Deposits are confined to the shields of ancient platforms. Mineral platforms. Minerals of the Ukrainian shield
Studying ore deposits, scientists have identified certain patterns of location, which, of course, greatly facilitates the work of an exploration geologist in natural conditions.
Hence it is obvious that before every young geologist a completely logical question arises: is it possible to find out in which areas of our vast Motherland one or another mineral resource should be sought?
The crust within our country, which makes up one sixth of the whole land, has a far from uniform structure: mountains are widespread in some regions, and plain spaces in others; layers of sedimentary rocks lie in some territories, while in others they are absent, since never since ancient geological times these land areas have been flooded by the sea.
Of the various geological formations that make up the earth's crust, scientists distinguish three main forms: shields, platforms and mountain ranges.
Shields are stable areas of land that over the past periods of the Earth’s life did not fall below sea level, which is why there is no marine sediment on them. Such, for example, within the Kola-Karelian shield and the East Siberian shield - the "ancient crown of Asia", on which traps are widespread. The Kola-Karelian shield forms the eastern part of the huge Baltic shield, on which Finland and Sweden are located.
Scientists reliably determined that the rocks that make up the Kola Peninsula - the oldest land within the country - were formed more than 1600 million years ago.
On the ancient shields we will not find any coal, nor oil, nor salt. Of the minerals, mainly ores of iron, nickel, copper, various rare metals and gold are common, and of non-metallic minerals, mica and feldspars are common.
Platforms adjoin the shields. Such, for example, is our Russian platform, which occupies almost the entire European part of the country, up to the Ukrainian crystalline shield in the southwest and the Ural Range in the east. The Russian platform is covered with various sedimentary rocks resting on ancient crystalline rocks. Recall that under Peter they were discovered while drilling artesian wells at a depth of 198 meters, and near Moscow - much further at a depth of 1655 meters.
Among minerals, coal and oil deposits, accumulations of various salts, such as, for example, the world's largest Verkhnekamsk potash deposit, sedimentary deposits of iron and manganese ores, phosphorites, mineral paints, gypsum, limestones, various clays, etc., are widespread here. To search on platforms for non-ferrous and rare metals that occur in connection with the cooling of igneous masses is useless: you will not find them anyway.
Our country is one of the first in the world in terms of many mineral reserves (and the first in natural gas reserves). In the cover of the ancient platform, there are various sedimentary minerals. On the Middle Russian and Volga Uplands, limestone, glass and building sands, chalk, gypsum and others are mined. and oil is extracted in the basin (Komi Republic). There are in (to the west and south of Moscow) and (including phosphorites).
They are confined to the crystalline foundation of ancient platforms. Their reserves are especially large in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kursk magnetic anomaly, where high quality ore is mined in open pits.
Various ores are confined to the shield. This (in the Murmansk region - Olenegorsk and Kovdorsk, and in Kostomuksha), copper-nickel ores (in the Murmansk region - Monchegorsk). There are also deposits of non-metallic minerals - apatite-nepheline ores (near Kirovsk).
One of the important iron ore regions of Russia still remains, although its reserves are already greatly depleted. Siberia is rich in iron ores.
Deposits of copper ores are concentrated mainly in the Urals, on (copper ore), as well as in the mountains of southern Siberia. In the area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment of deposits of copper-nickel ores, as well as cobalt, platinum and other metals in the north, the large city of Zapolyarye, Norilsk, grew up.
Siberia and the Far East are exclusively rich ore and non-metallic regions of the Russian Federation.
The granite penetrations of the Aldan shield are associated with gold reserves (placer deposits in the Vitim, Aldan, river basins) and iron ore, mica, asbestos, and a number of rare metals.
In Yakutia, organized industrial mining of diamonds. Tin ores are represented on the Yanek Highlands, in the Pevek region, on the Kolyma Highlands, in the Far East (Dalnegorsk). Polymetallic ores are widely represented (Dalnegorsk, Nerchinsk deposits, etc.), copper-lead-zinc ores (in the Rudny Altai), etc.
Non-ferrous metal deposits are also found in - the Sadon lead-kick field (Republic of North Ossetia) and the tungsten-molybdenum deposit in Tyrnyauz (Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria).
