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Military aviation of Russia. Combat crew

Any state at all times needed loyal people who would be ready to come forward to defend it at any moment. After all, humanity throughout its history has used violence to conquer the weaker. Therefore, martial art has become an integral type of activity in every state. In this case, it should be noted that people engaged in such a craft have always enjoyed honor and respect in society. This fact is not surprising, because they have always been at risk. The work of such people was associated with the performance of dangerous tasks. To date, the essence of military craft has changed somewhat. However, the status of military personnel is the same. This sector of human activity is highly developed in many modern states. Speaking specifically about the Russian Federation, this country has one of the most combat-ready armies in the whole world. The Armed Forces consist of several composed of professionals. Against the background of the entire structure of the Russian army, military aviation stands out. This sector of the armed forces plays a significant role. At the same time, most citizens of the Russian Federation tend to serve in the aviation industry, which leads to the existence of many educational institutions that graduate specialists in this field.

Air Force Concept

The objectives of military aviation

Any combat type unit exists to perform certain tasks. Modern military aviation in Russia in this case is no exception. This functional element of the armed forces entails a large number of different lines of activity. Given this fact, we can distinguish the most urgent tasks of military aviation in Russia, for example:

protection of airspace over the territory of the state;
defeat of enemy manpower from the air;
the implementation of the transportation of personnel, weapons, provisions;
conducting intelligence activities;
defeat of the enemy air fleet;
combat assistance to ground forces.

It should be noted that the modern military aviation of Russia is constantly evolving. This leads to the expansion of its functional tasks. In addition, other duties may be assigned to aviation under applicable law.

Combat crew

The new military aviation of Russia, that is, the formation of an independent RF, is represented by a large number of different equipment. Today, in the composition of this sector of the armed forces there are aircraft of various technical characteristics. All of them are suitable for combat missions of any kind and complexity. It should be noted that the military aviation equipment belongs to the domestic manufacturer in full. Thus, the following devices are used in the activities of military aviation:

There is also a special aviation sector, which includes devices used to implement atypical tasks. These include refueling aircraft, air command posts, reconnaissance aircraft, as well as aircraft guidance and radio detection systems.

Promising innovation

The arming of the state is effective only if it is constantly evolving. To do this, it is necessary to invent new technologies that will help in the implementation of the tasks of the military sector. In the aviation industry today, there are several innovative developments. For example, the family of fighters will soon be replenished with new aircraft of the 5th and 4th generation, which include the T-50 (PAK FA) and MiG - 35. Transport aircraft did not stand aside. Soon, new aircraft will appear in the fleet of this kind of aircraft: IL-112 and 214.

Education in the relevant sector

One should be aware of the fact that the military aviation of Russia consists not only of airplanes, but also of people, personnel, which directly performs the functional tasks of the represented sphere of the armed forces. Therefore, the availability of qualified personnel is simply necessary. In order to train specialists in the mentioned field, Russian military aviation schools operate in our country. In such educational institutions, they train qualified professionals for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Qualities required for admission to specialized educational institutions

Aviation schools of the Russian military aviation are special places of education. In other words, for entering a institution of this kind, a person must possess a number of certain qualities. First of all, you need to have excellent health. After all, control of aircraft is associated with heavy loads on the body. Therefore, any deviations from the norm will put an end to the pilot's career. In addition, those wishing to article by pilots should have the following characterizing aspects:

have a high level of performance in subjects of a general educational nature;
possess high stress resistance;
the person must be ready for team work;

In this case, all the presented moments are not inherent in all people. However, the military sphere is a rather specific type of activity that requires employees with a special character. If a person in a future profession is attracted only by the uniform of a pilot of the military aviation of Russia, then he clearly should not work in this area.

List of schools

For everyone who wants to join the ranks of the professionals of the military aviation of the Russian Federation, special educational institutions operate in the territory of the state. It should be noted that for admission to such places, it is necessary to have all the qualities listed above, to pass a competition and a number of test exams. Each year, the requirements for applicants to specific military aviation schools change. As for the choice of a particular university, it is quite large. To date, the following specialized schools operate in Russia:

Thus, everyone who wants to connect their lives with flying in the sky can safely enter the schools presented, which subsequently will make it possible to do what they love.

