The main motives of Fet's lyrics. Problems of the ideal. “Ideological and artistic originality of Fet’s lyrics. Artistic features of Fet’s lyrics.

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet is a Russian poet and lyricist. The author of numerous poems, the themes of which are able to attract and interest the reader with their depth, elusiveness and ability to touch hearts. Afanasy Fet was able to tell the reader about many pressing problems or immerse him in the world of beauty, dreams and memories. One of the poems I liked and remembered most was “Village”.

The poem “Village” was written in 1842 and dates back to the early period of the poet’s work, when he was a student at Moscow University.

The main theme of this poem is love for the homeland and places close to the heart. The theme of the homeland in fiction is eternal and each poet and author conveys these joyful, melodic and bright feelings in their own special way:

I love your sad shelter,

And the evening of the village is deaf...

Line by line, the author talks about what is most beloved and dear to him: nature, people, homework, household items. In his mind, the village becomes a whole world and a big family, which he loves and remembers every detail with trepidation. Be it “an old lady’s cap and glasses” or “farewell to the silent birds.”

In order to reveal the theme, the author used various artistic means, for example, the anaphora “I love”, which is repeated at the beginning of each new phrase. The epithets “deaf village evening”, “golden oats”, which help create a lively performance. And thanks to the metaphor of “the coolness of the evening stream,” Afanasy Fet increases the emotional expressiveness of his poem.

Thus, Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet is one of the outstanding Russian poets of the 19th century, the originality of whose lyrics lies in the fact that he is able to convey the subtlest shades of mood by describing details. He has his own view of what is happening, which is why he is so easily and naturally able to convey all his emotions to the reader.

A. A. Fet is one of the outstanding Russian poets of the 19th century. He opened up to us an amazing world of beauty, harmony, perfection, Fet can be called a singer of nature. The approach of spring and autumn withering, a fragrant summer night and a frosty day, an endless rye field and a dense mysterious forest - he writes about all this in his poems. Fet's nature is always calm, quiet, as if it had frozen. And at the same time, it is surprisingly rich in sounds and colors and lives its own life:

I came to you with greetings,

Tell me that the sun has risen

What is it with hot light

The sheets began to tremble.

Tell me that the forest has woken up,

All woke up, every branch,

Every bird was startled

And full of thirst in spring...

Fet’s depiction of nature is filled with enchanting romance:

What is that sound in the evening twilight?

Either a sandpiper or an owl moaned,

There is parting in it and there is suffering in it,

And a distant unknown cry.

Like sick dreams of sleepless nights

In this crying sound merged...

Fet’s nature lives its own mysterious life, and a person can only be involved in it at the peak of his spiritual development:

Night flowers sleep all day long,

But only the sun... will set behind the grove,

The leaves are quietly opening,

And I hear my heart bloom.

Over time, in Fet’s poems we find more and more parallels of life, nature and man. A feeling of harmony fills the poet’s lines:

The sun is gone, there is no day of tireless striving,

Only the sunset will burn slightly visibly;

Oh, if only the sky promised without heavy languor

It’s the same for me, looking back at life, to die.

The beauty and naturalness of Fet's poetry are perfect, his poems are expressive and musical. “This is not just a poet, but rather a poet-musician.” - P.I. Tchaikovsky spoke about him.

The poet conveys in his poems the “fragrant freshness of feelings” inspired by nature. His poems are imbued with a joyful mood, the happiness of love. Even the slightest movements of the human soul do not escape the poet’s attentive gaze - he unusually subtly conveys all the shades of a person’s experiences:

Whisper, timid breathing,

Silver and sway

Night light, night shadows,

A series of magical changes

There are purple roses in the smoky clouds,

And kisses and tears

The lyrics of this most interesting poet are eternal due to the reflection in them of the feelings and experiences experienced by a person who is not devoid of a sense of beauty. Fet’s poems touch the innermost strings of the soul, giving us a feeling of amazing harmony of the world around us.