Of the deposits and areas of distribution of raw materials for (non-metallic) it should be noted: Kingisepp in the Leningrad region and Vyatka-Kamsk in the Kirov region (phosphorites), in lakes Elton, Baskunchak and Kulundinskoye, as well as in Usolye-Sibirsky (salt), Verkhnekamskoye field - Solikamsk, Berezniki (potassium salt) and others.
In the 1940s, oil and gas deposits and the Urals (Romashkinskoye, Arlanskoye, Tuimazinskoye, Buguruslan, Ishimbayskoye, Mukhanovskoye and others) began to be developed, and then the deposits of the Timan-Pechora oil and gas province in the north-east of European Russia (- Usinskoye, Pashninskoye gas condensate - Voyvozhskoe, Vuktylskoe). It was only in the 60s that the deposits of the West Siberian basin began to be quickly mastered, which is now the largest region of oil and gas production in Russia.
The largest gas fields in Russia (Yamburgskoye, Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Balakhninskoye, Kharasaveyskoye and others) are concentrated in the north of Western Siberia (the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), and oil (Samotlorskoye) in the middle part of the West Siberian Region (the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) , Megion, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgut and other deposits). From here, oil and gas are supplied via pipelines to other regions of Russia, neighboring countries, as well as to states.
There is oil also in Yakutia, and oil is being produced on Sakhalin Island.
In recent years, new deposits have been discovered in the Russian Federation: natural gas on the shelf (Shtokman), gas condensate - on the shelf (Leningradskoe), oil - on the shelf of the Pechora Bay, etc.
In Russia, there are almost all types of minerals.
The earth’s crust is heterogeneous and consists of different structural elements. The study of the structure of the lithosphere (Earth's hard shell) is one of the tasks that science sets itself. Shields are one such element. It is about them that will be discussed in this information article.
Earth's crust and its structure
The main structural elements of the earth's crust are lithospheric plates, which can be continental or oceanic. These two types differ from each other in structure (transverse section): a granite layer is present in the continental type plates.
Platforms call the most stable (in tectonic terms) parts of the lithospheric plates of the Earth. At the same time, they act as nuclei (basis) for the continents. In addition to them, within the lithospheric plates also stand out - epiplatform and epigeosynclinal.
The platform is the most stable structure of the earth's crust, which was formed where powerful mountain systems existed hundreds of millions of years ago. Over time, they collapsed, and the surface at this place leveled off. Thus, a powerful and stable structure is formed - the foundation. Subsequently, sedimentary rocks begin to accumulate on it, gradually creating a powerful layer (cover).
All existing platforms on Earth are divided into ancient (in English literature they are often called cratons) and young. Below on the map are the main (ancient) platforms of our planet. They are marked with a reddish tint.
The structure of the earth's crust is studied by science of geography (7th grade). Next, we will examine in more detail the structure of the platform.
Structural elements of the platform (geography, grade 7)
The platform consists of two layers: a crystalline foundation (lies at the bottom) and a sedimentary cover (covers the foundation).
In geological science, there are four structures that make up any platform. Shield, stove, anteclise and syneclise are the main ones. Further we will consider them. Familiarization with these structures is quite enough for the full development of the school course "Geography".
Shields are exits to the crystalline foundation of the platform. The sizes of such exits can reach 1000 or more kilometers in length. As a rule, shields are characteristic of ancient platform structures.
Plates are vast sections of the platform that are completely covered by sedimentary cover. Very often platforms young in age are covered with such a cover entirely. Therefore, they are also called slabs.
Anteclises and syneclises are already 2nd order structures. Anteclise is called flat elevated sections of plates. A syneclise is a gentle hollow on a slab or, which is less common, within a crystalline shield.
In this article, we will consider the shields of ancient platforms of Eurasia - Siberian and East European. However, before this we dwell in more detail on the question "what is a shield."
Geography: shields are ...
The concept of "shield" is widely used in geological science. For the first time this term was used in Germany by Edward Suess (in 1903).