Conclusion

Thus, in the Russian Federation today the flight sector of the armed forces is quite well developed, which is supported by the corresponding photo. Russian military aviation is experiencing a moment of technical evolution. This means that in a few years we will see completely new aircraft in the sky. In addition, the state does not spare funds for training specialists in the relevant field of military art.

The history of military aviation began almost immediately after the first flight of the Wright brothers' American aircraft, which took place in 1903 - just a few years later, the military of most armies in the world realized that the aircraft could be an excellent weapon. With the outbreak of World War I, military aviation as a branch of operations was already quite a serious force - at first, reconnaissance aircraft were used, which made it possible to obtain complete and operational data on the movements of enemy troops, followed by bombers, first improvised, and then of a special construction. Finally, fighter aircraft were created to counter enemy airplanes. Air aces appeared, about the successes of which films were made and newspapers wrote with admiration. Soon, the fleet also acquired its own Air Force - navy aviation was born, the first air transport and aircraft carriers began to be built.

Truly one of the main branches of the armed forces, military aviation proved to be the beginning of World War II. Luftwaffe bombers and fighters became one of the main tools of the German Blitzkrieg, which predetermined the success of Germany in the first years of the war on all fronts, and the Japanese naval aviation as the main striking force of the navy by the attack on Pearl Harbor set the course of military operations in the Pacific Ocean. British fighter aircraft became a decisive factor in preventing an invasion of the islands, and strategic allied bombers put Germany and Japan on the brink of disaster. The legend of the Soviet-German front was the Soviet attack aircraft.
Not a single modern armed conflict can do without military aviation. So, even in the event of the slightest tension, military transport planes carry out the transfer of military equipment and manpower, and army aircraft armed with attack helicopters provide support to ground forces. Modern aviation technology is developing in several directions. UAVs are finding more and more widespread use - unmanned aerial vehicles, which, like 100 years ago, first became scouts, and now they are more often carrying out attack missions, demonstrating spectacular training and combat shooting. However, while drones are not able to completely replace traditional manned combat aircraft, the emphasis in designing these days is on reducing radar visibility, increasing maneuverability and the ability to fly at supersonic cruising speed. However, the situation is changing so rapidly that only the most daring science fiction can predict in which direction military aviation will develop in the coming years.
On the Warspot portal you can always read articles and news on aviation topics, watch video or photo reviews on the history of military aviation from its inception to the present - on airplanes and helicopters, on the combat use of the air force, on pilots and aviation designers, on auxiliary military equipment and equipment used in the air force of various armies of the world.

Despite the romance of the professions, the work of pilots and stewardesses flying from one country to another, these are not always beautiful views of the sky, but also hard work. Therefore, even for those who work high above the clouds, comfortable conditions for relaxation are needed. TravelAsku decided to tell you how the life of the crew on board the aircraft goes.

The most difficult tasks for pilots and stewardesses are non-stop flights, which is over 15,000 kilometers of distance and more than 18 hours in the air. Few aircraft are capable of overcoming such vast distances, so most of the transoceanic destinations fall on the shoulders of the Boeing 777 and Airbus A340.

However, such long flights require solid endurance not only from technology, but also from the crew. Their work is associated with great responsibility and making important decisions, they should always be calm and cheerful. A separate menu is provided for pilots, so that in the event of food poisoning in one, the other could take control. And of course, the main factor that allows staff to withstand the load of distant flights will be a healthy sleep.

There is always one pilot in the cockpit, and a flight attendant in the cabin. Moreover, throughout the flight, pilots and stewardesses are entitled to 5 hours of rest. To make the rest as efficient as possible, airlines try to create all the necessary conditions. Although the crew cannot get up to their full height, you can stretch out on a soft bed and sleep sweetly. Depending on the aircraft, the lounge is located under the passenger compartment, above it or inside it. Despite the fact that the main goal of all airlines is to create the greatest number of seats for passengers, the crew also does not have to huddle in cramped conditions.

For example, on board the Boeing 787, a lounge room for stewardesses is located above the passenger compartment and is equipped with 5 berths. It is called CRC (Crew Rest Compartments).

