What is culture in general. What is culture? The essence of culture

I was not lucky: my mother and grandfather worked in the field of education. Therefore, the comments "poured" on me every day. Imagine how difficult it was for a child adapt in societywhere a different pattern of behavior was at work. Therefore, I grew up a constrained person, but cultured.

Modern youth - another. They give in to an inner call. And the remark: “how cultureless you are” does not mean anything to them. Today, I will focus on cultural values \u200b\u200band reveal the meaning of the most difficult concept. What can you do for the bright future of the younger generation?

What is culture: shedding light

Culture - complicated a term that has several definitions. This concept means human activities associated with self-expression, self-development, self-knowledge... Deal with a difficult word « culture » tried for centuries. After controversy, observations managed to classify the culture.

Distinguish:

• Material culture.Expressed in material manifestations. These can be interior items, clothing, accessories that a person buys. It is believed that this form of culture demonstrates the everyday side of life.

• Artistic culture. The creative activity of a person, in the process of which something new is born (picture, book, poem, room design project, song text).

• Spiritual culture... The most complex form of culture, which includes the norms of human behavior, spiritual development, intelligence, morality

• Physical education. Covers human activities aimed at caring for their appearance, exercise, and maintaining health.

Lack of culture

An uncultured person is easy to identify even in a crowd. Alarms are illiterate speech, addressing "you" (to a stranger), obscene language. One can state the absence of spiritual values \u200b\u200bby asking a person a few provocative questions. Table etiquettewill clearly demonstrate the culture of the person.

I advise you not to jump to conclusions. Because the culture is formed over the years. It's never too late start reading books, visit exhibitions and talk about "high".

LECTURE No. 1. General concepts of cultural history

1. What is culture

2. Subject and object of cultural study

3. The structure of culture

4. Forms of culture, its classification

5.The meaning and functions of culture

6. Methods and problems of studying culture

When in the Middle Ages a new way of growing cereals appeared, more progressive and improved, called the Latin word culture , no one could have guessed how much the concept of this expression would change and expand. If the term agriculture and in our time means the cultivation of grain, then already in the XVIII-XIX centuries. the word itself culture will lose its usual meaning. A person who possesses grace of manners, education, and erudition began to be called cultural. The "cultured" aristocrats were thus separated from the "uncultured" common people. There was a similar word in Germany kultur , which meant a high level of development of civilization. From the point of view of the educators of the 18th century. the word culture was explained as rationality. This rationality related primarily to social order and political institutions, the main criteria for its assessment were achievements in the field of art and science.

Making people happy is the main goal of culture. It matches the desires of the human mind. This direction, which considers that the main goal of a person is to achieve happiness, bliss, joy, is called eudemonism... His supporters were a French educator Charles Louis Montesquieu (1689-1755), Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico (1668-1744), French philosopher Paul Henri Holbach (1723-1789), French writer and philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), French philosopher Johann Gotfried Herder (1744-1803).

As a scientific category, culture began to be perceived only in the second half of the 19th century. The concept of culture is getting more and more inseparable from the concept of civilization... For some philosophers, these boundaries did not exist at all, for example, for the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), the existence of such boundaries was undeniable, he pointed to them in his writings. An interesting fact is that already at the beginning of the XX century. German historian and philosopher Oswald Spengler (1880-1936), on the contrary, opposed the concept of "culture" to the concept of "civilization". He "revived" the concept of culture, comparing it with a certain set of closed "organisms", endowing them with the ability to live and die. After death, culture turns into a civilization opposite to it, in which naked technicism kills all creative.

The modern concept of culture has expanded significantly, but the similarities in its modern understanding and understanding of it in the XVIII-XIX centuries. remained. As before, for most people it is associated with various types of art (theater, music, painting, literature), good education. At the same time, the modern definition of culture has thrown away its former aristocracy. Along with this, the meaning of the word culture is extremely broad, and there is still no precise and well-established definition of culture. Modern scientific literature provides a huge number of definitions of culture. According to some sources, there are about 250-300 of them, according to others - over a thousand. At the same time, all these definitions, in turn, are correct, because in a broad sense the word culture is defined as something social, artificial, it goes in contrast to everything natural, created by nature.