A shield is an exposure of a crystalline foundation within an ancient platform. Thus, Precambrian rocks, the age of which can reach 3.5-4 billion years, come to the surface of the Earth. They, as a rule, are represented by granites, quartzites, gneisses, which are exposed in fairly vast areas.
Features of the structure of shields
Shields are the main and most stable structures of the continents. As a rule, they are surrounded by belts composed of rocks of Cambrian age. In relief, shields are most often expressed by slightly convex plains or small hills.
Shields are surrounded by more mobile and mobile zones, mountain building processes in which were recorded relatively recently (by geological standards - 100-200 million years ago).
The most famous examples of shields on our planet: Canadian, Ukrainian, Aldan, Baltic. These areas are confined to large deposits of ore minerals (copper, manganese, gold, nickel, etc.). Thus, powerful deposits of copper ores and apatites were discovered within the Aldan shield. The largest reserves in the world (Kryvyi Rih basin) were found on the Ukrainian Shield.
The history of the formation and structure of the Siberian platform
The Siberian platform is a large geological area, occupying a huge area in the north-eastern part of Eurasia. This is one of the oldest platforms on the planet, the foundation of which was formed in the Archean. After that, it was covered more than once by the waters of the seas, as a result of which a powerful cover of sedimentary rocks formed here.
The Siberian platform has clear boundaries on the surface of the Earth: the northern one is the southern slopes of the west - the Yenisei Valley, the southern border runs along the Stanovoi Range, and the eastern one - along the lower Lena River.
The foundation of the Siberian platform is composed of rocks of the Archean and Proterozoic age, which are strongly crumpled into folds. These are gneisses, amphibolites, slates, marble and others. Their age is quite solid: from 2.3 to 3.7 billion years. The sedimentary cover of the platform is composed of rocks of different ages. The northeastern end of the platform is characterized by intrusive rocks that form diamond tubes.
The Siberian platform is unusually rich in various mineral resources. There are large deposits of iron ore, mica, apatite, graphite. Significant reserves of gas and oil, as well as coal, diamonds, copper, nickel ores and gold are confined to the sedimentary cover.
Aldan shield
The Aldan shield is a ledge of the crystalline basement within the Siberian platform. It is localized in its southeastern part and coincides in relief with the Aldan Highlands and the Stanovoi Range. In the south and west, the shield borders the mountain formation region through a system of deep faults. In the northeast, it is covered by a thick cover of sedimentary deposits of the Cambrian age.
The deposits (floors) of the ancient foundation of the Aldan shield can be traced to the evolution of the earth's crust as a whole. So, in the lowest tier lie gneisses, slates, marble and granulite quartzites. The next floor is filled with sedimentary-volcanogenic rocks zoned metamorphosed. The upper floor is represented by thick sediments of clastic and volcanic rocks, as well as large intrusions.
In different geological epochs, tectonic processes in the Aldan shield intensified many times. This happened in the Paleozoic, Middle Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. This is one of the distinguishing features of this crystal shield.
Many mineral deposits are associated with the territory of the Aldan shield. So, significant reserves of iron and copper ores, mica, apatites, kimberlites, coal, gold, and various semiprecious stones have been discovered and explored here.
The history of the formation and structure of the East European platform
The East European platform is one of the largest and most stable platforms of the modern earth's crust. It extends from the Scandinavian Peninsula to the Ural Mountains, occupying almost the whole of Northern and Eastern Europe.
Two powerful outcrops of the crystalline basement stand out in its structure - the Ukrainian and Baltic Shields. Here, in many places, ancient rocks come to the surface - mainly granites and quartzites. In places they form high cliffs, outcrops and very picturesque canyons. In the space between these shields are Belarusian and Voronezh anteclises.
The foundation of the platform is composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian age, which are densely cut by deep tectonic faults. The East European platform formed its foundation in the Late Proterozoic. The platform cover consists of slightly deformed sedimentary and volcanic rocks of different geological age.
Minerals East European Platform
Within the East European Platform, the richest deposits of various minerals have been explored. Some of them are associated with the foundation of this geological structure, while others are associated with its sedimentary cover.
