Family Well-Being Factors
A specialist psychologist often has to deal with the problem of analyzing factors of family well-being - dysfunction. The complexity of the family as a social system and the psychological community of people of different sex, age, social and professional affiliation leads to the fact that attempts to select a complete list of such factors may be unsuccessful. Therefore, we are talking about attempts to highlight the most significant factors and indicators of family well-being 1. One of the integral indicators is the psychological compatibility of spouses (family members in general).
People creating a family strive to satisfy a complex of needs - in love, in children, in the experience of common joys, in understanding, communication. However, the formation of a family is not only the realization of ideal ideas about marriage that have developed with future spouses. This is the real life of two, and then several people, in all its complexity and diversity; it includes continuous negotiations, conclusion of agreements, compromises and, of course, overcoming difficulties, resolving conflicts that exist in every family.
Failure in marriage is largely determined by errors in choosing a partner: the chosen one in reality either does not have the necessary personality traits, or the combination of his psychophysiological characteristics, views and values \u200b\u200bdoes not correspond to the ideas and needs of the elector. Disappointment can occur regardless of the fact that the partner has many positive qualities. It is very important that husband and wife are suited to each other in terms of biological and moral factors, reflecting various aspects of upbringing, political, cultural, religious views, as well as that partners are tolerant of each other's characteristics.
The following are the most important prerequisites for the future of family, including marital, well-being.
Psychobiological compatibility.
We are talking about “indefinable inner sympathy”, which can be based on such clear reasons as admiration for talent, success, social position or external aesthetic ideal.
Harmonious marriage involves the social maturity of spouses, preparedness for active participation in society, the ability to financially provide for their family, duty and responsibility, self-control and flexibility.
Indirect Impact Factors
on the well-being of married life. It is important to know what the marital relations of the chosen one’s parents were, what the family structure is, the material level of the family, what negative phenomena are observed in the family and in the nature of the parents. Even a small family injury often leaves a deep mark, forming a child's negative views and attitudes. Sometimes insurmountable conflicts are inevitable where partners are diametrically different in their worldview.
Education.
Higher education does not always increase the stability of family relationships. Even in a marriage between two young people who have graduated from higher educational institutions, conflicts may arise which, if they are not resolved in a timely manner, will give rise to divorce. However, the intellectual level and character of partners should not be excessively different.
Labor stability.
People who often change jobs are characterized by instability, excessive dissatisfaction, and inability to establish long-term relationships.
Age.
determines the social maturity of partners, preparedness for the fulfillment of marital and parental responsibilities. The most optimal age is 20-24 years. The most natural difference in the age of the spouses is 1-4 years. The stability of the so-called unequal marriages in many respects depends not only on the nature of both partners, on their mutual feelings, but also on their preparedness for age-related features, on the ability to resist the “slander” of others, etc.
Duration of dating.
During the period of acquaintance it is important to get to know each other well, not only in optimal conditions, but also in difficult situations, when personal qualities and weaknesses of the partner’s character are clearly manifested. It is possible, as is customary now, to live together for some time to get comfortable, to get used to each other's peculiarities.
All these factors create the prerequisites for the emergence of marital compatibility and incompatibility. Psychological incompatibility
- this is the inability in critical situations to understand each other. In marriage, each spouse can act as a “traumatic factor,” for example, when one spouse is an obstacle to meeting the needs of the other. Psychological compatibility
it is defined as the mutual acceptance of communication partners and joint activities based on the optimal combination - similarity or complementarity - value orientations, personal and psychophysiological characteristics. The psychological compatibility of subjects is a multilevel and multidimensional phenomenon. In family interaction, it includes psychophysiological compatibility; personality compatibility
, including cognitive (comprehension of ideas about oneself, other people and the world as a whole), emotional (experiencing what is happening in the external and internal world of a person), behavioral (external expression of ideas and experiences); value compatibility
, or spiritual compatibility.
Thus, the harmony of family-marriage relations in terms of personal parameters is determined by several basic elements:
The emotional side of marital relations, the degree of affection;
The similarity of their ideas, visions of themselves, partners, the social world as a whole;
The similarity of communication models preferred by each partner, behavioral characteristics;
Sexual and, more broadly, psychophysiological compatibility of partners;
The general cultural level, the degree of mental and social maturity of partners, the coincidence of spouse's value systems.
Of particular importance in family and marriage relationships are value and psychophysiological compatibility
people. All other types of compatibility or incompatibility are subject to dynamic changes and quite easily change in the process of mutual adaptation of family members or during psychotherapy. Value and psychophysiological incompatibility is not amenable to correction or with great difficulty.
Psychophysiological, and in particular sexual, incompatibility can lead to the collapse of marriage. And the mismatch of values \u200b\u200bin the interaction of people, especially in everyday contacts, leads to an almost irreversible destruction of communication and marital relations.
The most common factors that determine success or failure in a marriage are personal qualities of spouses
or their ability to solve all kinds of problems, to be in harmony with each other.
In the absence of these skills, conflict situations often arise as a result of the incompatibility of any forces within the individual or between spouses. It is important to take into account the individual psychological characteristics of each spouse. A rational and comprehensive indicator of their personality can be the type of personality: the most common cause of marital conflict and divorce is the “dissimilarity of characters”, the incompatibility of the spouses.