Many scientists and thinkers were involved in defining culture. For example, an American ethnologist Alfred Louis Kroeber (June 11, 1876 - October 5, 1960), being one of the leading representatives of the school of cultural anthropology of the 20th century, was engaged in the study of the concept of culture, tried to group the main features of culture into one clear, clear core definition.

Let's present the main interpretations of the term “culture”.

Culture (from lat. culture- "education, cultivation") - a generalization of artificial objects (material objects, relations and actions) created by man, which have general and special laws (structural, dynamic and functional).

Culture is a person's way of life, which is determined by his social environment (various rules, norms and orders accepted in society).

Culture is the various values \u200b\u200bof a group of people (material and social), including customs, types of behavior, institutions.

According to E. Taylor's concept, culture is a set of various types of activity, all kinds of customs and beliefs of people, everything created by man (books, paintings, etc.), as well as knowledge about adaptation to the natural and social world (language, customs, ethics, etiquette, etc.).

From a historical point of view culture is nothing else but the result of the historical development of mankind. That is, it includes everything that was created by man and is passed down from generation to generation, including various views, activities and beliefs.

According to psychological science, culture is the adaptation of a person to the world around him (natural and social) to solve various problems at his psychological level.

According to the symbolic definition of culture, it is nothing more than a collection of various phenomena (ideas, actions, material objects), organized through the use of all kinds of symbols.

All these definitions are correct, but it is almost impossible to make one out of them. One can only make some generalization.

Culture is the result of people's behavior, their activities, it is historical, that is, it is passed down from generation to generation along with the ideas, beliefs, values \u200b\u200bof people through study. Each new generation does not assimilate culture biologically, it perceives it emotionally during its life (for example, with the help of symbols), makes its own transformations, and then passes it on to the next generation.

We can view the history of mankind as a purposeful human activity. The same is the case with the history of culture, which in no way can be separated from the history of mankind. This means that this activity approach can help us in studying the history of culture. It lies in the fact that the concept of culture includes not only material values, products of human activity, but also this activity itself. Therefore, it is advisable to consider culture as a set of all types of transformative activities of people and those material and spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat are the products of this activity. Only by examining culture through the prism of human activity, peoples, one can understand its essence.

Being born, a person does not immediately become a part of society, he merges into it with the help of training and education, that is, mastering the culture. This means that it is precisely this introduction of a person to society, to the surrounding world of people that is culture. Comprehending culture, a person can make his own contribution, enriching the cultural baggage of humanity. Interpersonal relationships (they appear from birth), as well as self-education, play a huge role in mastering this baggage. Do not forget about one more source that has become very relevant in our modern world - this is the media (television, Internet, radio, newspapers, magazines, etc.).

But it is wrong to think that the process of mastering culture affects only the socialization of a person. Comprehending cultural values, a person, first of all, leaves an imprint on his personality, makes changes in his individual qualities (character, mindset, psychological characteristics). Therefore, in culture there are always contradictions between socialization and individualization of the individual.

This contradiction is not the only one in the development of culture, but often such contradictions do not hinder this development, but, on the contrary, push towards it.

Many humanities are involved in the study of culture. First of all, it is worth highlighting cultural studies.

Culturology is a humanities that studies various phenomena and laws of culture. This science was formed in the XX century.

There are several versions of this science.

1. Evolutionary, that is, in the process of historical development. Its supporter was the English philosopher E. Taylor.

2. Non-evolutionary, based on education. This version was supported by an English writer Iris Murdoch(1919- 1999).

3. Structuralistic, it includes activities of any kind. Supporter - French philosopher, historian of culture and science Michelle Paul Foucault(1926-1984).

4. Functional, for which the British anthropologist and cultural scientist spoke out Bronislav Kasper Malinovsky(1884- 1942).