When creating the project, all this seemed more comfortable and was more colorful.

However, this arrangement of the resting place pleases passengers with the spectacular appearance of stewardesses after rest.

Similar pilots have been created here for pilots.

But in the Airbus A350, the lounges were located under the passenger compartment, but in the latest models, they were moved to the top to increase the luggage space.

For pilots, the room provides not only berths, but also seats.

The enormous size of the Airbus A380, designed for 853 passengers, requires more sleeping places. The designers decided to use the height of the liner as rationally as possible, so they placed 12 beds, 3 on top of each other. It may not be as comfortable as on the Boeing 787, but there is an opportunity to stand at full height.

The "apartments" for pilots in the Airbus A380 are much more convenient - these are single rooms.

The sleeping area of \u200b\u200bthe Boeing 777-200LR is designed for 8 employees. The plane flies on such routes as Johannesburg, distance - 13,582 kilometers, Los Angeles, distance - 13,420 kilometers.

Basic requirements for the location of aerodromes

1. Military aviation. According to their location, military aviation airports must meet the following conditions:

a) be out of reach of enemy artillery;

b) have the shortest possible lines of communication with the serviced military units, and even better, allow personal communication between military and aviation commanders and their headquarters;

c) provide the best conditions for the placement of the material part and minor repairs;

d) have good ways to transport everything you need;

e) provide the most favorable conditions for recreation to personnel;

e) have a good disguise;

g) to enable the organization of direct defense against both air and ground enemies.

The commander and headquarters are at the airfield from which the combat work is being conducted. Landing sites at the headquarters of the divisions are intended in case of need for personal communication between the crew and the division commander or his chief

headquarters. Near the headquarters of the units for direct communication with them, landing sites are designed for the reception and operation of single aircraft.

The communication of airfields with the combined-arms headquarters served by the aviation part is carried out by means of the latter.

The main airfield and the headquarters of the military unit are connected by wire connection.

2. Army reconnaissance aircraft. The working conditions of the army reconnaissance aircraft do not impose special requirements on airfields. In the case of a quick movement of the field headquarters of a serviced operational unit, one often has to resort to work from the front airfield, which could be the airfield of any part of the military aviation.

3. Fighter aircraft. Army fighter aircraft, in addition to its main airfields, should make extensive use of the entire available network of airfields and areas of the army area. This ensures a successful struggle for air supremacy, making it possible to quickly concentrate fighters in various sectors of the front.

The use of fighter aircraft requires, first of all, a well-established communication, why all fighter aviation aerodromes should have direct wire or radio communication with the command at their disposal, as well as with other aviation headquarters (aerodromes), with air defense points and near the main air posts communication and observation.

4. Assault and bomber aircraft are deployed at airfields in accordance with the general tactical situation.

The need for frequent repeated flights requires the approach of advanced airfields to the front line with a wide dispersal of squadrons (squads) across individual aerodromes.

5. Zone of airdromes of military and light combat aircraft. The area of \u200b\u200bmilitary aviation aerodromes covers a strip, the front edge of which is 10-20 km from the contact line with the enemy, and the rear edge is 30-50 km. Typically, the main airfields of military aviation units are located at a depth of 1-1% of transitions from the enemy, and the landing sites are advanced forward, possibly closer to the parking place of the headquarters of the corps and divisions.

The front edge of the light combat airdrome zone is 100 km from the line of contact with the enemy. With advanced basing, the location of combat light aviation airfields will be in a strip from 100 to 200 I / m in depth, and when located at rear airfields from 200 km and deeper.

Defense of the airfield from a ground enemy

The following enemy ground forces may threaten an airfield: a) motorized units; b) cavalry; c) airborne troops; d) sabotage groups.

Given that the actions of large enemy forces equally threaten both airfields and the entire tactical and operational rear of the troops, the defense of airfields cannot be considered in isolation from the general defense of the entire rear area.

Responsible for organizing the defense of the military rear area is the commander of the formations to which this rear area belongs; The organization of defense within the army rear, according to its division, is directly controlled by the headquarters of the army or the chiefs of the corresponding rear bodies located in the area.

