced that field mice are omnivorous in nature. However, this is not quite true. “Menu” directly depends on the habitat. For example, steppe animals feed on herbs and plant roots. In the meadow, rodents choose juicy stems and all kinds of berries. Forest voles  enjoy themselves with young shoots and buds, mushrooms, berries and nuts.

Almost all types of mice will not refuse small insects and larvae. Water vole, for unknown reasons, loves potatoes and root vegetables. In general, vegetables and fruits from gardens are a favorite food of almost all field mice.

Rodents in large numbers can cause irreparable damage to the au pair. In apartments and houses, mice eat everything that they can steal: bread, straw, cheese, sausage, vegetables.

Pictured water vole

Reproduction and longevity

This is not to say that these are extremely harmful creatures. In nature, they are an important link in the food chain. Without mice, many predators would starve, including martens and.

Nevertheless, it is better not to allow wild voles to their homes. These are very prolific rodents. In the natural environment, a female can bring from 1 to 7 litters in one year. And in each there will be 4-6 small mice. In greenhouse conditions, animals reproduce even more actively.

Pregnancy itself lasts no more than a month. Mice in 1-3 weeks become independent. Captive gray voles  become sexually mature at the age of 2-3 months. Pets - a little earlier.

In the photo, a gray vole

The age of these rodents is short-lived, and rarely the mouse survives to two years of age. However, in this short space, vole  can produce about 100 cubs. That is, a flock from one mouse can completely destroy the stocks of root crops for the winter and other products.

Despite the fact that field mice are so prolific, some species are listed in Red. Vinogradov’s Lemmings are in critical condition, under the threat of extinction Alai the Slepushonka. There are also vulnerable species and voles, which are in a state close to threatened.

see also 11.10.8. Rod Vole - Clethrionomys

Red Vole - Clethrionomys rutilus

(Tables 57.63)

Body length 8-12 cm, tail 4-6 cm.

The top is bright, reddish or reddish, the bottom is dark gray.

The tail is one-color with a small tassel at the end. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, forest-tundra and forest-steppes. An ordinary forest rodent in most of Siberia and the north of the Far East. Numerous in cedar and other coniferous forests, in places with dense windbreak. Often lives in taiga huts and other buildings. It feeds mainly on coniferous seeds. It also eats lichens, berries, mushrooms, grass, mosses, insects. Places it makes large reserves of berries, stacking them in piles under stumps and logs.

The red-gray vole is brown; the bottom is ash gray; the tail is dark above, light below. The border of rusty and gray colors is very sharp, and on the face the red color forms a clear triangle. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, especially with a windbreak, and shrub tundra, found on the Zhiguli Upland and the Kuril Islands. The most common forest rodent of Transbaikalia and the south of the Far East. It is especially numerous in the mountain taiga, but often also in river valleys and on rocky placers. It feeds mainly on greens, lichens, bark and shoots of shrubs. Seeds are eaten less often than other forest voles.

Table 57. 291 - bank vole (291a, 291b, 291c - color options, 291d - layout of nests and stocks); 292 - red vole (292a, 292b, 292c, 292d, 292e - color options); 293 - red-gray vole (293a, 293b, 293c - color options); 294 - Shikotan vole.

Table 63. 166 - litter of red deer; 167 - spotted deer litter; 171 - litter of an elk; 265 - arrowhead leaves eaten by a water rat; 272 - litter of the vole-housekeeper; 291 - eat a red-backed vole (291a - trunks and aspen branches eaten in winter by red-backed voles, 291b - leaves of buttercup eaten by red-backed voles, 291c - porcini mushroom eaten by red-backed voles); 292 - litter of a red field vole; 296 - Norwegian Lemming Litter.

•   - water rat, rodent subfamily. vole, pest agricultural cultures. For body 15-20 cm, tail 7.5-10 cm. Widespread. V. p. Swims well; settles near reservoirs ...