5. Playroom. Dutch historian and idealist philosopher Johan Heizinga(1872-1945) saw the basis of culture in play, and play as the highest essence of man.

There are no specific boundaries between cultural studies and a related philosophy of culture. But nevertheless, these are different sciences, since the philosophy of culture, in contrast to cultural studies, is looking for super-experienced beginnings of culture. Cultural philosophers include a French writer and philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher-educator, deist Voltaire(1694-1778), representative of the "philosophy of life" movement, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900).

In addition to these humanities, there are a number of others that are based precisely on culture. Such sciences should include: ethnography (studies the material and spiritual culture of individual peoples), sociology (studies the laws of development and functioning of society as an integral system), cultural anthropology (studies the functioning of society in various peoples, which is determined by their culture), the morphology of culture (studies cultural forms), psychology (the science of the mental life of people), history (studies the past of human society).

Let's dwell on the basic concepts of culture in more detail.

Artifact (from lat. artefactum- "artificially made") culture - a unit of culture. That is, an object that carries with it not only physical features, but also symbolic ones. These artifacts include clothes of a particular era, interior items, etc.

Civilization - a set of all characteristics of society, often this concept acts as a synonym for the concept of "culture". According to a public figure and thinker Friedrich Engels and(1820-1895), civilization is the stage of human development following barbarism. The same theory was adhered to by an American historian and ethnographer Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881). He presented his theory of the development of human society in the form of a sequence: savagery\u003e barbarism\u003e civilization.

Etiquette - the established order of behavior in any circles of society. It is subdivided into business, everyday, guest, military, etc. Historical traditions are elements of cultural heritage that are passed down from generation to generation. Distinguish between optimistic and pessimistic historical traditions. The optimists are the German philosopher Immanuel Kant , English philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), German philosopher, esthetician and critic Johann Gottfried Herder ... These and other optimistic philosophers viewed culture as a community of people, progress, love and order. In their opinion, the world is dominated by a positive principle, that is, good. Their goal is to achieve humanity.

The opposite of optimism is pessimism (from lat. pessimus- "worst"). In the opinion of pessimistic philosophers, it is not good that prevails in the world, but the negative principle, i.e. evil and chaos. The pioneer of this doctrine was the German philosopher-irrationalist Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). His philosophy became widespread in Europe at the end of the 19th century. In addition to A. Schopenhauer, supporters of the pessimistic theory were Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist, founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), as well as Friedrich Nietzsche, who advocated anarchy of culture. These philosophers were interesting in that they denied all cultural boundaries, were against all sorts of prohibitions imposed on the cultural activity of a person.

Culture is an integral part of human life. She, like a genetically programmed behavior, organizes human life.

Culture concept originally in ancient Rome meant agriculture. Mark Porcius Cato the Elder as early as the 2nd century BC wrote a treatise on agriculture "De Agri Cultura". As an independent term, culture began to be used in the 17th century and meant "good breeding" and "education". In everyday life, culture has retained this meaning as well.

Culture -it is a collection of the most diverse manifestations of human activity, including self-expression, self-knowledge, the accumulation of skills and abilities. Simply put, culture is everything that is created by man, that is, it is not nature. Culture as a kind of activity always has a result. Depending on the nature of this result (refers to material values \u200b\u200bor to spiritual), culture is distinguished into material and spiritual.

Material culture.

Material culture - this is everything that is related to the material world and serves to meet the material needs of a person or society. Main elements:

• subjects (or things) - what is primarily meant by material culture (shovels and mobile phones, roads and buildings, food and clothing);
• technology - methods and means of using objects in order to create something else with their help;
• technical culture - a set of practical skills, abilities and abilities of a person, as well as experience accumulated over generations (for example, a recipe for borscht, passed down from generation to generation from mother to daughter).

Spiritual culture.

Spiritual culture is a type of activity associated with feelings, emotions, and also with the intellect. Main elements:

• spiritual values (the main element in spiritual culture, as it serves as a standard, ideal, role model);
• spiritual activity (art, science, religion);
• spiritual needs;
• spiritual consumption (consumption of spiritual goods).