The basic moral principles, interests, horizons, lifestyle, psychosocial maturity and the scale of values \u200b\u200bof the spouses are also important. These indicators reflect the fact that in addition to the personal qualities of the spouses, marital interaction is associated with the expectations and experience of their previous lives.In order to help spouses who have problems in marriage, it is necessary to find out what some of their expectations are based on and what is the real situation in the family. To this end, the marriage of their parents, brothers or sisters is usually considered; the dynamics of the development of marriage.
The concept of duplication of properties of siblings
suggests that a person seeks in new social ties to realize his relationship with brothers and sisters. More stable and successful marriages are observed in those cases when relations between partners are built on this principle taking into account gender. In this sense, marital relations can be completely complementary (the husband finds an older sister in his wife, and the wife finds an older brother) or partially complementary (both have older brothers or sisters).
A complementary marriage is an alliance in which each partner has the same position as he had with his brothers or sisters in his parental family. Partially complementary relationships arise if one or both partners in the parent family had several types of relationships with their brothers and sisters, of which at least one is established with the partner. In an incomplete marriage, disagreements and contradictions may appear on the basis of primacy or submission in the family.
The concept of duplication of parental properties
suggests that a person learns to fulfill a male or female role to a large extent from his parents and unknowingly uses the model of parental relationships in his family. He learns the marital role by identifying himself with parents of the same gender. Identification, identification - an elementary psychological reaction, consisting in the fact that the individual mentally equates himself with another person (parent).
Sometimes not noticing, he adopts a way of thinking, ideas and values, and most importantly - emotional reactions and internal states, unconsciously or consciously tries to become like a parent, therefore he approves his standards of behavior and adapts to his assessments. The personality of the individual and the parent merge. The role of the parent of the opposite sex is also included in this scheme: forms of parental relationships become the standard.
Social inheritance
the similarity of marital relations, which are also inherited, determines personal characteristics and behavioral patterns, which is why we often repeat not only the choice of a partner, but also many of the mistakes and problems of parents. The two most important dimensions of parental relationships largely determine the success of a child’s marriage. The first important measurement is family dominance(which of the parents "commanded", and who obeyed), the second - general well-being(balance and mutual acceptance) relationships. Comparison of relations in successful and conflicting married couples shows that the balance of relations is significantly affected by a favorable model of marriage of parents, a good relationship between father and mother, and a happy childhood. Balanced spouses were calm in childhood, they were rarely punished, often caressed.
Distinguish also the marriage is symmetrical, complementary and metacomplementary.In a symmetrical marriage, both spouses have equal rights; neither of them is subordinate to the other. Problems are resolved through agreement, exchange, or compromise. In a complementary marriage, one disposes, gives orders, the other awaits advice or instructions. In a metacomplete marriage, the leading position is achieved by one who realizes his own goals by emphasizing his weakness, inexperience, ineptitude and powerlessness, manipulating his partner.
Thus, with a dynamic approach to family problems, marital disharmonies (violations) of relationships are analyzed from the point of view of internal motivation for the behavior of both spouses. Current family conflicts are considered taking into account past conflicts, as well as examples of past emotionally colored relationships. At the same time, the influence of the family in which each of the spouses grew up is evaluated, the inherent atmosphere, poise, calmness, the division of rights and responsibilities between father and mother, and the appeal to the experience of parents are taken into account.
teacher-psychologist SPPS Semashko E.V.
1 Psychology of family relations with the basics of family counseling: Textbook. allowance for students. higher textbook. institutions. under the editorship of E.G. Silyaeva. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002 - 192 p.
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Types of personal well-being
The experience of well-being (or trouble) is influenced by various aspects of a person’s life, many features of a person’s relationship to himself and the world around him are merged. The well-being of an individual consists of a number of components.
Social well-being- this is a person’s satisfaction with his social status and the current state of the society to which the person relates himself. This is satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, status in a microsocial environment, as well as a sense of community (in the understanding of A. Adler), etc.
Spiritual well-being- a sense of involvement in the spiritual culture of society, awareness of the opportunity to join the riches of spiritual culture (to satisfy spiritual hunger), advancement in understanding the essence and purpose of man; awareness and experience of the meaning of your life. The core of the meaning of life is often faith: faith in the absolute, faith in oneself, in the success of one's own business or “our cause”. Approaching what you believe in, making efforts to achieve what is valuable, meaningful, fill life with meaning. In many ways, spiritual well-being determines the ability to freely adhere to one's faith.
Physical (bodily) well-being- good physical health, bodily comfort, a sense of health, a physical tone satisfying the individual.
Material well-being- satisfaction with the material side of their existence (housing, food, recreation ...), the completeness of their security, the stability of material wealth.
Psychological well-being (spiritual comfort) - coherence of mental processes and functions, a sense of integrity, inner balance. Psychological well-being is more stable with the harmony of personality.
All of these components of well-being are closely interrelated and affect each other. The attribution of many phenomena to one or another component of well-being is largely arbitrary. For example, a sense of community, awareness and experience of the meaning of life may well be ranked as factors creating mental comfort, and not just social or spiritual well-being.
The psychological well-being of the individual.The psychological well-being (mental comfort) of an individual has its own rather complicated structure. In addition, psychological well-being summarizes the actual success of behavior and activities, satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, and communication.
Cognitive componentpsychological well-being arises with a holistic, relatively consistent picture of the world in the subject, understanding of the current life situation. Contradictory information, perception of the situation as uncertain, as well as informational or sensory deprivation introduces dissonance into the cognitive sphere.