Huge deposits of iron ore (Krivbass, Kremenchug basin and others), copper, titanium, nickel ores and apatites are confined to the places where the platform foundation surface reaches the surface. Deposits of natural gas (Volgoural oil and gas province, Dnieper-Donets depression and others), coal and brown coal (Donbass, Moscow region), phosphorites, bauxites and various building materials (limestone, marble, dolomites, etc.) are associated with the sedimentary cover of the platform. .
Geological structure of the Ukrainian shield
The Ukrainian crystalline shield is the protrusion of the foundation of the East European platform on its southwestern outskirts. It stretches a thousand kilometers (within Ukraine and partially Belarus) from the Goryn River in the north to the shores of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in the south. On the map below it is marked in yellow.
The maximum width of the Ukrainian shield is 250 kilometers. The total surface area is approximately 135 thousand square kilometers.
The Ukrainian shield is composed mainly of igneous and metamorphic rocks of Archean age (these are gneisses, granites, amphibolites, migmatites and others). In many places, these crystalline rocks are exposed, forming beautiful cliffs, rapids, and cascades on lowland rivers.
Minerals of the Ukrainian shield
As you know, ore minerals are confined to the ledges of the foundations of ancient platforms. And the Ukrainian shield here is no exception.
Within this geological structure, large reserves of iron ores (Krivorozhsky basin), (Zheltovodskoye and Ternovskoye deposits), zirconium ores (Volnogorskoye deposit), precious and semiprecious stones, building materials (in particular, in the Zhytomyr and other regions of Ukraine are mined with the highest quality ) In terms of the total mineral resource potential, the Ukrainian shield has practically no equal both in Europe and in the world.
Minerals of sedimentary type are also found on this shield. Their deposits are confined to insignificant (not more than 50 meters) sections of the cover. First of all, it is the Dnieper basin, as well as manganese ores of the Nikopol basin.
Conclusion
The study of the structure of the earth's crust is included in the range of tasks posed by the science of geography. Shields are the structural elements of the ancient platforms of the Earth. These are usually confined to powerful deposits of ore minerals and semiprecious stones.
Aldan shield, as well as Ukrainian, are the largest crystalline protrusions of foundations on the continent of Eurasia. The first of them is located in Russia, within the Siberian platform, and the second - in Ukraine, on the East European platform.
Within the Siberian platform there are various and richest deposits of ore and nonmetallic minerals confined to the deposits of the basement and cover.
Iron. Iron ore deposits are concentrated in three large areas. South Aldan , or South Yakut, the area is located within the Aldan shield. Magnetite ferruginous quartzites occur in Proterozoic deposits. Angara-Pit The iron ore region is located in the eastern part of the Yenisei Ridge, where sedimentary hematite and hydrohematite iron ores are associated with sandy-clay deposits of Riphean age. Ore deposits in the form of large lenses and layers form a number of deposits and occur not far from the surface. Angara-Ilim The district is located in the Irkutsk region. Deposits of iron of contact-metosomatic type. Ore deposits are confined to the contacts of trap intrusions in Silurian deposits.
Numerous deposits of iron were found in the basins of the rivers Podkamennaya Tunguska, Bakhty, Letnaya, Severnaya and Anakit.
Copper and Nickel. One of the copper-nickel deposits is located in the Norilsk region. Not only copper and nickel, but also cobalt, platinum, silver and selenium are extracted from the ores of the Norilsk group of deposits.
In the western part of the Aldan shield, a large Udokan deposit of copper sandstones was discovered, associated with the terrigenous strata of the Lower Proterozoic Udokan series.
Aluminum. A group of deposits in the Yenisei Ridge, where bauxites occur in the karst cavities of the Cretaceous-Paleogene weathering crust.
In Pre-Cambrian deposits, nepheline-containing rocks are widespread - sillimanite and distene schists, containing a large amount of alumina, which can be used to extract aluminum from them.
Gold. Gold deposits are located in the southern part of the platform on the Aldan shield. Deposits of placer gold and quartz gold veins in Precambrian rocks.
Diamonds In the central part of the platform in Western Yakutia. In 1954, the first diamond-bearing kimberlite pipe was discovered. The diamond mining center is the city of Mirny. Three kimberlite pipes are being developed: Mir, Udachnaya, and Aikhal.