When organizing the defense of the rear, they proceed from the importance of one or another object, and the defense is organized in the directions leading to one or another object or group of them. At the same time, the topographic conditions of the terrain are widely used and their reinforcement is practiced with engineering, and sometimes chemical, means of struggle (blocking blockages, notches, gouges, trenches, minefields and preparing for chemical contamination) using local improvised tools and labor.

The aviation units and rear units located in the area receive for defense certain areas and areas indicated by the relevant order or decree of the chief organizing the general defense, and organize the defense in accordance with the statutory provisions, and the aircraft must be ready for action from the air.

Organization of PVCO aerodrome

In the struggle for air supremacy, the Air Force will seek to destroy enemy aircraft at its airfields during preparation for a combat mission, rest or arrival after completing a mission, inflict the greatest defeat on personnel and render the airfield unusable.

The relative vastness of the target allows you to use any type of aircraft for attack from various heights.

Attack aircraft can fulfill all three tasks using: a) machine-gun fire, fragmentation and incendiary bombs to destroy the material part; b) high-explosive large-caliber bombs with moderators from tenths of a second to several hours to destroy the airfield; c) machine-gun fire, small fragmentation bombs and explosives to destroy personnel.

Bomber aircraft operates over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe airfield, destroying the airfield and hitting everything on the airfield. Its main means are bombs of all types and calibers.

The possibility of attacking aerodromes of various types of aircraft with action at different altitudes and with the use of various means of destruction makes it necessary to use all means of PVCO for defense.

AZO funds

Aviation. In order to cover the location of a large junction of various types of aviation at the airfield hub, guarding by means of the air junction is organized using its own means, and a fighter unit can also be allocated. In the latter case, the aerodromes of the aviation compound are connected with the aerodrome of the fighter unit.

Flak. The defense of airfields from enemy aircraft attacking from high altitudes (more than 1,000) can be carried out using anti-aircraft artillery.

For the successful defense of the airfield, at least one anti-aircraft artillery battalion (3-4 batteries) is required. The idea of \u200b\u200bdefense is that enemy planes reaching the target, entering the anti-aircraft artillery shelling zone, immediately fall on probable approaches under two-layer fire (fire of 2 batteries), and approaching the center, they are fired by three-, four-layer fire (3-4 batteries).

In case of insufficient anti-aircraft artillery and the inability to cover the entire airfield unit, the main airfield is primarily covered.

Anti-aircraft machine guns. When defending an airfield, anti-aircraft machine guns are deployed in groups of at least two machine guns. Machine-gun defense has the following tasks: a) to prevent aircraft from approaching a vulnerable part of the airfield, and b) to prevent shelling or bombardment of the target with impunity.

Non-hostile aircraft can approach the target from any direction, but their approach from a closed or rough terrain is most likely. Therefore, machine-gun groups are positioned so as to fire at enemy planes, from whatever side they appear; in the most probable directions, the fire of machine-gun groups should be sealed by the interaction of at least two groups; above the target (vulnerable area), machine-gun group fire should be the most dense, since here machine guns will have the greatest possibility of destruction.

It is most advisable to put machine guns in high places (buildings, trees), eliminating dead spaces that are inevitable when installing them directly on the ground. For the installation of machine guns on buildings and trees, the corresponding sites are prepared that allow round-robin fire.

Temporarily inactive turret machine guns of aircraft can be involved in the fight against the enemy, and the defense of the airfield itself is assigned to them.

Air communications and surveillance posts. Timely warning of airdromes about an attack by an air enemy is provided by a network of air communications and observation posts of combined arms units and rear agencies located along the outer ring from airfields at a distance of 15-20 km.

The posts of aviation units and formations are part of the general air defense system of the area and serve on a common basis.

In the presence of anti-aircraft artillery covering the airfield, the service of air communication posts can be assigned to observation posts of anti-aircraft batteries. Each battery provides three observation points that continuously monitor the air situation. To prevent the airfield, the command post of the division commander, and whenever possible each battery, must be connected to the central post of the airfield.

Aerodrome warning is also carried out using battery shots.