  Agricultural Encyclopedic Dictionary

•   - small short-tailed rodent. In the USSR lives approx. 50 P. species. Most harmful to s. House P. ordinary and P. public ...

  Agricultural Reference Dictionary

•   - - Microtus fortis see also 11.10.3. Genus Gray Voles - Microtus - Microtus fortis ...

  Animals of Russia. Directory

•   - - Alticola macrotis see also 11.10.7. Genus Mountain voles - Alticola - Alticola macrotis Body length 12-14 cm, tail 1.5-4 cm. Very similar to silver vole, but the tail is dark above, white below ...

  Animals of Russia. Directory

•   - mammal neg. rodents. For bodies up to 24 cm, tail up to 15 cm. Dwells on the shores of water bodies in Europe, North. and East. and partially Western Asia. Swims and dives well. DOS carrier of tularemia ...

  Natural History. encyclopedic Dictionary

•   - see Voles ...

  Brockhaus and Euphron Encyclopedic Dictionary

•   - And, kind. p. pl. h ....

  Russian spelling dictionary

•   - vi / shnya-vole, vi / shni-vole, rod. many ....

  Together. Apart. Through a hyphen. Reference dictionary

•   - and women. A mouse-like rodent ....

  Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova

•   - voles, wives. . The genus of rodents close to mice ...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

•   - vole. The genus of rodents close to mice ...

  Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim

•   - and, kind. many -wok, dates. -wam, w. Small rodent this. hamsters ...

  Small Academic Dictionary

• - ...

  Spelling Dictionary

•   - and ...

  Russian word stress

•   - n., number of synonyms: 1 cherry-vole ...

  Synonym dictionary

•   - n., number of synonyms: 1 cherry-vole ...

  Synonym dictionary

"Red Vole" in the books

"Red viburnum"

   From the book Roles that brought misfortune to their creators. Coincidences, predictions, mysticism ?!   the author    Kazakov Alexey Viktorovich

Viburnum is red Director: Vasily Shukshin Script: Vasily Shukshin Director: Anatoly Zabolotsky Composer: Pavel ChekalovArtist: Ippolit NovoderezhkinCountry: USSR Production: Mosfilm Year: 1973Premiere: March 25, 1974 Actors: Vasily Shukshin, Vasily Shukshin,

Red line

   From the book Stories and Tales   the author    Khaiko Leonid Dmitrievich

Red line A pilot must feel the plane in the air the way he feels while walking on Earth. Highly reliable Tu-154 on the world's airways. 63 flight squad of the Central Office of International Communications (TSU MVS in which I had the good fortune to fly 28 years, for

"Red Arrow"

   From the book of Samantha   author Yakovlev Yuri

“Red Arrow” Express “Red Arrow” moved away from the Moscow platform and rushed north. Samantha rode in the same compartment with Big Natasha. Dad and mom are in the next compartment. Sometimes Samantha knocked on the wall, and a response signal came from there. The wagon swayed. Outside the window

Red Book

   From the book Memory of a Dream [Poems and translations]   the author    Puchkova Elena Olegovna

The Red Book And the birds chirp, chirp, They chirp for the time being, And still toss and toss The currency of sturgeon caviar. But someone will mutilate the forest, Poison river gifts ... And after all they treat and treat Nature with the excitement of the game. And they cherish the "Red Book", Where the lines like the cry of the Last

Red longing

   From the book Damsel Novodvorskaya [Last vestal of the revolution]   the author    Dodolev Evgeny Yuryevich

Red melancholy To begin with, a little plot. In Hamburg, a certain NN was appointed to lead the security agencies. Local "greens" unearthed some of his activities and cried out: he was an investigator of the SS, he sent anti-fascists to concentration camps! The Bundestag produced

"Red button"

   From the book Khrushchev. The creators of terror.   the author    Prudnikova Elena Anatolyevna