Icelandic Spar - the most important raw material for the radio and optical industry - it is widely developed within the Tunguska syneclise, where it lies in the form of nests in the effusives of the trap sequence.
Rock salt - in deposits of the Lower Cambrian, in the Irkutsk region.
Graphite- deposits in the lower reaches of the Lower Tunguska, in the Kureyki valley.
Coal- deposits in the Tunguska syneclise in the Paleozoic, Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits.
Lensky coal basin It is confined to the Pre-Verkhoyansk regional trough and the Vilyui syneclise.
South Yakut coal basin It is associated with Jurassic deposits on the Aldan shield, where they occur in the Chulman and Tokinsky depressions.
Irkutsk coal basin confined to the Irkutsk Depression. Jurassic coal seams reach 25 m and are mined open pit.
Kansko-Achinsky the coal basin is located in the Can Canal. Beds of brown coal of Jurassic age, thickness 100 m.
Oil. Oil fields in the Nepa-Botuoba anticlise and the Angara-Lena stage are discovered in the Udomian and Cambrian deposits. Their discovery is possible in the Cambrian deposits of the Turukhan-Norilsk zone and in the Lower-Middle Paleozoic deposits of the Tunguska syneclise.
Gas. The largest gas and gas condensate deposits were found in the Vilyui syneclise in Jurassic deposits, as well as in the Ust-Yenisei-Khatanga trough.
End of work -
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Ancient platforms - areas of Precambrian folding
The East European and Siberian platforms stand out - huge huge blocks of the continental crust. Their crystalline basement formed in Kproterozoyan of a significant territory and to the beginning
Ural-Mongolian geosynclinal folded belt
Separates the East European and Siberian platforms. The Baikal, Salair, Caledonian and Hercynian folded areas and young plates: West Siberian and Tima take part in its structure
East European platform
It occupies most of European Russia and Ukraine, the entire territory of Belarus and the Baltic states, the territory of Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Romania. Eastern border
Crystal platform foundation
The foundation of the East European Platform is composed of metamorphosed Archean and Lower Proterozoic formations. He is exposed in the Baltic Shield, covering the territory of Karelia and the Kola Sex.
Vendian-Lower Devonian Complex
The Vendian deposits on the East European platform are represented by conglomerates, gravelites, sandstones, siltstones and mudstones. Marls, limestones and dolomites are found. First
Minerals
The minerals associated with the foundation are most studied within the shields, where they are covered only by a thin cover of sediments or directly exposed on the surface. Iron.
Tectonic structure
And the stages of its formation
The sediments that form the foundation of the Siberian platform are exposed on the surface in the areas of the Aldan shield, the Anabar massif and the Olenek uplift. Aldan-Stanovoi shield folded archaea
Geological structure of the cover
Upper Proterozoic sedimentary and partly volcanogenic formations lie on the Archean-Proterozoic metamorphic foundation of the Siberian Platform with a break and sharp disagreement. In structural
Tiled complex
The Vendian complex on the surface is exposed within the eastern slope of the Aldan shield, on the Anabar shield and Olenek uplift, in the extreme northwest of the platform in the area
Devonian-Lower Carboniferous Complex
In late Silurian time, as a result of uplifts that covered the Siberian platform, most of its territory turned into land. At the beginning of the Devonian period, the territory again sank.