Types of culture.

Types of culture are numerous and varied. For example, according to the nature of the attitude towards religion, culture is secular or religious, according to its distribution in the world - national or world, according to its geographical nature - Eastern, Western, Russian, British, Mediterranean, American, etc., according to the degree of urbanization - urban, rural , rustic, as well as - traditional, industrial, postmodern, specialized, medieval, antique, primitive, etc.

All of these types can be summarized in three main forms of culture.

Forms of culture.

1. High culture (elite). Fine art of a high level, creating cultural standards. It is non-commercial in nature and requires intelligent decryption. Example: classical music and literature.
2. Popular culture (pop culture). A culture consumed by the masses with a low level of complexity. It is commercial in nature and aims to entertain a wide audience. Some consider it a means to control the masses, while others believe that the masses themselves created it.
3. Folk culture. Culture of a non-commercial nature, the authors of which, as a rule, are not known: folklore, fairy tales, myths, songs, etc.

It should be borne in mind that the components of all these three forms constantly penetrate each other, interact and complement each other. The Golden Ring ensemble is an example of both mass and folk culture.

What is culture

There are several interpretations of the origin and meaning of the word culture.

In the textbook on philosophy Radugin A.A. the term "culture" is considered from the Latin origin - cultura. According to Radugin, originally this term meant the cultivation of the soil, its cultivation in order to make the soil suitable for satisfying human needs, so that it could serve humans. In this context, the author writes, culture was understood as all changes in a natural object that occur under the influence of a person, as opposed to those changes that are caused by natural causes.

According to other sources, culture in a figurative sense is care, improvement, ennobling of the bodily-mental-spiritual inclinations and abilities of a person, respectively, there is a culture of the body, culture of the soul and spiritual culture. The German word Kultur also meant a high level of civilization. More than 250 definitions of culture are found in modern scientific literature.

In a broad sense, culture is a set of manifestations of life, achievements and creativity of a people or a group of peoples (the culture of a nation, states, civilizations - hence the multitude of religions, beliefs, values). Culture, considered from the point of view of content, breaks down into various areas, spheres: manners and customs, language and writing, the nature of clothing, settlements, work, the setting of perception, economics, the nature of the army, socio-political structure, legal proceedings, science, technology, art , religion, all forms of manifestation of the objective spirit of a given nation. A cultured person owes everything to education and upbringing, and this is the content of the culture of all peoples who preserve cultural continuity and traditions as a form of collective experience in relationships with nature.

The modern scientific definition of culture has thrown away the aristocratic shades of this concept. It symbolizes beliefs, values \u200b\u200band means of expression (used in literature and art) that are common to a group; they serve to streamline the experience and regulate the behavior of the members of this group. The beliefs and attitudes of a subgroup are often referred to as a subculture.

Cultural theorists A. Kroeber and K. Klachon analyzed over a hundred basic definitions and grouped them as follows.

1 Descriptive definitions that go back basically to the concept of the founder of cultural anthropology E. Taylor. The essence of such definitions: culture is the sum of all types of activities, customs, beliefs; it, as a treasury of everything created by people, includes books, paintings, etc., knowledge of ways to adapt to the social and natural environment, language, customs, etiquette, ethics, religion, which have evolved over the centuries.

2 Historical definitions that emphasize the role of social heritage and traditions inherited by the modern era from the previous stages of human development. They are also adjoined by genetic definitions that assert that culture is the result of historical development. It includes everything that is artificial, that people have produced and that is passed down from generation to generation - tools, symbols, organizations, common activities, views, beliefs.

3. Normative definitions emphasizing the value of the adopted norms. Culture is an individual's lifestyle determined by the social environment.

4. Value definitions: culture is the material and social values \u200b\u200bof a group of people, their institutions, customs, behavior reaction.

5. Psychological definitions proceeding from a person's solution to certain problems at the psychological level. Here culture is a special adaptation of people to the natural environment and economic needs, and is made up of all the results of such adaptation.