Emotional componentpsychological well-being appears as an experience uniting the feelings that are due to the success (or failure) of the subject in certain areas of his activity.
Well-being depends on the presence of clear goals, the success of the implementation of action plans and behavior, the availability of resources and conditions for achieving goals. Adversity appears in a situation of frustration, with a monotony of executive behavior and other similar conditions.
Well-being is created by satisfying interpersonal relationships, the ability to communicate and receive positive emotions from this, to satisfy the need for emotional warmth. Social isolation (deprivation), tension in significant interpersonal relationships destroys well-being.
Subjective well-being is a generalized and relatively stable experience that is of particular importance to the individual. It is it that to a large extent determines the characteristics of the dominant mental state: a favorable state - contributing to the coordinated flow of mental processes, successful behavior and activity that supports mental and physical health, or, conversely, unfavorable.
To develop psycho-hygienic measures, it is important to know which environmental factors have the greatest impact on emotional comfort, reduce it and thereby reduce feelings of well-being. peace of mind emotional well-being
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Factors Affecting Well-Being
Human well-being depends on many factors, among which are social, physical, intellectual, emotional and spiritual.
Social factors
People are social beings, and the social structure of any society significantly affects our well-being. The level of well-being can be high only when a person has the opportunity for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good housing conditions, education and medical care.
An important factor affecting well-being, of course, is the ability to build their relationships with other people. We need to learn how to create a friendly, warm atmosphere around us. We must also be confident enough if we count on reciprocal respect.
Physical factors
Physical factors underlie our well-being. The most important among them are heredity, the state of the environment, food quality and physical activity.
Recent data show a significant effect of heredity on almost all aspects of our physical and mental health. But this does not give us the right to relieve ourselves of responsibility for our own health. On the contrary, the presence of a predisposition to certain diseases, for example, to alcoholism or diabetes, should encourage us to lead a lifestyle that will reduce the likelihood of developing the disease.
The state of the environment directly affects people's well-being. Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for the effects of polluted air or water. But each of us is responsible for the environment in which we live. Persuade your friends, encourage politicians and industry corporations to take care of maintaining a healthy environment.
Intellectual factor
You can not lead a healthy lifestyle without knowing what it is. And although knowledge in itself does not induce correct behavior, familiarity with the principles of a healthy lifestyle helps us make the right choice. One of the goals of this manual is to give you relevant knowledge.
Professional success
A person's career can have a tremendous impact on his well-being. Satisfying work allows a person to self-actualize, strengthens self-esteem, increases income, provides social guarantees. Work in an inappropriate area for a given person is a source of stress, depression, decline and, therefore, can have a devastating effect on his body.
Emotional factor
Despite a certain genetic determinism of personal qualities, each of us decides how to cope with life's difficulties. Whether we learn to courageously overcome them or take alcohol as assistants is ultimately on our conscience.
Certain attitudes contribute to well-being. The main among them is the awareness of the need to manage your life (not counting on full control of all life circumstances, maintaining a positive outlook on life and improving health.
Spiritual factor
Spirituality is an important component of well-being. Not perceiving yourself as part of the universe, not reflecting on your destiny, not feeling responsibility for the well-being of other people, you are unlikely to be able to be prosperous yourself.
1. Describe from various sources: dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific and educational literature, the concepts of “social well-being” and “social well-being”. Which of the concepts you have considered most accurately gives definitions? Argument your position.
2. Describe the concept of social well-being from the standpoint of economic and ethical components. What factors of social well-being, from your point of view, are priority. Argument your opinion.
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As a manuscript
Bashkatov Sergey Alexandrovich
Tiered factors
personal well-being
Specialty: 19.00.01 - “General psychology, personality psychology, history of psychology”
dissertations
candidate of psychological sciences
Chelyabinsk - 2013
This work was performed at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education “South Ural State University” (national research university)
Scientific adviser -
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doctor of Psychology, Professor Baturin Nikolay Alekseevich
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Official opponents:
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Minyurova Svetlana Aligaryevna,
doctor of Psychology, Professor, Ural State Pedagogical University, Head. Department of General Psychology;
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Chumakov Mikhail Vladislavovich,
doctor of Psychology, Associate Professor, Kurgan State University, Head Department of Development Psychology and Developmental Psychology.
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Leading Organization -
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Federal State Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute»RAO.
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The defense will take place on November 26, 2013 at 11.00 at a meeting of the dissertation council DM 212.298.17 at the FSBEI HPE South Ural State University (National Research University) (454080, Chelyabinsk, etc. named after V.I. Lenin, 76, room 363).
The dissertation can be found in the library of FSEI HPE SUSU (NRU) (454080, Chelyabinsk, 87 named after V.I. Lenin, building 3D).
Scientific Secretary
dissertation Council Yu.V. Worldwide GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK
The relevance of research.The economic and social achievements of many developed countries of the world, including Russia, in the last decades of the past and the beginning of our century allow us to talk about the creation of many objective prerequisites that can ensure the well-being of their citizens. However, despite this, as shown by sociological and psychological studies, the level of subjective well-being has not grown as much as material and social benefits, but according to some indicators, for example, “a feeling of happiness,” the developed countries of Europe and America lag behind some underdeveloped countries in Africa. These facts indicate the relevance and necessity of research aimed at studying both objective factors that ensure well-being, and such phenomena as personal happiness, life satisfaction, personal well-being, etc.