Middle Coal-Upper Triassic Complex
In Middle Carboniferous, marine sedimentation was replaced by continental on most of the Siberian platform. The most energetic tectonic movements occurred in the western half of the platform, where
Lecture 7
Productive stratum in the northern regions of the Tunguska syneclise begins with the Serpukhov tier of the Lower Carboniferous, and in the southern - with the upper part of the Carboniferous system. In the structure of t
Lecture 5
Metaplatform areas adjacent to the East European platform In the southeast, west and northeast of the ancient East
Minerals
The main minerals are oil and gas. Oil deposits are confined to terrigenous rocks of the Zhivsky layer in the Ukhta oil producing region. Oil fields Ukhtinskoye,
Tectonic structure
The southeastern part of the platform is occupied by an extensive protrusion of the Archean-Lower Proterozoic basement, the Aldan-Stanovoi shield. In the northern part of the platform is the Anabar Massif. Upper Proterozoic-Phanerozoic
Pai-Khoi-Novaya Zemlya folding zone
It is laid out by a low ridge of Pai-Khoi, Vaigach Island, the Southern and Northern islands of Novaya Zemlya. The island of Northern Novaya Zemlya is half covered by an ice sheet. Tectonically, this zone is considered to be
Foundation structure
The western part of the basement of the slab up to 300 km wide is a submerged continuation of the Eastern eugeosynclinal megazones of the folded region of the Urals. From the south to this mega zone is adjacent buried with
Minerals
The main minerals are oil and gas condensate, which account for the bulk of Russian oil and gas production. Most industrial oil accumulations are confined to the Jurassic,
After the Precambrian stage of development of this territory, the most important is the Salair stage, in which: in the Wend - beginning of the Cambrian, numerous eugeosink are laid on the Precambrian foundation
Minerals
Deposits of magnetite ores were discovered in the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the Western Sayan and in Altai. Polymetallic deposits discovered in the Devonian sedimentary-effusive strata of the Ore Alt
Stratigraphy
Archaea and the Lower Proterozoic are exposed in the Burein massif and are represented by a granulite complex consisting of gneisses, migmatites, crystalline schists, and amphibolites. Rocks broken gras
History of geological development of the territory
As a result of ancient folding, a single Siberian-Chinese craton was formed in Archean. In the early Proterozoic, it was dissected by the Mongol-Okhotsk syncline. In the development of geosynclines in the late
Minerals
In the Bureinsky anticlinorium, the Kimkansky magnetite quartzite deposit associated with Riphean deposits was discovered, the Garinsky magnetite ore deposit was discovered in Zeysko-Selendzhinsk
The general course of the history of geological development
In Precambrian and Early Paleozoic, an ancient crystalline massif was located on the site of the Sikhot-Aln region. In Devonian - Late Silurian, as a result of fragmentation of the massif, a geosyncl
Minerals
Within the Mesozoic folding, 3 ore belts are distinguished: West Paleozoic, Central Mesozoic, East Cenozoic. The western belt contains tin deposits.
The general course of the history of geological development
From the early Precambrian to the Late Carboniferous, the Verkhoyano-Kolyma platform developed in most of the territory. At the end of the Baikal tectonic stage, Kolymsky and Chukots isolated in its structure
Minerals
Three ore systems are distinguished in the Verkhoyano-Chukotka folded system: 1. Adycha-Yansky, 2. Allah-Yunsky, 3. Indigiro-Kolymsky. The first is dominated by deposits
Kamchatka-Allutor fold system and the Kuril Islands
They relate to typically island and peninsular arcs. This zone is the most active modern tectonic movements. Stand out South Kamchatka anticlinorium and East Kamchatka anticl
Minerals
In Kamchatka, gas-hydrothermal sulfur deposits have been discovered that are associated with Quaternary volcanic activity. In the west of Kamchatka in the Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene
Arctic Ocean
In the Arctic Ocean, two sub-basins are distinguished by sharply differing geological structures: Eurasian and Ameroasian. The border between them passes in the area of \u200b\u200bthe underwater ridge Lomonosov.
Regional tectonics of the Arctic Ocean
At an early stage of development, the internal structure of the ocean was determined by two platforms: the Barents Sea and Hyperbare, which belonged to different segments of the land of the Atlantic and Pacific. M
A number of deposits are associated with the Dorifey foundation.