Local funds

Disguise. The disguise of airfields breaks up into a disguise of: a) the airfield; b) material part; c) personnel; d) signs of life of the airfield.

The masking of existing airfields is complemented by a false airdrome device.

To mask the airfield airfield are widely used: field decoration and paint-masking - these tools make it possible to give the existing airfield the appearance of a site completely unsuitable for flights (pitted with ditches, pits, with fake, easily tolerated buildings: stacks, heaps, stumps, etc. .); in winter - sweeping tracks left by aircraft skis.

Masking of the material part (aircraft) can be achieved by using natural shelters (trees, bushes, terrain), camouflage painting of airplanes, protective paint to match the tone of the terrain (in the green meadow, in the sand yellow, in winter white, etc.) and finally, through special coatings (masksets). It is especially important to cover the shiny parts that give the plane the most.

Disguising personnel located outside the aerodrome does not present any particular difficulties, since it is easy to find any natural closures near the aerodrome. It is much more difficult to disguise personnel at the airport. To do this, it is necessary to allocate to each unit an assembly place, if possible covered (by trees, bushes, etc.). If there are no such shelters, they are created artificially.

To mask the signs of life of the airfield, it is necessary to give it the appearance of a site unsuitable for flights, as indicated above. It is especially important to eliminate crutches from the airport and mask access roads to the airfield.

Similarly, it is necessary to mask the air defense firing points, personnel premises outside the aerodrome and rear facilities airdrome (fuel, lubricants, bombs, vehicles, etc.). Masking these objects is not very difficult, since they are relatively small ?! they can always be placed in sheltered places.

Selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites

The selection and preparation of field airfields and landing sites for military and light army combat aviation in most cases, the interaction of aviation with ground forces are the responsibility of the command of these troops.

The chief executive officer for the selection of advanced aerodromes and landing sites will be the headquarters of the combined arms formation, in cooperation with which or as part of which aviation operates.

The technical executor will be one of the commanders of the headquarters or the commander of the engineering troops of this compound.

The preparation of field airfields is carried out by the sapper units of this compound using the military and working units or local residents as the labor force.

Places for airdromes are preliminarily selected based on military-geographical and aerographic descriptions of the area and large-scale maps. Then, these maps and aerographic descriptions are clarified by reconnaissance from airplanes, and special reconnaissance groups are sent to the airfield to finally resolve the issue of the suitability of this site.

Aerodrome Requirements

The following general requirements apply to an aerodrome:

a) sufficient size;

b) sufficient surface preparation of the aerodrome;

c) the presence of free approaches from the air in the direction of landing or take-off, i.e., the absence of any vertical obstacles (houses, trees, high factory pipes, etc.) in the path of an airplane making a landing or take-off.

The direction of take-off and landing of the aircraft depends on the direction of the wind. For each area there are prevailing winds (repeating in direction), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

The linear dimensions of airfields. The linear dimensions of airfields depend on the number and type of aircraft and the nature of the flight operation of the aircraft and parts using the airfield or landing site.

Relief. The surface of the aerodrome should be as horizontal as possible. Slopes, without steps and jumps, slopes of 0.01-0.02 with a length of at least 100 m are allowed; more frequent and abrupt surface changes are dangerous at high airplane speeds.

Local obstacles (hillocks, hollows, ditches, boundaries, furrows, bumps, pits, individual stones, shrubs, stumps, poles) should be eliminated.

It is advisable to avoid lowlands and hollows for. location of the aerodrome (subsoil water).

Soil and vegetation. Soil should be dense, but elastic and well absorbing moisture.

Unsuitable: marshy and very rocky.

Undesirable: sandy and clay.

Desirable: meadow areas with sandy and podzolic soil, with grassy, \u200b\u200brootous vegetation that protects from erosion, thinning and dust, but does not interfere with the density and height of the aircraft. It is possible to use the bread fields provided that the bread that has reached a height of 30 cm is removed and the soil density is appropriate.

Aerodrome rules

The airfield should not be swamped with water (atmospheric and groundwater). The general condition of the cover is<5очей площади полевого аэродрома должно допускать продвижение груженого полуторатонного автомобиля со скоростью 30- 40 км в час. Гусеничный трактор должен проходить без осадки почвы.