The transition to large-scale studies of these phenomena is complicated by the fact that for many decades in domestic and especially foreign psychology, the study of negative inherently psychic phenomena such as depression, stress, anxiety, frustration, etc., has dominated. It is very difficult to abandon the usual subjects of study.
Only at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in foreign, and then in domestic psychology, a new scientific direction was identified, which was called the “New Positive Psychology” (K. Peterson, M. Seligman, M. Chiksentimihai). The main goal of this direction is to study the ways to achieve well-being, personal happiness, prosperity. In the last decade, Russian psychology has also carried out studies similar in name, but often differing in the content of phenomena such as “subjective well-being”, “emotional well-being”, “psychological well-being”, etc.
Additional problems are associated with the fact that the followers of positive psychology use constructs with names that differ from the terms and corresponding constructs used in classical psychology, for example, such as virtues, strengths of character, etc. This leads to the emergence of resistance of domestic psychologists in synchronizing their research with foreign colleagues. In this regard, extensive discussions are held on the Internet (for example, on the site ht.ru) and at conferences (D.A. Leontiev vs. A.N. Poddyakova). Obviously, to solve this problem, not only discussions are necessary, but also empirical studies aimed at identifying the similarities and differences in the terms and constructs used.
In the applied plan, there is another urgent problem, which is to check the effectiveness of the tools and techniques to increase the overall life positivity offered in the rational-emotive psychotherapy system (A. Ellis), the positive action pedagogical movement (K. Allred) and supporters of positive psychology on domestic sample.
All this indicates the relevance of the study of the identified problems and the need for empirical verification of discussion issues.
The degree of scientific elaboration of the problem
. Studying the phenomena of happiness, positivity, well-being, etc. began in the second half of the last century in the framework of the concept of psychological well-being of N. Bradburn, K. Riff, subjective well-being of E. Diener and became especially active at the beginning of our century in the framework of positive psychology (M. Seligman, M. Chiksentmihai, K. Patterson and others .). In parallel with these areas of research in domestic psychology, applied and theoretical studies were regularly published, which described implicit representations of the authors about well-being, life satisfaction, vitality, etc. The authors of the studies used several clearly synonymous terms, such as “well-being” (Yu.A. Bessonova), “subjective well-being” (N.K. Bakhareva, E.E. Bocharova, M.Yu. Boyarkin, L.V. Kulikov, S. A. Minyurova, R. M. Shamionov, E. F. Yashchenko and others), “psychological well-being” (M. V. Buchatskaya, A. V. Voronina, T. T. Gordeeva, R. V. Ovcharova etc.), “satisfaction with life” (G. A. Monusova). Such a polysemy does not help to generalize the results. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the psychological content embedded in the terms and develop new constructs, as well as introduce new terms to denote these constructs. In the studies of the same authors and in other special studies, the goal was to identify and describe the structure of well-being and similar phenomena. At the same time, the most diverse components (elements or factors) in terms of quantity and content were distinguished: three (G.L. Puchkova), five (M. Seligman), six (K. Riff), seven (Yu.V. Bessonova). Attempts were made to combine the components into groups (O.S. Saveliev, L.V. Kulikov). Another complex aspect of the problem is the need to separate the components that make up the essence of well-being, as a complex mental phenomenon, and factors - predictors of well-being of various nature and organizational level, which provide support and the "existence" of personal well-being. We are talking about neurodynamic, psychological, material, social and socio-demographic factors.
All noted aspects of the problem need in-depth research. In this paper, an attempt is made to theoretical analysis and empirical verification of some of them. Purpose of the study: to study the relationship and dependence of the components of personal well-being on the properties of temperament and personality, material, social and socio-demographic characteristics. Object of study:
personal well-being and its structural components. Subject of study: multilevel factors affecting the formation and stability of the structural components of personal well-being, and the functioning of the personal well-being system as a whole. Research Objectives:
Analyze the psychological content that researchers put into various terms used to denote well-being and highlight the generalizing term.
To conduct an analysis of studies of the phenomenon of well-being based on the principles of a systems approach.
Based on the analysis of the results of domestic and foreign researchers and the basic concepts of well-being, to identify its structure (composition and levels) and propose a structural-level model of personal well-being.
To analyze the proposed rational-emotive therapy by A. Ellis, the psychological and pedagogical concept of K. Allred and the positive psychology of M. Seligman, methods and techniques aimed at changing the level of personal well-being.
To select a set of techniques that allows you to diagnose multilevel factors of personal well-being, to check the validity and reliability of those foreign diagnostic techniques that are adapted by the author of the dissertation.
Perform an empirical study aimed at identifying the relationships between the properties of temperament selected for analysis, basic personality traits, positive character traits (virtues), components of subjective well-being, and also conduct factor and variance analysis of the results.
Perform an empirical study aimed at identifying the relationships between social and socio-demographic characteristics, the characteristics of positivity and components of subjective well-being, as well as conduct factor and variance analysis of the results.
Perform an experiment aimed at checking the influence proposed by the authors of positive psychology, techniques (techniques) to increase positive activity, and, ultimately, personal well-being.
The main hypothesis of the study:
there is a totality of dependencies of the components of subjective well-being on different levels of factors that ensure the formation and functioning of personal well-being. Private research hypotheses:
The results of domestic and foreign studies will create a structural-level model of personal well-being, the basis of which are multilevel factors affecting various components of personal well-being.
The use of diverse and multilevel variables in an empirical study will highlight the latent structure of the main factors of personal well-being.