Iron.Most iron deposits belong to the formation of iron ore quartzites and related oxidized ores in the weathering zone. These deposits are most numerous on the Ukrainian Shield and Voronezh Antekliz (deposits of Krivoy Rog and Kursk magnetic anomaly). Chromites.Chromites are known in the basement structures of the platform and are associated with mafic and ultrabasites. Chromite ores were discovered on the Voronezh Antekliz and in the western part of the Ukrainian Shield. Nickel, copper.In the basement of the platform, copper-nickel deposits are associated with biotite-hyperbasite magmatism. These are deposits of the Kola Peninsula on the Baltic Shield (areas of Pechenga, Imandra, Kuoloyarvi, Vetreny Belt, Voronezh anteclise). Sulfur pyrite.Deposits of pyrite-pyrrhotite ores are associated with spilite-keratophyres of the Baltic Shield. Zinc lead.This metal association is associated with sections of the basement bounded by aulacogens. Mineralization is known in the eastern part of the Baltic Shield and is associated with quartz-barite-calcite veins. At the Voronezh anteclise, lead and zinc are associated with sulfide-bearing quartz veins. Tin, tungsten, molybdenum, zirconium.These metals are widely distributed on the platform shields (Karelia, Priazovye). Most often, these metals are concentrated in skarns. Muscovite, ceramic raw materialsassociated with formations of muscovite pegmatites. Mica-bearing pegmatites gravitate towards the coast of the White Sea (North Karelia). They are surrounded by a region of ceramic pegmatites. On the Ukrainian shield, rare-metal feldspar pegmatites (Priazovye) are developed. Phlogopite.The phlogopite deposits are associated with ultrabasic alkaline rocks and Paleozoic carbonates, which cross the Doriphean basement. The most famous deposits of Karelia (Kovdor, Vuoriyarvi). Alumina raw materials.Alumina minerals are widely distributed in the basement of the platform (Baltic, Ukrainian shields, Voronezh and Belarusian anteclises). Graphiteassociated with graphite gneisses and schists. Deposits of graphite are known on the Ukrainian Shield (Azov, Podolia).
In the platform cover of the Vendian-Early Cambrian-Early Eiffel, deposits of ferrous, non-ferrous metals, coal, oil, etc. are also known.
Iron.Widespread sedimentary ores of the late Eiffel-Early Triassic stage, which were formed at all its stages. These are ores of Timan, the Voronezh anteclise and the Moscow syneclise. They are associated with bauxite (Early Carboniferous). Manganese.Deposits of manganese in the Vendian deposits are associated with the hollows of inland water bodies of that time. Manganese deposits gravitate towards the slopes of the Ukrainian shield, the rocks of which mainly served as a source of ore substance. There is a second type of manganese deposits, which is confined to the zones of transition of the East European platform to the Pre-Ural and Pre-Carpathian troughs. Titanium.Titanium placers of proluvial-deltaic and coastal-marine type are widespread in the Middle-Late Paleozoic stage of platform development. They are known in Timan, framed by the Voronezh anteclise, on the southern and northwestern wings of the Moscow syneclise. Coastal-marine placers are widespread and formed at all stages of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage of development of the platform. Bauxitesare confined to the formations of the transgressive and inundation stages of the Middle Late Paleozoic stage and the transgressive stage of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage. Visean bauxites are known on the slopes of the Voronezh anteclise, in the Pripyat trough and on the Timan. Native sulfur.Deposits of sulfur are known in the Donbass, in the Dnieper-Donetsk and Black Sea basins, in the Carpathian trough. Sulfur is associated with sediments of saline formations of the Kungur and Ufa centuries. Phosphorites.The formation of phosphorites occurred during the plate stage of development of the platforms. The oldest phosphorites are dated to the late Vendian. Deposits of phosphorites are known on the western slope of the Ukrainian shield in the valley of the river. Dniester. Coal.Coal deposits are associated with sediments of the early Carboniferous bauxite-coal formation (the Moscow Region basin). Coals are widespread in the Pripyat-Dnieper, Donetsk depressions and in the Lviv trough. Oil shaleconnected by Surian deposits, distributed in the eastern part of the platform. Rock saltassociated with shallow marine sediments.
The main literature:, p. 10-42.
Additional literature:,
Test questions:
1. Tell and show on the map the borders of the East European platform.
2. List and describe the main structural elements of the East European platform.
3. Tell us about the crystalline foundation of the East European platform. What series stand out in the context of the foundation?
4. Describe the main stages of the formation of the cover of the East European platform and their characteristic features.
5. What minerals are associated with the foundation and cover of the East European ancient platform?