On November 23, 1820, in the village of Novoselki, located near Mtsensk, the great Russian poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born into the family of Caroline Charlotte Fet and Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin. His parents got married abroad without an Orthodox ceremony (the poet’s mother was a Lutheran), which is why the marriage, legalized in Germany, was declared invalid in Russia.

Deprivation of a noble title

Later, when the wedding took place according to the Orthodox rite, Afanasy Afanasyevich was already living under his mother’s last name, Fet, being considered her illegitimate child. The boy was deprived, in addition to his father's surname, his title of nobility, Russian citizenship and rights to inheritance. For the young man, for many years, the most important goal in life was to regain the surname Shenshin and all the rights associated with it. Only in his old age was he able to achieve this, regaining his hereditary nobility.

Education

The future poet entered the boarding school of Professor Pogodin in Moscow in 1838, and in August of the same year he was enrolled in the literature department at Moscow University. He spent his student years with the family of his classmate and friend. The friendship of young people contributed to the formation of common ideals and views on art.

First attempts at writing

Afanasy Afanasyevich begins to compose poetry, and in 1840 a collection of poetry, published at his own expense, entitled “Lyrical Pantheon”, was published. In these poems one could clearly hear the echoes of the poetic work of Evgeniy Baratynsky, and since 1842, Afanasy Afanasyevich has been constantly published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky already in 1843 wrote that of all the poets living in Moscow, Fet is “the most talented,” and puts the poems of this author on a par with the works of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

Necessity of a military career

Fet strove for literary activity with all his soul, but the instability of his financial and social situation forced the poet to change his destiny. Afanasy Afanasyevich in 1845 entered as a non-commissioned officer in one of the regiments located in the Kherson province in order to be able to receive hereditary nobility (the right to which was given by senior officer rank). Cut off from the literary environment and metropolitan life, he almost stops publishing, also because, due to the fall in demand for poetry, magazines show no interest in his poems.

A tragic event in Fet's personal life

In the Kherson years, a tragic event occurred that predetermined the poet’s personal life: his beloved Maria Lazich, a dowry girl whom he did not dare to marry because of his poverty, died in a fire. After Fet’s refusal, a strange incident happened to her: Maria’s dress caught fire from a candle, she ran into the garden, but could not cope with putting out the clothes and suffocated in the smoke. One could suspect this as an attempt by the girl to commit suicide, and Fet’s poems will echo this tragedy for a long time (for example, the poem “When you read the painful lines...”, 1887).

Admission to L Life Guards Uhlan Regiment

In 1853, there was a sharp turn in the poet’s fate: he managed to join the guard, the Ulan Regiment of the Life Guards stationed near St. Petersburg. Now Afanasy Afanasyevich gets the opportunity to visit the capital, resumes his literary activity, and begins to regularly publish poems in Sovremennik, Russky Vestnik, Otechestvennye Zapiski, and Library for Reading. He becomes close to Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Nekrasov, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin - editors of Sovremennik. Fet's name, already half-forgotten by that time, again appears in reviews, articles, magazine chronicles, and since 1854 his poems have been published. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev became the poet’s mentor and even prepared a new edition of his works in 1856.

The fate of the poet in 1856-1877

Fet was unlucky in his service: each time the rules for obtaining hereditary nobility were tightened. In 1856, he left his military career without achieving his main goal. In Paris in 1857, Afanasy Afanasyevich married the daughter of a wealthy merchant, Maria Petrovna Botkina, and acquired an estate in Mtsensk district. At that time he wrote almost no poetry. As a supporter of conservative views, Fet sharply reacted negatively to the abolition of serfdom in Russia and, starting in 1862, began regularly publishing essays in the Russian Messenger, denouncing the post-reform order from the position of a landowner. In 1867-1877 he served as justice of the peace. In 1873, Afanasy Afanasyevich finally received hereditary nobility.