Subjective well-being depends on external (extrapersonal) and intrapersonal factors and, in turn, has an inverse structure-forming effect on the components of personal well-being.
Men and women, as well as young and adult people with high and low levels of subjective well-being, differ significantly in terms of the various components of personal well-being.
New constructs of "virtue" and "strength of character" will not reveal fundamental differences from the classic constructs of the basic personality traits that are part of the structure of the Big Five.
Theoretical and methodological basis of the study
there were the principle of the systemic organization of the human psyche (B.F. Lomov, B.V. Shvyrkov), the principle of the unity of consciousness and activity (S.L. Rubinstein), the principle of development determinism (A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky). The private methodology was: the concept of personal potential (D.A. Leontyev and others) and positive psychology (M. Seligman, K. Peterson, M. Chiksentmihayi), the evaluation function of the psyche (N. A. Baturin). Approaches to the analysis of well-being and quality of life from the perspective of the positive functioning of the personality (E. Diener, C. Riff, M. Chiksentmihaii). Methods and techniques of empirical research:
Theoretical analysis of studies, experiment, methods of psychometric verification of reliability and validity, statistical methods: correlation analysis (according to Pearson), factor analysis by the method of principal components (in the varimax normalized version), analysis of variance, questionnaire.
For an empirical study, the following diagnostic complex of methods was used. 1. A group of methods for diagnosing the level of personal well-being:
"The scale of experiencing happiness" by M. Fordyce in adaptation S.A. Bashkatova, a questionnaire "Positive and negative emotionality" D. Watson et al. in adaptation E.N. Aspen, questionnaire "Measure of subjective happiness" S. Lyubomirskaya in adaptation D.A. Leontiev and E.N. Aspen, “The Scale of Satisfaction with Life” by E. Diener et al. in adaptation D.A. Leontiev and E.N. Aspen. 2. A group of methods for the diagnosis of characterological positivity:
the penchant for gratitude by M. McCullough and R. Emmons, The Forgiveness Scale
McCullough et al., An abridged version of the VIA-IS questionnaire by K. Peterson and M. Seligman - all in S.A.'s adaptation Bashkatova. 3. A group of methods for diagnosing the properties of temperament and personality, social and socio-demographic characteristics:
personality questionnaire NEO PI-R P. Costa and R. McCray in adaptation V.E. Orla, I.G. Senina, a questionnaire of temperament Ya. Strelyau in adaptation N.N. Danilova, A.G. Shmeleva, author's questionnaire to identify social and socio-demographic characteristics.
All calculations were carried out using the statistical software package Statistica 6.0
Research Stages:
Stage 1: 2008-2010 Theoretical analysis of the literature on the problem of personal well-being. Analysis of the conformity of various methods and techniques of the research objective. Construction of a conceptual apparatus and development of a research program. 2 stage: 2011-2012 An empirical study of the relationship between personal well-being and the properties of the nervous system, temperament and personality, social and socio-demographic characteristics. 3 stage: 2012-2013 Processing and summarizing the results of empirical research, their psychological analysis and interpretation, description and presentation of the research results. Sample feature. A sample of the main empirical study was 209 people, of which 104 were women and 105 were men. The age of the study participants ranged from 18 to 50 years. All respondents live in the cities of the Republic of Bashkortostan: Ufa, Sterlitamak, Neftekamsk, Birsk and in the urban settlement of Chishmy. 105 people (51 women and 54 men), age from 18 to 50 years old and 73 married couples from 26 to 45 years old took part in a psychometric test during the adaptation of the methods.
30 people (15 men and 15 women) aged 20 to 30 years participated in checking the effectiveness of the methods and techniques for increasing individual positivity.
In total, 490 people took part in the study, including 243 women and 247 men.
Reliability of the research results
it was ensured by thorough theoretical analysis of the problem, reliance on fundamental theories of domestic and foreign psychology, the use of reliable and valid psychodiagnostic techniques, and the use of adequate methods for statistical processing of the obtained data (correlation, factorial and variance analysis). The scientific novelty of the study.
Based on the analysis of the set of terms used in the study, new terms are introduced personal well-being and psychological basis of personal well-being, their definitions are formulated.
Based on the factor analysis of all integrative variables, three well-interpreted factors were identified: intrapersonal, impersonal, and interpersonal well-being, which generally correspond to the main blocks of the theoretical model of personal well-being.
The results of factorial, correlation and analysis of variance allowed us to prove that subjective well-being is associated with all components of personal well-being and is a structure-forming factor in the system of components of personal well-being, which corresponds to its theoretical model.
The results of the comparative analysis made it possible to demonstrate that subjectively successful and dysfunctional subjects have fundamentally different personality structures with diametrically opposite indicators of temperament properties, basic personality traits, and character forces.
The results of the whole study made it possible to isolate and prove the influence of factors of various levels: extrapersonal, personal and interpersonal on subjective well-being, which, as a structurally-forming factor, in turn, is associated with all components of a person’s personal well-being.
The theoretical significance of the study.
As a result of the analysis of domestic and foreign studies on the problem of personal well-being, on the basis of a systematic approach, a structural-level model of personal well-being was formulated.
Based on various grounds, it is justified the allocation of three components of subjective well-being: affective, cognitive-affective, cognitive.
An empirical verification of the similarities and differences between the new constructs of positive psychology (strength of character, virtue) and the classic constructs of the basic personality traits that make up the Big Five has been carried out.
The practical significance of the study.