“Red Button” War is a way to untie a political knot with its teeth that is not amenable to language. Ambrose Beers So we came to the question: did Stalin organize repressions in the party, or was the “wave" to blame here too? There was a "wave", there is no doubt about that. Started

"RED CAPELLA"

   From the book Memoirs [Labyrinth]   the author    Schellenberg Walter

“RED CAPELLA” Fight against Soviet espionage - The first radiohunt - Arrest in Brussels - Cipher unraveled - Mass arrests in Berlin - In search of “Kent” and “Hilbert” - Successful recruiting of enemy radio operators - Hydra continues to exist. Before leaving the book Soviet satirical press 1917-1963   the author    Stykalin Sergey Ilyich

RED OSA Satirical-humorous magazine. It was published in Kharkov from February to December 1924 by the All-Ukrainian Central Committee for Assistance to Sick and Demobilized Red Army Soldiers, Disabled Persons and Their Families at the All-Union Central Executive Committee of Soviets. Printed on pages 8-16, with colorful

Red era

   From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 19 (1068 2014)   author's tomorrow newspaper

The Red Era Ekaterina Glushik May 8, 2014 3 Politics On the Soviet period in the history of Russia Strengthening Russia's position on the world stage cannot take place without respect for the history of our country. It is no coincidence that right now there is a revision of the concept of textbooks

RED EASTER - RED VICTORY

   From the book Newspaper Tomorrow 441 (19 2002)   author's tomorrow newspaper

RED EASTER - RED VICTORY Alexander Prokhanov May 6, 2002 0 19 (442) Date: 06-05-2002 RED EASTER - RED VICTORY "Rite of Spring", "Easter Red", "Victory of Fire". The Russian religion of eternal rebirth, mystical sacrifice, overcoming death, when a great people every time,

The vole subfamily is the largest among rodents. It includes about 140 species. Voles are widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting plains and mountains, tundra, forests, steppes and deserts. These rodents are able to live wherever there is grass, moss and lichen. Voles play an important role in the balance of the forest ecosystem: they consume solar energy stored by plants and transmit it higher in the food chain.

The red vole is distinguished from its relatives by a very short tail - up to 40 mm. In rare cases, its length can reach 50 mm, but not more. The color of the top of this rodent is variable, but mainly reddish or rusty-brown tones predominate in it. On the sides, it gradually, without a sharp border, turns into gray. The tail is usually two-tone. It is densely covered with hair throughout its length, and at the end a brush can form, especially in winter.

HIGHLIGHTS - FOOD

Forest voles are quite voracious, they are constantly in search of food, interrupted only for a short sleep. This is not surprising, because the stems and leaves of herbaceous plants are not very nutritious.

A small vole organism has a very fast metabolism. Without food, the rodent can withstand no more than 4 hours.

For a day he eats feed more than his own weight. The front teeth of voles are constantly growing, the animals need to grind them all the time, which happens with food. In winter, rodents continue to actively eat, so they often eat branches and blueberries, bark from a vet-check of trees (mountain ash, aspen, willow).

Sometimes they make small reserves for the winter, pulling cereal seeds (timothy, hedgehogs of the national team), as well as coniferous trees into their special underground storage holes. However, they feed on them mainly in the fall, when the green fodder becomes less. At this time, some species of voles migrate to stacks and stacks in the fields. Mushrooms and berries can be eaten in the forest.

FOREST RESIDENT AND NOT ONLY

The red vole inhabits the dark coniferous, coniferous-deciduous and larch forests of Siberia. This is one of the most popular local species. However, the red vole can also be found in the forests of river floodplains and watershed spaces of Western Siberia and in the forest-steppes. This rodent penetrates into the northeast of the European part. Here he lives in the taiga forests of the Siberian type.

In years of high numbers, the red field vole can migrate to arable lands and meadows, marshy grassy spaces. Throughout Siberia, it is easy to meet in residential and utility buildings. There, it can reach high numbers and breed all year round.