6. Definitions based on learning theories: culture is behavior that a person has learned, and not received as a biological inheritance.

7. Structural definitions highlighting the significance of organizational or modeling moments. Here, culture is a system of certain features, related in various ways. Tangible and intangible cultural attributes, organized around basic needs, form social institutions that are the core (model) of culture.

8. Ideological definitions: culture is a flow of ideas passing from individual to individual through special actions, ie. using words or imitation.

9. Symbolic definitions: culture is the organization of various phenomena (material objects, actions, ideas, feelings), consisting in the use of symbols or depending on it.

It is easy to see that each of the listed groups of definitions captures some important features of culture. However, in general, as a complex social phenomenon, it eludes definition. Indeed, culture is the result of human behavior and the activities of society, it is historical, includes ideas, models and values, selective, studyable, based on symbols, "superorganic", ie does not include the biological components of a person and is transmitted by mechanisms other than biological heredity, it is emotionally perceived or rejected by individuals. And yet this list of properties does not give us a sufficiently complete understanding of the complex phenomena that are meant when it comes to the cultures of the Maya or Aztecs. Ancient Egypt or Ancient Greece, Kievan Rus or Novgorod.

1.2 Idea of \u200b\u200bvalues

Culture is material and spiritual values. By value, we mean the definition of an object of material or spiritual reality, highlighting its positive or negative significance for man and humanity. Only for man and society do things and phenomena have a special meaning, sanctified by customs, religion, art and, in general, by the "rays of culture". In other words, real facts, events, properties are not only perceived, cognized by us, but also evaluated, evoking in us a feeling of participation, admiration, love, or, on the contrary, a feeling of hatred or contempt. These all kinds of pleasure and displeasure constitute what is called taste. For example, we experience pleasure when "seeing an object useful to us, we call it good; when we enjoy contemplating an object devoid of immediate utility, we call it beautiful."

This or that thing has a certain value in our eyes due not only to its objective properties, but also to our attitude towards it, which integrates both the perception of these properties and the peculiarities of our tastes. Thus, we can say that value is a subjective-objective reality. "Everyone calls pleasant what gives him pleasure, beautiful - what he only likes, good - what he appreciates, approves, that is, what he sees as objective value." Needless to say, how important value judgments are for the reasonable orientation of a person in life.

Every thing involved in the circulation of public and private life or created by man has, in addition to its physical, social being: it performs a historically assigned function to it and therefore has social value. Values \u200b\u200bare not only material, but also spiritual: works of art, achievements of science, philosophy, moral norms, etc. The concept of value expresses the social essence of the existence of material and spiritual culture. If something material or spiritual acts as a value, then this means that it is somehow included in the conditions of the social life of the individual, performs a certain function in his relationship with nature and social reality. People constantly evaluate everything they deal with in terms of their needs and interests. Our attitude to the world is always evaluative. And this assessment can be objective, correct, progressive or false, subjective, reactionary. In our worldview, the scientific knowledge of the world and the value attitude towards it are in an indissoluble unity. Thus, the concept of value is closely related to the concept of culture.

Culture, being transformed, is passed on from one generation to another. In cultural heritage, it is necessary to thoughtfully separate what belongs to the future from what is in the past.

1.3 Types, forms, content and functions of culture

The diversity of the objective type of culture is determined by the diversity of human activity itself. It is very difficult to classify different types of activity, as well as the represented (subject) type of culture. But let us assume conditionally that this can be applied to nature, society and to an individual.

Types of culture in relation to nature

In this context, the culture of agriculture is distinguished, as well as the plant itself, landscape reclamation, i.e. full or partial restoration of a certain natural environment disturbed by previous economic activities.

This can also include the general culture of material production, as an impact on the natural environment. Basically, such an impact is detrimental to nature, and this is an environmental problem that threatens the existence of civilization itself.