To conduct an empirical study, a set of psychodiagnostic techniques was compiled, which can be recommended for conducting a systematic analysis of personal well-being. Four techniques included in the complex were adapted by the author, their validity and reliability were tested.
The revealed differences in the indicators of men and women, young and adults in groups with high and low levels of subjective well-being made it possible to form generalized “portraits” of subjective well-being and troubled people that can be used in advisory work with these categories of clients.
The proven effectiveness of the influence of techniques (techniques) on subjective well-being allows us to recommend their use in the development of specialized trainings and in individual work with subjectively disadvantaged people.
The research materials are used in the educational process of the Department of Psychology of the South Ural State University as part of the courses "Differential Psychology", "Psychology of Personality" and the special course "Personal Well-being and its Optimization".
Protection provisions:
Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign studies and concepts, a structural-level model of personal well-being is formed, which was mainly confirmed during its empirical verification.
Theoretical analysis and empirical research made it possible to identify factors of four levels of personal well-being: impersonal factors, psychological factors, interpersonal and subjective-personal factors, which correspond to four groups of structural components of personal well-being.
Impersonal well-being factors (material, social, biological) in the form of their subjective assessments are associated with all components of personal well-being and directly affect the level of subjective well-being.
Psychological well-being is ensured through the synergistic interaction of temperament, basic personality structures and positive character traits, while the properties of temperament and personality have a direct impact on the manifestation of characterological positivity and indirectly through characterological positivity on the level of subjective well-being.
Successful and dysfunctional subjects are diametrically different from each other in all indicators of the components of personal well-being, which indicates the fundamental difference between their personal structures; pairwise comparison of men and women, young and adults in the groups of prosperous and dysfunctional revealed specific differences in indicators.
New constructs of “virtue” and “strength of character” are interrelated with and depend on the basic personality traits, which testifies to the fundamental relationship between the “new” and “old” constructs, as well as their multilevel dependence.
Compliance of the dissertation with the passport of a scientific specialty.
The contents of the dissertation correspond to the passport of the scientific specialty 19.00.01 - “General Psychology, Personality Psychology, History of Psychology” in the part “... study of fundamental psychological mechanisms and laws ... functioning of the human psyche and ... personality ...”; paragraph 1 "Mental life and human behavior .... Determinants that determine the mental life and behavior of a person ”; paragraph 28 “Temperament and character ... Structure and typology of character; paragraph 31 "Personality structure. The problem of individual differences and the typology of personality. Correlation of the inner and outer world of man. ”
Testing the dissertation
The main results of the work were discussed at meetings of the Department of Psychological Diagnostics and Counseling of the South Ural State University; at the VII International Correspondence Scientific and Practical Conference "Problems of the formation and realization of the potential of the individual in modern Russia" (Ufa, 2010); at the International scientific-practical conference “Psychology in the modern developing world: theory and practice” (Chelyabinsk, 2012); at the XXIX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Psychology and Pedagogy: Methodology and Problems of Practical Application” (Novosibirsk, 2013); at the International Scientific Conference "Psychology of the Development and Stagnation of the Personality in the Framework of Modern Society" (Kazan, 2013), at the X International Scientific and Practical Conference "Modern Psychology: Theory and Practice" (Moscow, 2013).
The structure and scope of the dissertation
The text of the dissertation is set out for 175 pp .; consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, conclusions, a list of references from 182 titles: 120 titles in Russian and 62 in foreign languages, annexes; includes 21 tables and 11 figures.
MAIN CONTENT
In administered substantiated the relevance of the work; the subject, purpose, objectives and hypotheses of the study are formulated; The theoretical and methodological foundations of the study are disclosed; the characteristics of the examined group and the methods and techniques used, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance are given; presents the main provisions to be defended.
The first chapter "Theoretical analysis of studies of human well-being"
contains a literature analysis of five sections. In the first paragraph
“An analysis of the terms used to describe various aspects and types of well-being”a comparative analysis of the terms "human well-being", "psychological well-being", "subjective well-being", the terms derived from them and related in meaning, but denoted by other terms. As a result, terminological analysis allowed us to draw two important conclusions. The first is various kinds good and their various ways receiving, the variety of derivative terms that different authors put under different categories, lead to the understanding that the word and term well-being serve to denote a complex phenomenon, which can only be imagined in the form of a multifactorial and multilevel construct. Second - a new term is needed "Personal well-being" to indicate a phenomenon that summarizes various types of well-being, as well as to denote the entire set of components that ensure personal well-being. In the second paragraph
“General review of studies of human well-being in foreign and domestic psychology” provides information on theoretical concepts and empirical studies of well-being, which are mainly of applied value. Summing up the general results of the analysis of the results of the study of well-being in different aspects, we can do the following general conclusions:
There is no single understanding of the well-being phenomenon under study. This, as already noted, is expressed in the contradiction of terms and their meanings.
Most domestic studies of well-being are characterized by an existentially humanistic orientation.
An analysis of empirical studies has shown that, on the one hand, well-being is seen as factor self-actualization, semantic certainty in various areas of life, including professional activity. On the other hand, factors various personal determinants that motivate and stabilize well-being are advocated for well-being.
Empirical studies have established a variety of interconnections well-being with properties, characteristics and strategies of personality behavior (tolerance, optimism, temperament, meaningfulness of life, responsibility).
Sustainable influence on the well-being of the following extrapersonal factors: the presence of a family, close relationships, satisfying professional activities and income levels.