The fate of Fet in the 1880s

The poet returned to literature only in the 1880s, having moved to Moscow and become rich. In 1881, his long-time dream was realized - the translation he created of his favorite philosopher, “The World as Will and Representation,” was published. In 1883, a translation of all the works of the poet Horace, begun by Fet during his student years, was published. The period from 1883 to 1991 included the publication of four issues of the poetry collection “Evening Lights”.

Fet's lyrics: general characteristics

The poetry of Afanasy Afanasyevich, romantic in its origins, is like a connecting link between the works of Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Blok. The poet's later poems gravitated towards the Tyutchev tradition. Fet's main lyrics are love and landscape.

In the 1950-1960s, during the formation of Afanasy Afanasyevich as a poet, the literary environment was almost completely dominated by Nekrasov and his supporters - apologists for poetry glorifying social, civic ideals. Therefore, Afanasy Afanasyevich with his creativity, one might say, came out somewhat untimely. The peculiarities of Fet's lyrics did not allow him to join Nekrasov and his group. After all, according to representatives of civil poetry, poems must necessarily be topical, fulfilling a propaganda and ideological task.

Philosophical motives

Fet permeates all of his work, reflected in both landscape and love poetry. Although Afanasy Afanasyevich was even friends with many poets of Nekrasov’s circle, he argued that art should not be interested in anything other than beauty. Only in love, nature and art itself (painting, music, sculpture) did he find lasting harmony. Fet's philosophical lyrics sought to get as far as possible from reality, contemplating beauty that was not involved in the vanity and bitterness of everyday life. This led to the adoption by Afanasy Afanasyevich of romantic philosophy in the 1940s, and in the 1960s - the so-called theory of pure art.

The prevailing mood in his works is intoxication with nature, beauty, art, memories, and delight. These are the features of Fet's lyrics. The poet often encounters the motif of flying away from the earth following the moonlight or enchanting music.

Metaphors and epithets

Everything that belongs to the category of the sublime and beautiful is endowed with wings, especially the feeling of love and song. Fet's lyrics often use metaphors such as “winged dream”, “winged song”, “winged hour”, “winged word sound”, “inspired by delight”, etc.

Epithets in his works usually describe not the object itself, but the lyrical hero’s impression of what he saw. Therefore, they may be logically inexplicable and unexpected. For example, a violin might be defined as "melting." Typical epithets for Fet are “dead dreams”, “fragrant speeches”, “silver dreams”, “weeping herbs”, “widowed azure”, etc.

Often a picture is drawn using visual associations. The poem "To the Singer" is a vivid example of this. It shows the desire to translate the sensations created by the song’s melody into specific images and sensations, which make up Fet’s lyrics.

These poems are very unusual. So, “the distance rings,” and the smile of love “gently shines,” “the voice burns” and fades away in the distance, like “the dawn beyond the sea,” so that pearls will splash out again in a “loud tide.” Russian poetry did not know such complex, bold images at that time. They established themselves much later, only with the advent of the Symbolists.

Speaking about Fet’s creative style, they also mention impressionism, which is based on the direct recording of impressions of reality.

Nature in the poet's work

Fet's landscape lyrics are a source of divine beauty in eternal renewal and diversity. Many critics have mentioned that nature is described by this author as if from the window of a landowner’s estate or from the perspective of a park, as if specifically to arouse admiration. Fet's landscape lyrics are a universal expression of the beauty of the world untouched by man.

For Afanasy Afanasyevich, nature is part of his own “I”, a background for his experiences and feelings, a source of inspiration. Fet's lyrics seem to blur the line between the external and internal world. Therefore, human properties in his poems can be attributed to darkness, air, even color.

Very often, nature in Fet’s lyrics is a night landscape, since it is at night, when the bustle of the day calms down, that it is easiest to enjoy the all-encompassing, indestructible beauty. At this time of day, the poet has no glimpses of the chaos that fascinated and frightened Tyutchev. A majestic harmony hidden during the day reigns. It is not the wind and darkness, but the stars and the moon that come first. According to the stars, Fet reads the “fiery book” of eternity (the poem “Among the Stars”).