Types of cultural activities in society

Material production as an intermediary between society and nature includes specifically social types of cultural activity. This includes, first of all, labor. Even K. Marx distinguished between living and materialized labor. The culture of living labor is the culture of directly productive activity and the culture of managing something. Obviously, in the end we will come to a set of knowledge, skills, and abilities of an individual, which determines his culture and attitude to work.

The concept of "culture" is used when characterizing historical epochs or monuments, when characterizing societies and regions, when characterizing nationalities.

This concept is also applied in relation to certain spheres of activity and life (artistic, physical culture, culture of everyday life), as well as in relation to types of art (theatrical culture, culture of architecture). The level or degree of development of society, represented in any achievements, is also characterized by the concept of "culture".

The concept of "culture" in relation to the individual

The culture of an individual person does not exist in isolation from the listed speciation of culture. The concept of "culture" is applied to literally every human ability - bodily or spiritual (psychic). The general culture of a person still presupposes the unity and harmony of his body and soul (psyche). The ancient sages attached great importance to the culture of the human psyche.

Subject and personal types of culture.

Among the shortcomings in understanding culture, we note its reduction to an external, objective form. But the world of culture we see is one of its parts. Seeing objects - all more or less developed living beings possess this ability. A person is distinguished by intelligent vision, or mental vision. The English writer O. Wilde believed that only a superficial person does not judge by appearance. For a smart person, the appearance of anything speaks volumes. Russian philosopher V.S. Soloviev once wrote:

Dear friend, or you don't know

That everything we see

Only glare, only shadows

From invisible eyes ...

The object type of culture is its appearance. Culture has a personality that is captured in things. But to see the personal expression of culture, you need to be a person. Each of us sees the personal world of culture just to the extent that he himself is a person. To the same extent, we bring something from ourselves to the culture, i.e. serve as its source.

A detailed solution to paragraphs § 17 on social studies for students of grade 9, authors A.I. Kravchenko, E.A. Pevtsova 2015

Questions and tasks

1. What are the meanings of the word "culture"? What do you think are such phenomena as the culture of everyday life and the culture of the individual?

The word "culture" is used in the following meanings:

1. Translated from Latin "culture" (cultura) means "cultivation", "development", "education", "upbringing", "reverence". In ancient Rome, culture was understood as the cultivation of the land.

2. culture as the improvement of human qualities (in the XVIII in Europe), cultural was called a person who is well-read and refined in behavior. This understanding of "culture" has survived to this day and is associated with fine literature, an art gallery, a conservatory, an opera house and good education.

3. as a synonym for “culturedness” - “cultured person”, “to behave culturally”.

4. as a system of norms and values, expressed through the appropriate language, songs, dances, customs, traditions and behaviors, with the help of which life experience is ordered, the interaction of people is regulated.

Personal culture - in this case, the concept of culture fixes the qualities of a person, the way of her behavior, attitudes towards other people, towards activities.

The culture of everyday life represents the peculiarities of the way of life, the conduct of activities in different periods of history.

2. What are the elements of culture? Do they include making fire, the custom of giving gifts, language, the art of hair, mourning? Or are they cultural complexes?

Elements, or traits, of cultures are the starting points of culture, that from which culture was created over millennia. They are divided into material and non-material culture.

Making fire, the custom of giving gifts, language, the art of hairstyling, mourning are all elements of culture. However, mourning and the art of hairstyle can be classified as cultural complexes, since they include several elements of culture. If we consider the custom of giving gifts in modern society, then it can also be attributed to cultural complexes, since we use several elements (gift wrapping, a postcard and the gift itself, that is, there are minimum conditions for this custom). If the making of fire is attributed to the time of primitive people, then this is an element of culture, since a person used what nature gave him (wood, stone). Language can also be viewed as a cultural complex. He served for the accumulation, storage and transmission of knowledge. Over time, the sounds in the language come up with graphic signs. In this case, several separate elements of culture are used to write the language (what they write with and what they write in).

3. Tell us about cultural universals and their purpose.

Cultural universals are norms, values, rules, traditions, and properties inherent in all cultures, regardless of geographic location, historical time and social structure.