In the third paragraph
"Analysis of the main factors of personal well-being"consistently considered the main factors of personal well-being and the content of the corresponding structural components that ensure personal well-being. External factors. In theoretical and empirical studies, factors external to the personality are regularly identified as an important reason for human well-being. In the dissertation they are combined into three groups external (impersonal) factors:
biological including vitality as an integral factor of health, gender, age;
social including family and interpersonal relationships in a wider society;
material including income level, living conditions, quality of rest and leisure.
The combination of these factors is presented in the dissertation as one of the blocks of structural components of the personal well-being system. Psychological factors. Based on the concept of psychological well-being of K. Riff, it was concluded that the positive functioning of personality structures can act as another factor that ensures personal well-being. Based on a thorough analysis of studies of the main structural components, not six private personality characteristics were identified, as K. Riff suggested, but three basic personality structures: temperament properties, basic personality properties, and positive character traits. The paper gives the rationale for the inclusion of each of these structures in the form of an interconnected component of the subsystem of factors, the synergistic interaction of which ensures the functioning of the personality, which acts as the psychological basis of personal well-being. Analysis of studies of temperament showed that, on the one hand, temperament determines the formal-dynamic characteristics of all mental activity. In particular, without “connecting” to the system of personality factors such properties as energy and dynamics of human behavior, strength and speed of emotional response, it is difficult to say anything about the positive functioning of the individual. On the other hand, temperament is the neurodynamic basis for the formation and manifestation of personality traits that determine the next level of psychological functioning.
Turning on basic personality traits into the system of factors ensuring positive functioning, is dictated by their central role in the organization of human behavior. According to the ideas of Russian psychologists, a person is a system of human qualities that determine the totality of his social relations, the specifics of his life and the individual identity of the organization of activity (Ananyev B.G., Asmolov A.G., Leontyev A.N., Lomov B.F. ., Petrovsky A.V., Rubinstein S.L.).
The inclusion in the system of factors providing positive psychological functioning, positive character traits based on the development of supporters of positive psychology (Seligman M., Peterson K., Chiksentimihayi M.). In line with positive psychology, a system of ideas about the existence of new constructs of the “basic virtues” and their “character forces” has been developed. These personality traits, on the one hand, are included in ensuring full psychological functioning. On the other hand, they are aimed at positive actions and actions that are necessary to achieve personal well-being.
Subjective personality factors. These factors represent a block of components of subjective well-being. The concept of psychological well-being was introduced back in 1969 by N. Bradburn and developed in the concept of subjective well-being of E. Diener. According to E. Diener, subjective well-being consists of two components - affective, as a balance of positive and negative emotions, and cognitive, as conscious satisfaction with various areas of one's life. In domestic studies, it was proposed to isolate from three to seven components of the structure (Kulikov L.V., Puchkova G.L., Bessonova Yu.V.). The analysis of studies and concepts of subjective well-being, as well as the methods used for their diagnosis, allowed us to offer a three-component structure of subjective well-being. The first is the affective component It is a stable, global, positive, emotional in nature, attitude towards oneself and the world. The second is a cognitively affective component. It is a set of integrally-stable assessments of oneself and the world. The third is the cognitive component. It is a stable set of positive knowledge about oneself and the world, resulting from reflective judgments, which in most cases are attributive in nature.
Thus, the components of subjective well-being appear in the structure of personal well-being as its "highest" level. The severity of each of the components of subjective well-being depends on all factors of personal well-being and, in turn, has the opposite effect on all structural components of personal well-being. In the fourth paragraph
« The theoretical model of personal well-being "based on the conclusions drawn from the analysis of domestic and foreign studies and the concepts of psychological well-being of K. Riff, subjective well-being of E. Diener, human well-being of M. Seligman, analysis of the main factors affecting personal well-being, and also relying on the definition of personal well-being as a new construct , presents a theoretical model of personal well-being in the form of a scheme structural-level organization of the system of personal well-being. In general, the theoretical model consists of factors of four levels, presented on the diagram in the form of blocks of structural components of the personal well-being system. The level of external (impersonal) factors represented by a block of three groups of generalized components of external goods: biological, social and material goods. All external benefits act as factors that influence personal well-being, not in themselves, but in the form of their subjective significance (assessments) for human well-being. Level of personality factors represented by a block of three groups that make up the psychological benefits: the properties of temperament, the basic properties of personality and positive character traits. All these hierarchically organized components provide positive psychological functioning, which is the psychological (intrapersonal) basis of personal well-being. The level of interpersonal factorsrepresented by a block of three groups of generalized components of interpersonal benefits in the form of the results of positive interpersonal activity: positive actions and actions, achieved favorable interpersonal relationships and the totality of socially significant achievements. The results of positive interpersonal activity become a factor ensuring personal well-being, being approved and evaluated by significant other people and received a high positive rating from the subject himself. The level of subjective personality factors represented by a block of three components: affective, cognitive-affective and cognitive, which allow you to formulate generalized and relatively stable experiences of subjective well-being in the form of emotions, assessments and judgments about the results of your positive activity, as well as the subjective level of your external impersonal factors of well-being.
The developed theoretical model, firstly, made it possible to compactly and holistically present numerous multilevel factors affecting personal well-being, and secondly, it allowed targeted testing of the main hypothesis in the empirical part of the study.