The themes of Fet's lyrics are not limited to descriptions of nature. A special section of his work is poetry dedicated to love.

Fet's love lyrics

For a poet, love is a whole sea of ​​feelings: timid longing, the pleasure of spiritual intimacy, the apotheosis of passion, and the happiness of two souls. The poetic memory of this author knew no bounds, which allowed him to write poems dedicated to his first love even in his declining years, as if he were still under the impression of a much-desired recent date.

Most often, the poet described the birth of a feeling, its most enlightened, romantic and reverent moments: the first touch of hands, long glances, the first evening walk in the garden, the contemplation of the beauty of nature that gives rise to spiritual intimacy. The lyrical hero says that no less than happiness itself, he values ​​the steps to it.

Fet's landscape and love lyrics form an inseparable unity. A heightened perception of nature is often caused by love experiences. A striking example of this is the miniature “Whisper, Timid Breathing...” (1850). The fact that there are no verbs in the poem is not only an original technique, but also a whole philosophy. There is no action because what is actually being described is only one moment or a whole series of moments, motionless and self-sufficient. The image of the beloved, described through detail, seems to dissolve in the general range of the poet’s feelings. There is no complete portrait of the heroine here - it must be supplemented and recreated by the reader’s imagination.

Love in Fet's lyrics is often complemented by other motives. Thus, in the poem “The night was shining. The garden was full of the moon...” three feelings are united in a single impulse: admiration for the music, the intoxicating night and inspired singing, which develops into love for the singer. The poet’s entire soul dissolves in music and at the same time in the soul of the singing heroine, who is the living embodiment of this feeling.

It is difficult to classify this poem unambiguously as love lyrics or poems about art. It would be more accurate to define it as a hymn to beauty, combining the liveliness of experience, its charm with deep philosophical overtones. This worldview is called aestheticism.

Afanasy Afanasyevich, carried away on the wings of inspiration beyond the boundaries of earthly existence, feels like a ruler, equal to the gods, overcoming the limitations of human capabilities with the power of his poetic genius.

Conclusion

The whole life and work of this poet is a search for beauty in love, nature, even death. Was he able to find her? Only those who truly understood the creative heritage of this author can answer this question: heard the music of his works, saw landscape paintings, felt the beauty of poetic lines and learned to find harmony in the world around them.

We examined the main motives of Fet's lyrics, the characteristic features of the work of this great writer. So, for example, like any poet, Afanasy Afanasyevich writes about the eternal theme of life and death. He is not equally frightened by either death or life (“Poems about Death”). The poet experiences only cold indifference to physical death, and Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet justifies his earthly existence only by creative fire, commensurate in his view with the “entire universe.” The poems contain both ancient motifs (for example, “Diana”) and Christian ones (“Ave Maria”, “Madonna”).

You can find more detailed information about Fet’s work in school textbooks on Russian literature, in which Afanasy Afanasyevich’s lyrics are discussed in some detail.

1. Fet as a representative of the “pure art” direction.
2. Fet about the purpose of the poet and poetry.
3. Glorifying the beauty of the world in the poet’s poems.
4. The theme of love in Fet’s lyrics.

The lyrics of A. A. Fet are usually classified as a literary movement called “pure art.” In fact, the poet in his work did not try to express his own civic position, did not call anyone to anything, did not expose the vices of social and political life. Fet paid attention to eternal human values, among which the beauty and sophistication of the world around is of particular importance. Let the social system change, let there be a struggle for freedom or power, let great deeds be accomplished, but night still falls. And stars appear in the sky, and when looking at this splendor, the poet comes up with the following lines:

What a night! All; every single star
Warmly and meekly they look into the soul again,
And in the air behind the nightingale's song
Anxiety and love spread.