Cultural universals include sports, wearable jewelry, calendar, cooking, courtship, dancing, decorative arts, divination, interpretation of dreams, education, ethics, etiquette, belief in miraculous healings, festivities, folklore, funeral rituals, games, gesturing, greeting , hospitality, household, hygiene, jokes, superstition, magic, marriage, meal times (breakfast, lunch, dinner), medicine, decency in natural needs, music, mythology, personal name, postpartum care, treatment of pregnant women, religious rituals , teaching about the soul, making tools, trading, visiting, observing the weather, etc.

The family exists among all peoples, but in a different form. A traditional family in our understanding is a husband, a wife and children. In some cultures a man can have several wives, while in others a woman can be married to several men.

Cultural universals arise because all people, regardless of where they live, are physically the same, have the same biological needs and face common problems that the environment poses to humanity. People are born and die, therefore all peoples have customs associated with birth and death. Since they live a life together, they have a division of labor, dances, games, greetings, etc.

4. * Are universals such as gestures, body jewelry, mythology, and cooking typical of the Russian people? How are they expressed?

Yes, the Russian people are characterized by such universals as gestures, body jewelry, mythology, and cooking. They are expressed as follows:

Gesturing - for example, in order to answer in the lesson, we raise our hand thereby drawing attention to ourselves.

Body jewelry - for example, wedding rings worn by newlyweds as a sign that they are married; a cross as a sign of belonging to the Orthodox faith.

Mythology - in modern times, astrological predictions, belief in the supernatural abilities of a person (clairvoyance, telekinesis), the use of non-traditional methods of treatment, the use of various amulets, etc. can be attributed to mythology.

Cooking - for example, until now, the use of pickling and salting as ways of preparing food for the winter.

5. What is a cultural complex? Give examples from everyday life. Can computer piracy, science, schooling be classified as a cultural complex?

A cultural complex is a set of cultural traits or elements that arose on the basis of an initial element and are functionally related to it.

1. Education, which includes kindergarten, school, university, tables, chairs, blackboard, chalk, books, educator, teacher, student, etc.

2. Sports: stadium, fans, referee, sportswear, ball, penalty, forward, etc.

3. Food preparation: cook, kitchen, dishes, stove, food, spices, cookbooks, etc.

Yes, computer piracy, science and schooling can be classified as a cultural complex, because these concepts include several cultural elements related to each other.

6. * What is cultural heritage? How do the state and ordinary citizens protect it? Give specific examples.

Cultural heritage is a part of material and spiritual culture, created by past generations, withstood the test of time and passed on to future generations as something valuable and revered.

The protection of cultural heritage is enshrined in the regulations of different states. In the Russian Federation, this is the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 44, which states that “everyone has the right to take part in cultural life and use cultural institutions, to have access to cultural values; everyone is obliged to take care of the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, to protect the monuments of history and culture ”. There are also various federal laws and acts that help in the protection of the cultural heritage of the Russian Federation. For example, "Fundamentals of Legislation on Culture of the Russian Federation" (1992), "Federal Law" On Cultural Heritage Objects (Historical and Cultural Monuments) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation "(2002)," Regulations and State Historical and Cultural Expertise " (2009), “Regulations on protection zones of cultural heritage objects (historical and cultural monuments) of the peoples of the Russian Federation” (2008), etc.

Ordinary citizens can participate in the protection of cultural heritage as follows:

1. Involvement of people in creativity and cultural development, amateur arts (folk dances, folk songs), crafts (pottery, blacksmithing).

2. Charity, patronage and sponsorship in the field of culture, that is, buying paintings for museums, supporting art workers, organizing theater tours.

And also customs and cultural monuments are passed down from generation to generation.

As examples of citizens' participation in the protection of the dissemination of the country's cultural heritage, one can cite the folk choirs that exist on the territory of the Russian Federation - the Kuban Cossack Choir, the Siberian Folk Choir, the Russian Folk Choir, etc. As well as various ensembles of Russian folk dances that are engaged in the dissemination and promotion of folk folklore.