In the fifth paragraph
"Analysis of approaches and ways to increase positivity"analyzes the approaches in psychology, psychotherapy, pedagogy, coaching and their theoretical justification for increasing the positivity of character traits and active use in one’s life and interpersonal relationships. The paragraph presents the main points of rational-emotional behavioral therapy (REPT) by A. Ellis, which involves influencing the cognitively-affective and cognitive component of subjective well-being by changing irrational beliefs, which ultimately leads to more positive assessments and judgments about one's own of life. In the psychological and pedagogical concept of C. Allred “Positive action”, the main unit of advancement in personal development is a positive act that includes three components: cognitive, emotional and behavioral. Due to the consistency and inclusion in wide networks of social interaction, the analysis of the results of his positive actions, a person subjectively assesses his life as more prosperous. Well-being education is also one of the main practical directions of the positive psychology of M. Seligman, which is carried out through the implementation of special programs and techniques. The section also presents the main topics of coaching positive psychology and practice that contribute to increasing positivity.
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According to the author of the article, attempts to solve the family - demographic problems of Russia through the social protection of the dysfunctional give rise to family dysfunction. It is necessary to directly negotiate separately with each prosperous (“real”) family on the implementation of the function of safe large families. Then the family - demographic processes will become truly manageable.
Key words: family well-being; a valid family; Applied social technology for managing family well-being processes.
The Russian practice of family policy has shown that attempts to solve the family - demographic problems of Russia through social protection of dysfunctional families lead to an increase in dependency and the number of the same dysfunctional families, which only exacerbates the problem. Problems in family - demographic policy are largely due to problems in modern family history. There are so many conflicting concepts and hypotheses in it that it is completely impossible to figure out whether something can be done to really change the situation for the better. Meanwhile, 200 years ago Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in his “Philosophy of the Spirit” divided the family into two types: “real” and “invalid”. He referred to the first type as a family, which by its existence ensures the reproduction of society and the state; the second, accordingly, does not provide. Hence the "simple" task: to find families of the first type ("real") and "cultivate" them.
According to our long-term (since 1994) and thousands of thousands (more than 19 thousand family residents of the Urals Federal District surveyed during this time; all results are published in official and central scientific publications) studies, the necessary and sufficient parameters for classifying the family as the first type are simultaneous 1 ) the presence of both spouses; 2) family spirit; and 3) the birth of children at least every 3 to 5 years of reproductive age of the mother: then by the end of the reproductive period there will be a minimum of 3 to 5 children in the “real” family. And since the “apple doesn’t fall far from the apple tree” and it is from primarily “actual” families that “equally valid” grow, the task is “only” to competently “fertilize” good “apple trees”: then they will give more "good apples" and over time it is the "apple" from the "good apple trees" that will begin to make up the main "crop". That is, it is necessary to directly negotiate separately with each real family on the implementation of the function of safe large families.
And to start doing this in depressed and rural areas: there it will be cheaper and will give a much greater social effect. Our studies show that: 1. The culture of family socialization is formed only in the parent family and is inherited in its main components. 2. In the Russian regions, there is still a demographic and social potential that allows for expanded reproduction of the population in conditions of successful family socialization. 3. Village and depressed small monotowns are the most favorable environment for the realization of this potential.
The relevant economic calculations performed in the course of the studies, performed in several independent versions, showed that for an amount equal to maternal capital, it is possible to initiate (in the indicated areas) the birth of 3 - 4 children (instead of one!) In conditions of family well-being (instead of unknown conditions!). And then (of course, subject to appropriate social technology), it is possible in the region within two to four years to ensure the transition from depopulation to expanded reproduction of the population in conditions of family well-being with all the corresponding positive consequences: accelerating the social and economic development of depressed territories, reducing drunkenness, addiction and juvenile delinquency etc.
Applied social technology for managing family well-being processes then develops into the following algorithm (sequence of events). 1.1. The source of funding for the Family Well-being Program is the Family Well-being Development Fund (hereinafter the Fund; conditional name). Without the creation of such a Fund, the implementation of the Program is doomed to failure. The start-up capital of the Fund is formed on the basis of the decision adopted by the Board of Founders on the size of the annual program to stimulate the birth rate - for adoption plus the cost of preparatory activities (development of the Charter, the Model Fund for Family Cooperation Agreement, legal support, etc.). 1.2. The founders of the Fund are large corporations or holdings with long-term interests in the region; however, various options are possible here, including those with the participation of regional and federal resources ... The Board of Founders, in addition to business, includes representatives of local authorities and interested public organizations. 1.3. For the participation in the Family Well-being Program, trained specialists (sociologists, teachers of preschool and primary school education, psychologists, social workers) make targeted selection of families. 1.4. For each family, separately (depending on the identified average conditions in the municipality and the special needs of the family), negotiations and calculation of material and resource support of individual contracts for stimulating birth rate (adoption) are held; they end with the conclusion (or if not conclusion - in the absence of an agreement) of the Agreement. The terms of the Agreement constitute trade secrets. 1.5. The cost of the project depends on its volume. Initial (estimated) amount: one birth - 100,000 rubles. But in reality, only implementation practice will show everything. Thus, family - demographic processes will become truly manageable. P. S. This does not mean at all that it is necessary to leave without social protection and support families who find themselves in difficult life situations. It only means that you need to part with the illusion that the support of these families is the solution to family and demographic problems.
Taradanov A.A., Head. Department of Social Work and Sociology, CSU, Dr. sociol. sciences, professor, Chelyabinsk