In winter, the airfield should have a flat surface, with a slight snow cover for take-off and landing on wheels, or a thicker and more even snow cover without snowdrifts for aircraft to ski. In winter they can also be used to base airplanes on skiing lakes or rivers. In the latter cases, time allowing for such basing is taken into account.

Sources of water. At each airfield, water is needed for various needs (water for radiators, for washing aircraft, for household needs, to extinguish a fire). Water pipe, well or reservoir is desirable. For the landing site, you can limit yourself to a source of water at a distance of no more than 1% km from the aircraft parking lot.

Water quality should be close to rain or boiled (lack of precipitation and heavy salts).

Driveways and communications. Transportation of air cargo by road requires good access roads from the nearest railway stations, settlements and marinas. The conditions for the base of aviation units at the airfield hub, combat work in conjunction with the troops, the need for constant weather information, timely delivery of the necessary cargo - all this requires a well-developed communication network (telephone, telegraph and radio), which should be taken into account when choosing an airfield.

Placement of material parts, stocks, material and technical means and personnel. The material part, stocks of military and material-technical means and facilities at field airfields are dispersed but using the surrounding area, lighting conditions and camouflage means. Aircraft are dispersed along the border of the aerodrome using adjacent forest groups or shrubs at a distance of 150-200 m from each other. Ammunition and fuel supplies are hidden outside the aerodrome. Flight and technical personnel are located from the airfield at a distance of 3-6 km. Transport, which is mainly intended for internal transportation at the aerodrome, is located in the storage area of \u200b\u200bthe aerodrome. During flights at the airport there is an on-duty vehicle with a service staff, the sanitary unit itself is located in the area of \u200b\u200blocation, personnel.

Breakdown of the airfield. The airfield (working area) for take-off and landing of the aircraft should correspond in size to the needs of this type of aviation.

The strip of approaches surrounding the airfield from all sides, or in any case from at least two sides (in the direction of the prevailing winds), must be of appropriate width.

Preparation of the working area of \u200b\u200bthe airfield

Without preparation of the surface of the airfield, the operation of the airfield and landing pad is impossible.

Preparation consists in planning (eliminating irregularities) and in surface treatment as necessary (plowing, harrowing, seeding, rolling and other works).

Large irregularities are cut off, hollows fall asleep, small irregularities are leveled, sometimes the whole surface is slightly loosened, shrubs, stumps and individual trees are uprooted, stones are removed, and the entire area is often rolled away, and if there is time and need, it is sown and strengthened with grass cover.

In addition, some airfields will require drainage to control groundwater.

Description of the sites. When searching for airfields, it is required to answer the following questions:

1) the name of the nearest settlement (distance in kilometers);

2) the nearest railway station or marina (in which direction in relation to the countries of the world, how many kilometers, on which road or river);

3) communication lines leading to the railway station (or wharf) and the nearest settlement; their condition;

4) the size of the site and its outline (linear dimensions - in meters, areal - in hectares);

6) the nature of the surface (soil, hillyness);

7) obstacles on the territory of the site and approaches to it (trees, shrubs, stones, stumps, ditches, humps, buildings, telegraph poles, etc.);

8) the presence of water bodies (natural and artificial), the quality and quantity of water in them;

9) the nature of the surrounding area (vegetation, surface features, water spaces);

10) the availability and capacity of the nearest settlements for the needs of the Air Force;

11) the dependence of the site on rains, river spills and snowmelt and for what period;

12) permanent communication (radio, postal and telegraph office, railway, telegraph, telephone); distance from the site to the nearest communication point;

13) the presence of enterprises and workshops in the area of \u200b\u200bthe site (within a radius of 5 km);

14) the availability of labor and building materials in the surrounding area;

15) the availability and condition of vehicles in the local population;

16) local medical and veterinary centers;

17) a list of works necessary to adapt the site under the airfield;

18) other information (political, sanitary).

In the end, they also need to sleep and rest during flights of 18 hours. Passengers are not allowed there, and many do not even suspect the existence of such secret cabins. But now we have the opportunity to look there.