Fet conveys the subtlest shades of mood. He has his own view on the purpose of a poet and poetry. From Fet’s point of view, the poet must abandon earthly problems and completely surrender to the flight of fantasy:

Only you, poet, have a winged sound
Grabs on the fly and fastens suddenly
And the dark delirium of the soul, and the unclear smell of herbs;
So, for the boundless, leaving the meager valley,
An eagle flies beyond the clouds of Jupiter,
Carrying an instant sheaf of lightning in faithful paws.

Every moment of life in Fet’s poems takes on special meaning. There is no hint of anything mundane or dull in his poetry. It turns out that every day can be beautiful and harmonious. You just need to notice and enjoy this magnificence.

What happiness: both the night and we are alone!
The river is like a mirror and all sparkles with stars;
And there...throw your head back and take a look:
What depth and purity is above us!

The poet has a special rhythm of his works. It is no coincidence that P.I. Tchaikovsky said: “Fet, in his best moments, goes beyond the limits indicated by poetry and boldly takes a step into our field.” The great composer intended the unique melody of Fet's poems. Many of Afanasy Afanasyevich's creations became romances.

Reading Fet's poems allows you to temporarily escape from your problems and immerse yourself in an amazingly beautiful world. Everything here looks like a fairy tale. Yes, we can admit that the poet idealizes the real world and endows it with special features. But isn’t it wonderful that the talent of Fet, a singer of beauty, is capable of this. The real world appears completely different and is endowed with special properties.

Night. You can't hear the city noise.
There is a star in the sky - and from it,
Like a spark, a thought was born
Secretly there is sadness in my heart.
And this thought is bright and transparent,
It’s like a sharp glance from sweet eyes;
The depths of the soul are full of native light,
And the long-time guest is happy with the experience.

The poet himself considered the artist’s main task to show beauty: “Without a sense of beauty, life comes down to feeding hounds in a stuffy, fetid kennel.”

Paradoxically, Fet's works were significantly influenced by realism. In fact, when a poet describes a landscape, he pays attention to the smallest details that would escape the attention of a simple observer. Realism is manifested in the description of the world around. But at the same time, Fet pays special attention to his own emotions and feelings. He speaks honestly and openly about all the emotions that arise when he looks at the beauty of the world around him. Fet knew how to “catch the elusive.” Critics gave him this description. He is able to capture a moment in poetry. And it takes on a completely different meaning, expanding into the category of philosophical questions:

Only in the world is there something fragrant
Sweet headdress.
Only in the world is there this pure
Parting to the left.

S. Ya. Marshak wrote about Fet: “His poems entered Russian nature, became its integral part, wonderful lines about spring rain, about the flight of a butterfly, soulful landscapes. His nature is as if on the first day of creation: thickets of trees, a light ribbon of a river, nightingale peace, a sweetly murmuring spring... If annoying modernity sometimes invades this closed world, then it immediately loses its practical meaning and acquires a decorative character "

The poet also praises love in his poems. The life of Afanasy Afanasyevich himself was tragic. He was in love with the daughter of a poor landowner, Maria, but lack of money did not allow the lovers to marry. The girl soon died in a fire. And Fet remembered her all his life. From his poems it was clear that he was not afraid of death, because only non-existence could bring peace.

We are not destined to be friends with you
Wear shackles
We are not looking and we do not need
No vows, no words.
Delights and sorrows are not for us,
My love!
But we saw in our eyes,
Who are you, who am I.
With what we burn, we are ready to shine
In the darkness of nights;
And we are looking for earthly happiness
Not with people.

Fet's poems attract the reader's attention because they are harmonious and beautiful. They are timeless, and therefore interest in them will never fade.