These rodents are quite variable and tend to form local forms. As you move from west to east of the range, the red-brown back of the vole becomes brighter. In addition, the winter fur of eastern animals is more magnificent and thicker, and the tail is shorter. On the other hand, the red “mantle” on their back is narrower and earlier turns to gray on the sides. Rodents from the southern areas of the range are darker and duller. In total, up to 15 subspecies of the red vole are known.

ON SNOW AND UNDER SNOW

Rodents are active mainly at night, but sometimes during the day, especially in spring and autumn. The animals are very mobile and regularly check their site, passing from 60 to 150 m per night. In addition, they are extremely cold-resistant: active in winter even at temperatures up to -50 ° C. But they climb worse than other types of forest voles. Rodents build nests in shallow burrows, rotten stumps, under the roots.

Traces of a field vole in the snow (pits or dots) have a size of 0.5-1 cm, and the distance between jumps is 10-20 cm. When jumping a vole, the front legs are placed slightly in front of the hind legs, and thus four-point trapeziums are obtained. Sometimes a tail is imprinted on the snow near the animal.

The breeding season in red voles in favorable years is up to 5-5.5 months (from April to September). In this spring breeding can begin even under the snow. In season, the female brings 2-4 litters, usually 4-7 young in each.

BUSINESS CARD

Many species of voles are so similar to each other that it is often impossible to determine their species affiliation by appearance alone. A more reliable sign is the structure of the skull. Each species is individual, so this is a kind of visiting card of voles. There are about ten important measurements and points that you should pay attention to when determining the type of rodent. These include the length of the entire skull, its facial and brain parts, the distance between the orbits, the structure of the teeth, and others.

MANY OR FEW?

The number of voles, like all rodents, varies. Warm spring, snowy winter, an abundance of feed contribute to an increase in the number of animals. Enhanced breeding leads to high competition for comfortable and food-rich habitats. At high density, diseases flare up and a massive plague of voles occurs. A large number of rodents attract predators: foxes, ferrets, weasels, owls, buzzards, moons, kites and others. The mass death of voles occurs with a sharp cooling after autumn rains, when water fills their minks, and then turns into ice. In winters with little snow, rodents freeze and die. Voles are the main food of many predators, especially the marten family, the number of which directly depends on the number of rodents.

RED VOLE IN THE FOOD CHAIN

The basis of the diet of the red field vole in summer is the green parts of plants (leaves, stems), in autumn and winter - berries, tree bark (especially aspen), lichens and mosses, buds. However, most of all she loves the seeds of conifers, especially cedar pine. Red voles are an important food source for the predators of the marten family.

RED Vole Nutrition

BLACKBERRY ORDINARY

Widespread shrub. In swamps it is found only in the outskirts, where the soil is better drained. The berries are rich in vitamin A, contain B vitamins, vitamins C and PP. The Russian name "blueberry" comes from the fact that it stains the mouth and hands in red and black. In winter, the vole eats dried berries, leaves and twigs of the plant.

CEDAR PINE SIBERIAN

Evergreen tree reaching 35-45 m in height. It has been known in Russia since the 12th-18th centuries under the name Siberian cedar, although in fact its closest relative is an ordinary pine. Pine nuts are extremely rich in healthy substances. They found 19 amino acids, most of which are irreplaceable or conditionally irreplaceable. Red vole picks peeled nuts.

ASPEN

Another name is trembling poplar. Aspen grows very quickly, reaching a height of 35 m, but is susceptible to various diseases of the wood. Old, large and at the same time healthy individuals are a rarity. The red field vole eats aspen bark, sometimes during the winter completely eating the fallen large trees.

GREEN OR SHAVEN MOSSES

One of the orders of mosses. According to some structural signs, in particular, on the structure of the stem, Brievae stand closer to vascular plants. They can inhabit a variety of places, but are especially widespread in coniferous forests. Red voles feed on mosses in winter, when it is difficult to get other food.