7. What is the difference between material and non-material culture? Which type are they: theater, fountain pen, book, greeting, smile, exchange of gifts?

Material culture is something that was created by human hands (book, house, clothing, decoration, car, etc.).

Intangible culture, or spiritual culture - the result of the activity of the human mind. Intangible objects exist in our mind and are supported by human communication (norms, rules, patterns, standards, models and norms of behavior, laws, values, ceremonies, rituals, symbols, myths, knowledge, ideas, customs, traditions, language).

Theater as a building refers to material culture, and theater as an art form refers to intangible culture.

Greetings, a smile, an exchange of gifts are elements of intangible culture.

8. Tell us about the norms of etiquette that you have to observe in everyday life.

In the morning we say good morning to our family, greet our neighbors, teachers and friends. When eating, we use a plate, fork, spoon, knife, and not eat with our hands. We all remember how our parents told us not to slurp, not to put our elbows on the table. We maintain order in our rooms and in the apartment as a whole. At school, in the classroom, we should not make noise or shout from the place, but raise our hand to answer, not talk, respect classmates, teachers and not spoil school property. And we must come to school prepared for lessons and in school uniform.

When we make a request to someone, we say “please”, and after fulfilling our request, we say “thank you”.

9. * Do you find good etiquette important in your life? Argument your point of view.

Yes, I think it is important to follow etiquette in life. Good behavior rules help people feel more confident in any situation. Good manners help you gain people. Polite and friendly people are the most popular. Good manners can help you enjoy socializing with family, friends, and just strangers.

Problem. Does cultural heritage contribute to the further development of society or, on the contrary, inhibits it?

Cultural heritage contributes to the development of society. Humanity has vast experience in various fields, such as construction, cooking, art, raising children, etc. Modern people bring something new to the existing knowledge, thereby improving and developing. For example, building houses. The accumulated knowledge is used, but also something new is introduced, which contributes to the improvement of the qualities of modern houses in comparison with houses of previous eras. It's the same with raising children. People use what they inherited from previous generations, adjusting the methods of education based on modern realities.

Workshop

1. Scientists often define culture as a form and result of adaptation to the environment. Doesn't this simplicity in handling concepts cause you bewilderment? What is common, we ask scholars, between the folk epic, Prokofiev's sonatas and Raphael's Sistine Madonna, on the one hand, and the harsh, but very mundane need to get food, keep warm, build housing, dig in the ground? Give a reasoned answer.

In the modern sense, the environment is not only the natural conditions in which a person lives, but also the environment of human activity, which includes interaction with other people or groups of people. And if initially the word "culture" was associated only with the cultivation of the land, then over time it acquires other meanings. Initially, humans had a goal to survive. But over time, society developed, and in addition to building housing, people began to decorate it; clothes began to perform a different function - they no longer only warmed a person, but also adorned him, accordingly fashion appears. And this is also a peculiar way of adapting to the environment, a way to fit into society, to adapt to new conditions. It's the same with painting. The rock paintings were of a ritual nature and were supposed to contribute to a successful hunt. Over time, people domesticated animals, learned how to breed them, and mastered the cultivation of agricultural crops. And over time, painting acquires an aesthetic character, but at the same time does not depart from its foundations (painting temples with biblical subjects). The same applies to music. Initially, it is used in rituals (religious, during weddings, funerals, lullabies for children) and over time also acquires an aesthetic character.

Thus, the common thing between these examples is that they are all cultural phenomena, but phenomena of different periods of history, developing throughout the history of mankind.

2. Determine whether material or spiritual culture includes: duel, medal, carriage, theory, glass, magic, amulet, dispute, revolver, hospitality, baptism, globe, wedding, law, jeans, telegraph, Christmas time, carnival, school, bag , doll, wheel, fire.

Material culture includes: medal, carriage, glass, amulet, revolver, globe, jeans, telegraph, school, bag, doll, wheel, fire.

Intangible culture includes: duel, theory, magic, dispute, hospitality, baptism, wedding, law, Christmastide, carnival.