In Russian poetry it is difficult to find a more “major” poet than Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet (1820-1892). This is the poetry of life-affirming power, with which every sound is filled with pristine freshness and fragrance. Fet's poetry is limited to a narrow range of topics. It lacks civic motives and social issues. The essence of his views on the purpose of poetry is to escape the world of suffering and sadness of the surrounding life - immersion in the world of beauty. It is beauty that is the main motive and idea of ​​​​the work of the great Russian lyricist. The beauty revealed in Fet's poetry is the core of existence and the world. The secrets of beauty, the language of its consonances, its many-sided image are what the poet strives to embody in his creations. Poetry is the temple of art, and the poet is the priest of this temple.

Peculiarities of the themes of A. Fet's poetry

The main themes of Fet's poetry are nature and love, as if fused together. It is in nature and love, as in a single melody, that all the beauty of the world, all the joy and charm of existence are united. In 1843, Fet’s poem appeared, which can rightfully be called his poetic manifesto:

I came to you with greetings

Tell me that the sun has risen

What is it with hot light

The sheets began to flutter;

Three poetic subjects - pr-yes, love and song - are closely related to each other, penetrate each other, forming Fet’s universe of beauty. Using the technique of personification, Fet animates nature, it lives with him: “the forest woke up,” “the sun rose... fluttered.” And the poet is full of thirst for love and creativity.

Impressionism in the lyrics of A. Fet.

The poet's impressions of the world around him are conveyed in living images. Fet consciously depicts not the object itself, but the impression that this object makes. He is not interested in details and details, he is not attracted to motionless, complete forms, he strives to convey the variability of nature, the movement of the human soul. This creative task is helped to be solved by unique visual means: not a clear line, but blurred contours, not color contrast, but shades, halftones, imperceptibly turning into one another. The poet reproduces in words not an object, but an impression. We first encounter such a phenomenon in literature in Fet’s poetry. (In painting, this direction is called impressionism.) Familiar images of the surrounding world acquire completely unexpected properties.

Fet does not so much liken nature to man as fill it with human emotions, since the subject of his poetry is most often feelings, and not the phenomena that cause them. Art is often compared to a mirror that reflects reality. Fet in his poems depicts not an object, but its reflection; landscapes “overturned” into the choppy waters of a stream or bay seem to double; motionless objects vibrate, sway, tremble, tremble.

In the poem “Whisper, timid breathing...” the rapid change of static pictures gives the verse amazing dynamism, airiness, and gives the poet the opportunity to depict the subtlest transitions from one state to another:

Whisper, timid breathing,

The trill of a nightingale,

Silver and sway

Sleepy stream,

Night light, night shadows,

Endless shadows

A series of magical changes

Sweet face

In the smoky dots there is a purple rose,

The reflection of amber

And kisses and tears,

And dawn, dawn!..

Without a single verb, only with short descriptive sentences, like an artist with bold strokes, Fet conveys an intense lyrical experience. The poet does not depict in detail the development of relationships in poems about love, but reproduces only the most significant moments of this great feeling.

Musicality of A. Fet's poetry

Poem “The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. They were lying..." reminiscent of Pushkin's "I remember a wonderful moment...":

The night was shining. The garden was full of moonlight. were lying

Rays at our feet in a living room without lights.

The piano was all open, and the strings in it were trembling,

Just like our hearts are for your song.

This poem is inspired by the singing of T. A. Kuzminskaya (sister of Sofia Andreevna Tolstoy), who described this episode in her memoirs.

F.'s poems are unusually musical. Composers and the poet’s contemporaries also felt this. P. I. Tchaikovsky said about him: “This is not just a poet, rather a poet-musician...” Fet considered music the highest form of art and brought his poems to a musical sound. Written in a romance-song vein, they are very melodic; it is not for nothing that F. called the whole cycle of poems in the collection “Evening Lights” “Melodies.”

Glorifying beauty, Fet strives to “strengthen the battle of fearless hearts.” In the poem “With one push to drive away a living boat...” the poet speaks about the calling of the “chosen one”:

Drive away a living boat with one push

From sands smoothed by the tides,

Rise in one wave into another life,

Feel the wind from the flowering shores...