ENEMIES OF THE RED Vole

SABLE

A characteristic inhabitant of the Siberian taiga. Body length - up to 56 cm, tail - up to 20 cm. The color of the skin ranges from almost black to sandy yellow. Despite its relatively small size, sable is a very dexterous and strong beast. He has excellent hearing and sense of smell, but his vision is weaker. He climbs trees well and walks easily on loose snow. Red voles form the basis of the sable diet.

BLACK PITCH OR ORDINARY FERROR

Black polecat is widespread throughout Eurasia. It has a characteristic appearance for the whole family of marten: an elongated flexible body, squat short legs with sharp claws, a narrow muzzle and rounded ears. Coloring is dark brown, legs and stomach are black, on the face is a black and white mask. Mouse-like rodents are the main prey of the ferret. Thanks to its flexible body, it easily penetrates their holes.

The red vole carries many infections: leptospirosis, tick-borne encephalitis and tularemia. In Siberia, she is responsible for maintaining foci of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. This is due to its permanent residence in human dwellings.

Body length 8-12 cm, tail 4-6 cm.

The top is bright, reddish or reddish, the bottom is dark gray.

The tail is one-color with a small tassel at the end. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, forest-tundra and forest-steppes. An ordinary forest rodent in most of Siberia and the north of the Far East. Numerous in cedar and other coniferous forests, in places with dense windbreak. Often lives in taiga huts and other buildings. It feeds mainly on coniferous seeds. It also eats lichens, berries, mushrooms, grass, mosses, insects. Places it makes large reserves of berries, stacking them in piles under stumps and logs.

The red-gray vole is brown; the bottom is ash gray; the tail is dark above, light below. The border of rusty and gray colors is very sharp, and on the face the red color forms a clear triangle. It lives in the north of the European part of Russia, throughout Siberia and the Far East, in forests, especially with a windbreak, and shrub tundra, found on the Zhiguli Upland and the Kuril Islands. The most common forest rodent of Transbaikalia and the south of the Far East. It is especially numerous in the mountain taiga, but often also in river valleys and on rocky placers. It feeds mainly on greens, lichens, bark and shoots of shrubs. Seeds are eaten less often than other forest voles.

Table 63. - litter of red deer; - spotted deer litter; - litter of moose; - arrowhead leaves eaten by a water rat; - litter of the vole-housekeeper; - eat the red-backed vole (291a - trunks and branches of aspen, eaten in winter by red-backed voles, 291b - leaves of buttercup, eaten by red-backed voles, 291c - porcini mushroom eaten by red-backed voles); 292 - litter of a red field vole; - litter of Norwegian lemmings. Encyclopedia of the nature of Russia. - M .: ABF. V.L. Dinets, E.V. Rothschild. 1998 . See what the "Red Vole" is in other dictionaries: Vole -? Voles Forest vole Myodes glareolus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animals Type: Chordates ... Wikipedia Clethrionomys sikotanensis see also 11.10.8. Genus Forest voles Clethrionomys Shikotan vole Clethrionomys sikotanensis (Table 57) Body length 13 16 cm, tail 5 6.5 cm. Brown color brown. The tail is one-color or slightly two-color ... Animals of Russia. Directory Clethrionomys glareolus see also 11.10.8. Genus Forest voles Clethrionomys Red-backed vole Clethrionomys glareolus (hemorrhagic fever. Table 57 Table 57. 291 red-backed voles (291a, 291b, 291c color options, 291d scheme ... ... Animals of Russia. Directory Subfamily Vole (Microtinae)  - The subfamily unites small and medium-sized rodents that look like mice and rats, but usually have a short (less than two-thirds of the body length) tail, small ears and a rounded muzzle. The molars are flat ... ... Biological Encyclopedia Kutsa  - Coordinates: 66 ° 42′47 ″ s. w. 29 ° 58′43 ″ in d. / 66.713056 ° s. w. 29.978611 ° in. d. ... Wikipedia